Feasibility of a Twitter campaign to promote HPV vaccine uptake among racially/ethnically diverse young adult women living in public housing

doi:10.21203/rs.2.12685/v1

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Research article

Feasibility of a Twitter campaign to promote HPV vaccine uptake among racially/ethnically diverse young adult women living in public housing

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.12685/v1

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published 01 Jun, 2020

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Objectives

This study assessed the feasibility of implementing a one-month Twitter campaign to promote knowledge about the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine among low-income women living in public housing.

Methods

We recruited a convenience sample (n=35) of women ages 18-26 years who resided in public housing in Massachusetts. We assessed the feasibility and acceptability of the campaign. Online assessed changes in HPV knowledge, attitudes, and vaccine intentions before and after the campaign.

Results

Most believed that Twitter was an acceptable educational strategy and remained engaged with the campaign throughout the intervention. There were no changes in HPV knowledge, perceived benefits of or barriers to vaccination, decision self-efficacy, or vaccine intentions. Perceived risk for cervical cancer decreased after the campaign.

Conclusions

The one-month educational campaign was feasible and acceptable but did not result in measurable changes perhaps due to high vaccine awareness and uptake before the intervention.

Practice Implications

Twitter may be a feasible and acceptable method for promoting knowledge about the HPV vaccine, but more research is needed to understand how best to reach low-income women with low levels of vaccine uptake.

Health Economics & Outcomes Research

Health Policy

Infectious Diseases

Human papilloma virus

vaccination

health communication

Twitter

low-income

public housing

The American Cancer Society estimated that, in 2018, there were 13,240 new cases of invasive cervical cancer and 4,170 cervical cancer deaths among women in the United States.¹ With the availability of prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, it is possible to prevent the vast majority of cervical cancer cases. At the time of this study, medical organizations recommended that 3 doses of the vaccine be administered to girls ages 11–12 years, with “catch up” vaccination for women ages 13–26 years who had not previously received 3 doses.²

Despite the availability of the HPV vaccine, initiation and completion of the series remains suboptimal. Results from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) revealed that less than 25% of U.S. women ages 21–30 years had initiated vaccination, and only 13% had completed the 3-dose series recommended at that time.³ A more recent analysis of the 2015 NHIS among women ages 18–31 years found higher levels of vaccine initiation and completion (35% and 23%, respectively),⁴ although uptake and completion is still well below national goals. National data show that while vaccine initiation does not differ by race/ethnicity, vaccine completion is significantly lower among black women relative to white women, although this association is somewhat attenuated after adjusting for socioeconomic factors.⁵ Regardless, low levels of vaccine completion are concerning, especially given that low-income women and women of color experience a disproportionate burden of cervical cancer morbidity and mortality.⁶

The use of social media to deliver public health campaigns is receiving increased attention.⁷

Social media platforms such as Twitter, a micro-blogging platform, may be effective channels for the dissemination of public health, especially given that 88% of those ages 18–29 years reported using a social networking site of some kind, and of these 40% reported using Twitter.^8–9 There are numerous advantages to the use of Twitter for health communication campaigns, including the fact that it is free, can reach a wide, geographically dispersed audience, and can be used for short, text-based health messages. Additionally, campaign developers can obtain real time feedback about the audience’s receptivity to health promotion messages and subsequently re-craft messages if initial reactions are not positive, thereby increasing their effectiveness. Moreover, messages can be retweeted (or shared), which offers the potential for greater dissemination and a broader impact. The delivery of online interventions also eliminate some of the known barriers to program participation, such as transportation and child care.^9–10

A systematic review (N = 137) found that more than half (57%) of studies pertaining to Twitter and health involved content analyses of tweets to describe public discourse on a particular health topic. To a lesser extent, researchers monitored and promoted online health communication on Twitter discussions by assessing retweets and likes, for example. Few studies (14%) tested the effect of health campaigns.⁹

Several recent studies have used Twitter to measure online communication specifically pertaining to HPV vaccination by assessing outcomes such as re-tweets, “likes,” and impressions.^11,12,13 However, we were only able to identify one intervention study of a Twitter campaign to promote HPV vaccine awareness, although numerous other studies have used other social media platforms.¹⁴ In that study (N = 782) women were recruited online and completed surveys before and after a 5-day Twitter campaign about the HPV vaccine. They observed a statically significant increase in awareness of the HPV vaccine following the campaign (90% to 94%, p = 0.003), but no change in HPV vaccine uptake. Notably, 85% of participants had already received 3 doses of the vaccine at the beginning of the study. Nonetheless, Twitter analytics showed a high level of engagement with the campaign.¹⁴

Given the limited information about Twitter-based HPV vaccine promotion interventions, particularly among women from lower socioeconomic backgrounds and women of color, the goal of this study was to assess the feasibility and preliminary effect of a month-long Twitter campaign among low-income black, white, and other race women.

The Health Belief Model (HBM) guided the study.¹⁵ HBM theorizes that knowledge and perceptions about disease susceptibility and severity, perceived barriers and benefits, and self-efficacy drive ultimately health behaviors, and that intention to enact a behavior predicts behavioral action. According to the model, those with higher levels of perceived susceptibility and perceived benefits, as well as self-efficacy, are more likely to engage in health behaviors, as are those who perceive low barriers to the behavior. See Table 1 for sample Twitter messages corresponding with selected HBM constructs.

Sample and Setting: We recruited a convenience sample of 35 English-speaking women ages 18–26 years who were residents of public housing in two Massachusetts cities.We elected to recruit women from public housing in order to reach women with low levels of income.In the state of Massachusetts, those eligible to live in public housing must meet specific income requirements (i.e.,< 80% of the area median family income).¹⁶ We did not require that women have an existing Twitter account, but they had to be willing to do so for the study. Our goal was to recruit 50 women over a two-month period. To recruit women, we mailed information about the study, posted fliers in common use areas in housing developments, and with the housing authorities, transmitted email or phone announcements about the study.

Intervention: Women received a daily tweet over a period of one-month that contained messages from educational materials produced by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Cancer Institute and the Massachusetts Department of Public Health. Messages were selected to align with the Health Belief Model and primarily addressed HPV vaccination, although there were also messages promoting cervical cancer screening (see Box 1 for sample messages).

Data Collection: Pre/post surveys were administered by phone or online and assessed cervical cancer screening, HPV and HPV vaccine knowledge, perceived cervical cancer, perceived barriers to HPV vaccination, and HPV vaccination intentions. Upon completion of the campaign, we contacted women through Twitter to let them know that we would be contacting them to complete the post-survey. Women received a $50 gift card for participation. All procedures and protocols were approved by the Institutional Review Board at Tufts University.

Assessment of Feasibility: Feasibility was assessed with standard metrics, for example, by determining the numbers of women who: were recruited relative to recruitment goals, had Twitter accounts at the time of recruitment, continued to receive our messages over the one-month period (i.e., did not block messages), and who completed the post-test survey. Twitter analytics were used to track re-tweets and “likes.” To assess receipt and recall of messages, participants were asked at the end of the post-test to indicate whether they received daily tweets from the campaign. If they responded in the affirmative, they were then provided with 4 possible tweets from the campaign and asked to select which (if any) they recalled from the intervention. Two of the 4 messages included incorrect information about HPV and had not been included in the campaign. In addition, women were asked about the acceptability of receiving Twitter messages at the end of the study.

Measures of Health Belief Model Constructs

When standardized questions were not available, we adapted items from our prior studies, which had high reliability.¹⁷ Items to assess receipt of the HPV vaccine, Pap testing, and sociodemographic characteristics were taken from the BRFSS.¹⁸ Intention to be vaccinated among those who had not completed the 3-dose series was assessed by asking “How likely is it that you will get vaccinated against HPV in the future? In the next 6 months? In the next 12 months?” with responses on a 4-point Likert scale from very likely to very unlikely. Additional survey items assessed usual source of care, health insurance, and selected sociodemographic based on standard items from national surveys.¹⁹

HPV and cervical cancer knowledge was assessedwith 13 items that addressed knowledge about HPV, the HPV vaccine, and cervical cancer; HPV and cervical cancer risk factors and HPV transmission.¹⁷ For each correct answer, respondents received one point; for each “don’t know” or incorrect answer, respondents received no point. Total points were then divided by the maximum number of points and multiplied by 100 to arrive at a scale with a range of 0–100%.

Perceived susceptibility to HPV and perceived susceptibility to cervical cancer were each assessed with 2 items that addressed overall perceived risk (e.g., “Overall, how would you rate your chance of developing HPV?”) and risk compared to similar-aged peers (e.g., “How would you rate your chances of developing cervical cancer compared to average women your age?”).²⁰Response options were on a 5-point Likert scale (ranging from 1 = “very low” to 5 = “very high”). “Don’t know” responses were coded as 0. Points were summed up for the 2 items in each score such that higher values reflect higher perceived risk (range 0–10).

Perceived benefits of HPV vaccination were assessedwith two composite scores: vaccine efficacy and vaccine safety.¹⁷ Vaccine efficacy was assessed with 3 items that examined the potential for vaccination to prevent HPV infection, genital warts, and cervical cancer (e.g., "In your opinion, how effective is the HPV vaccine in preventing HPV infection?”).. Response options were on a 4-point Likert scale (ranging from 1 = “not at all effective” to 4 = “very effective”). “Don’t know” responses were coded as 0. Points were summed up for the 3 items such that higher values reflect greater perceived efficacy (range 0–12). Vaccine safety was assessed with two items that addressed safety and likelihood of the vaccine causing other health problems. Safety response options were on a 4-point Likert scale (ranging from 1 = “not at all safe” to 4 = “very safe”), while likelihood of other health problems was on a 5-point Likert scale (ranging from 1 = “very likely” to 5 = “never”). “Don’t know” responses were coded as 0. Points were summed up for the 2 items such that higher values reflect greater perceived safety (range 0–9).

Perceived barriers to vaccination included assessment of potential pain and cost associated with vaccination with 2 items²¹: “In your opinion, how painful [expensive] would it be to receive the HPV vaccine?” with response options on a 4-point Likert scale (ranging from 1 = “not at all painful [expensive]" to 4 = “very painful [expensive]").²¹ “Don’t know” responses were coded as 0. Responses were combined such that higher scores reflect greater perceived barriers (range 0–8).

Decision self-efficacy with regard to obtaining and comprehending information about the vaccine was assessed with 11 items adapted from the Decision Self-Efficacy Scale²² (e.g., "How confident do you feel to get the facts about the risks of the HPV vaccine?).. Responses were on a 2-point Likert scale (ranging from 0 = “not at all confident” to 2 = “very confident”). Total points were then divided by the maximum number of points and multiplied by 100 to arrive at a scale with a range of 0–100%, with higher scores indicating higher confidence.

Analysis

Data from pre- and post-test surveys were analyzed using R and RStudio.^23,24 Descriptive statistics, including means and standard deviations (SD), were used to describe the sample in terms of sociodemographic characteristics and HPV vaccination knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. Assessment of feasibility involved descriptive data (e.g., number of women who recalled receiving messages) as well as examination of Twitter analytics (e.g., likes, retweets). Changes between pre- and post-test were analyzed with paired t-tests for continuous variables (i.e., HPV and cervical cancer knowledge, perceived susceptibility to cervical cancer and HPV infection, perceived benefits of HPV vaccination, perceived barriers to vaccination, and decision self-efficacy) and McNemar’s test for categorical variables (i.e., intention to get the HPV vaccine in the next 6 or 12 months among those who had not completed vaccination).

Assessment of Feasibility

We recruited 42 women over a three-month period, 84% of our recruitment goal. Of the 42 women initially recruited, 35 (83%) also completed the post-test survey. At the time of enrollment, approximately half (57%) had an existing Twitter account, about a third (36%) of whom reported using Twitter on a daily basis. A third of women (30%) with existing Twitter accounts said they checked on a daily basis, although a higher percentage (45%) said they checked it every few weeks or less. During the campaign, six of the women “liked” our Tweets and four of the women “retweeted” our messages (likes = 55, retweets 84 times). Of the 35 women who completed the study, only 2 (5.7%) ‘blocked’ our tweets during the campaign. At post-test, 71% of women agreed with the statement "Twitter messages are a good way to educate women about the HPV vaccine.””

Participant Characteristics (Table 2)

Participants who completed both surveys ranged in age from 18–26 years (mean 21.9, SD = 2.6). About two-thirds (63%) had household incomes below $50,000/year, two-thirds (61%) had some college education or more, half (54%) had public health insurance, and the majority (91%) was single. Half (51%) were black or African American, and 40% were born outside of the U.S. from a wide variety of countries (see footnote in Table 1). Less than half (40%) had received a Pap test in the last 3 years. The majority (94%) was aware of HPV infection, and 63% had received 3 doses of the HPV vaccine.

Health Belief Model Constructs (Table 3)

Before the campaign, HPV knowledge scores were low, and we observed no statistically significant change after the campaign (56% vs 57%, p = 0.858). Perceived risk of developing cervical cancer was low and decreased at post-test (4.46 vs. 3.37 out of 10; p = 0.018), although this change was no longer statistically significant in subgroup analyses among women who verified receipt of messages (data not shown). Participants generally perceived that there were high benefits to HPV vaccination in terms of vaccine efficacy (mean of 9 on a scale of 0–12) and vaccine safety (mean of 6 on a scale of 0–9). They tended to report that there were only moderate barriers to HPV vaccine uptake (mean of 4 on a scale of 1–8). HPV vaccination decision self-efficacy was high and did not change after the campaign (85% vs 83%, respectively, p = 0.95). Intent to be vaccinated in the next 6- or 12-months was unchanged among those who had not yet started or completed vaccination.

Twitter is a relatively new innovation and its utility as a mode of delivering health campaigns has not been fully explored. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of a Twitter campaign on HPV vaccination among low-income women from diverse racial/ethnically diverse young adult women recruited from public housing. Given the dearth of information on the feasibility and impact of social media interventions on health beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors among socially and economically marginalized populations who experience health and health information disparities,⁹ our findings suggest that it is feasible use Twitter to disseminate HPV-related messages to this audience- -even among those who did not have an existing Twitter account. Indeed, we did not observe any change in HPV vaccine knowledge, attitudes, or intentions, a majority of women was retained in the study and few blocked our health promotion messages. Furthermore, most participants found Twitter to be an acceptable means of receiving HPV vaccine information, as measured by post-test surveys.

Before discussing the study, we note limitations. First, we focused on feasibility and recruited a small, non-probability sample of young adult women. As a result, findings may not be generalizable to other populations and it is unlikely that there was adequate statistical power to detect any intervention effect. Our study also did not include a control group to whom findings among the intervention group could be compared. Therefore, we were not able to determine whether any change observed in the intervention group was due to the intervention itself or other factors. Lastly, there has been concern that social media-based interventions could exacerbate health disparities due to differential access to the Internet and smart phones among social groups. However, we elected to use Twitter because the majority of young adults living in urban areas in the U.S. use this social media platform.²⁵ Future research that relies on a larger probability sample, includes a control group, and assesses any unintended consequence on health disparities is needed.

It is possible that we did not observe any effect of the intervention on HPV vaccination because study participants (self-selected) had relatively high vaccine uptake and completion at baseline. The only other Twitter-based HPV vaccination intervention study that we identified, which also did not find any effect of the intervention on HPV vaccine uptake among women, also observed high levels (85%) of HPV vaccine completion at baseline. Thus, additional research is needed to assess the effect of Twitter-based HPV vaccination interventions among women with low levels of HPV vaccine uptake in order to accurately determine their effect. Studies suggest that different strategies may be needed to truly reach women low levels of vaccine adoption, since both of these studies included a large number of women who had already been vaccinated.

Notably, women in this sample had substantially lower utilization of Pap tests than what has been found in national probability samples (40% vs 83%).²⁶ This may have been due to the numbers of women born outside of the U.S. (only 23% reported U.S. nationality), where cervical cancer screening is not easily accessible. Nonetheless, it is somewhat paradoxical that there was high vaccine uptake but low screening utilization and that perceived risk of cervical cancer decreased following the campaign. Our findings suggest that using Twitter to reach women with low levels of Pap testing, particularly in housing sites with high numbers of women born outside of the U.S., should be explored further.

The use of Twitter in our sample was lower than for the general population in this age group. While Twitter users are not representative of the U.S. population, use is higher among those under age 50 years and those living in urban rather than rural areas,²⁵ which led us to explore this platform in the current study. However, recent data from Pew Research Center found that, in 2018, more young adults used Instagram and Snapchat than Twitter.²⁷ It may well be that using these other social media platforms could better reach our intended audience, those with low vaccine uptake. However, even with heavier adoption of other platforms, Twitter may have advantages over Instagram and Snapchat since those are more graphical and text-based messages may be more effective for health.

In addition to considering alternative social media platforms, it is unlikely that dissemination of information alone will change HPV vaccine behaviors. The Community Guide recommends that cervical cancer interventions utilize multiple components, such as group education.²⁸ Women in this study did not have any opportunity to interact with each other and messaging was unidirectional. Adding a social connection or support component may enhance the impact of this and other social media interventions.^29,30

More research is needed to assess the messages, dose, and social media platform that most effectively facilitate HPV vaccine knowledge and uptake in socially and economically marginalized populations at risk of cervical cancer.^31,32 Moreover, studies conducted among women with low levels of HPV vaccine awareness and uptake are also warranted. Lastly, additional studies are needed to understand to what extent disseminating HPV vaccine promotion messages through Twitter can affect HPV-related outcomes among geographically dispersed groups beyond the intervention group. Together, these efforts may help facilitate the dissemination of information and possibly affect HPV vaccine knowledge, risk perceptions, and vaccination behaviors among marginalized populations at high risk of developing cervical cancer.

HPV = Human papilloma virus

Acknowledgements: Financial support from the Tufts Thematic Area Working Group on Infectious Disease. We wish to thank the following Tufts students for their work on this study: Alphonsus Adu-Bredu, Claudia Aliff, Quin Bottom-Johnson, Caleb Cho, Divya Gandhi, Emily Hahn, Nayanika Kotagiri, Rachel Lai, Ileana Sofia Cristobal Lopez, Sarah Markos, Tatiana Marzan and Owen Searls for their work on this study.

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethics approval and consent to participate: All protocols and procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board at Tufts. University. All study participants provided informed consent to participate in the published study. For those contacted by phone, verbal consent was obtained by Research Assistants using a standardized protocol as requiring a separate written consent would have necessitated that participants complete documents and send them by mail would have been burdensome. For those who completed they survey online, the first page of the survey provided informed consent information and participants had to “check” a box indicating that they wanted to participate prior to proceeding to the survey. All consenting processes and documents were approved by the Tufts University Institutional Review Board.
Availability of data and material: The dataset generated and analyzed during the current study are not publicly available but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Competing interests: None of the authors report competing or conflict of interests.
Funding: Financial support from the Tufts Thematic Area Working Group on Infectious Disease. This funding body did not contribute to the design of the study and collection, analysis, or interpretation of data or in preparation or writing of this manuscript
Authors’ contributions: JDA conceptualized the study, oversaw analysis, drafted the manuscript. JH conceptualized the study, collaborated on manuscript preparation/writing, and approved the final manuscript. LG conceptualized the study, collaborated on preparation/writing, and approved the final manuscript. SS was the study manager, collected data, preparation/writing and approved the final manuscript. TA conducted analyses, collaborated on summarization/interpretation of findings and approved the final manuscript. MA collaborated on manuscript preparation/writing, collaborated on preparation/writing, and approved the final manuscript. All authors have agreed both to be personally accountable for the author’s own contributions and to ensure that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work, even ones in which the author was not personally involved, are appropriately investigated, resolved, and the resolution documented in the literature.
Acknowledgements: We wish to thank the following Tufts students for their work on this study: Alphonsus Adu-Bredu, Claudia Aliff, Quin Bottom-Johnson, Caleb Cho, Divya Gandhi, Emily Hahn, Nayanika Kotagiri, Rachel Lai, Ileana Sofia Cristobal Lopez, Sarah Markos, Tatiana Marzan and Owen Searls for their work on this study.

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Table 1. Sample campaign messages by HBM constructs

Construct	Tweet
Perceived risk	-You can get HPV by having oral, vaginal, or anal sex with someone who has the virus. HPV can be passed even when an infected person has no signs or symptoms. -Nearly 80 million people in the US are currently infected with HPV. Most sexually-active men & women will get some type of HPV at some point in their lives. -Sexually active? You may contract HPV infection. Don’t risk it, get the vaccine.
Perceived benefits	-The HPV vaccine protects the reproductive health of girls and women. Know the facts! -Most HPV infections go away without treatment, but some types of HPV can cause cancer, including cervical cancer. Don’t risk it, get the vaccine. -No woman should die from cervical cancer. It is preventable with the HPV vaccine and detected early with a test called the Pap test. -HPV vaccines work extremely well. HPV vaccines provide close to 100% protection against cervical precancers and genital warts.
Perceived barriers	-One simple conversation could save your life. Talk with your doctor about the HPV vaccine. -Many people who get the HPV vaccine have no side effects at all. Some people report having very mild side effects, like a sore arm.

Table 2. Participant Sociodemographic Characteristics (N=35)

Age in years (mean, SD)	21.89 (2.63)
	n (%)
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic white Non-Hispanic black Hispanic More than one race (including black) Other	5 (14) 18 (51) 0 (0) 3 (9) 7 (20)
Household Income
≤ $25,000	11 (31)
$25,001-$50,000	11 (31)
$50,001-$75,000	8 (23)
> $75,000	3 (9)
Educational Level
< High school	3 (9)
High school graduate/GED	8 (23)
Some college/2-year degree	16 (46)
4-year college degree	7 (20)
> 4-year college degree	1 (3)
Health insurance Status
Public	19 (54)
Private	12 (34)
Combination public & private	3 (9)
None	1 (3)
Usual source of care
Yes	34 (97)
No	1 (3)
Marital Status
Married/living as married	3 (9)
Single/never married	32 (91)
Received Pap test in last 3 years
Yes	14 (40)
No	19 (54)
Don’t know	2 (6)
HPV Vaccination Status
Fully vaccinated (3 doses)	22 (63)
Initiated vaccination (at least 1 dose)	1 (3)
Don’t know	6 (17)

Note. Percentages may not total 100% due to rounding or missing data.

Table 3. Changes in Health Belief Model Constructs between Pre- and Post-Test (N=35)

	Pre-test (N= 35)	Post-test (N= 35)
	mean (SD)	mean (SD)	p-value ^a
HPV & cervical cancer knowledge (0-100%)	56.30 (18.95)	56.96 (19.33)	0.858
Perceived susceptibility
Cervical cancer (0-10)	4.46 (1.70)	3.37 (2.10)	0.018
HPV infection (0-10)	3.43 (1.46)	3.03 (1.69)	0.295
Perceived benefits of HPV vaccination
HPV vaccine efficacy (0-12)	9.26 (3.20)	9.00 (3.64)	0.638
HPV vaccine safety (0-9)	6.14 (1.75)	5.63 (2.17)	0.074
Perceived barriers to vaccination (0-8)	4.37 (1.59)	3.89 (1.86)	0.195
Decision self-efficacy (0-100%)	84.71 (13.76)	82.90 (19.12)	0.955
	N (%)	N (%)	p-value ^b
Intention to obtain vaccine among those with < 3 doses (n=7)
Very likely/likely in next 12 months	5 (71)	4 (57)	1.000
Very likely/likely in next 6 months	5 (71)	3 (43)	0.617

^aBased on paired t-test.

^bBased on McNemar’s test.

Note. Statistically significant differences are bolded

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published 01 Jun, 2020

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Editorial decision: Major revision
02 Mar, 2020
Review #2 received at journal
27 Feb, 2020
Review #1 received at journal
24 Feb, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed at journal
12 Feb, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed at journal
17 Jan, 2020
Reviewers invited by journal
09 Aug, 2019
Editor assigned by journal
06 Aug, 2019
Submission checks completed at journal
05 Aug, 2019
Editor invited by journal
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Feasibility of a Twitter campaign to promote HPV vaccine uptake among racially/ethnically diverse young adult women living in public housing

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Journal Publication

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Abstract

BACKGROUND

METHODS

Measures of Health Belief Model Constructs

Analysis

RESULTS

Assessment of Feasibility

Participant Characteristics (Table 2)

Health Belief Model Constructs (Table 3)

DISCUSSION

Conclusions

List of abbreviations

Declarations

REFERENCES CITED

Tables

Status:

Journal Publication

Version 1