Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Commission of China-Japan Friendship Hospital (2019-79-K51-1). Due to the study’s retrospective nature, the need for informed consent from the patients or their legal guardians was waived. All methods were carried out in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Funding
The funding source of the study [National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (2022-NHLHCRF-LX-01-01)], [National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding-Elite Medical Professionals Project of China-Japan Friendship Hospital (NO.ZRJY2023-GG20)], [Key Research and Development Program of JingXi province (20232BBG7002)] are academic non-profit organizations that played no role in the design of the study and collection, analysis, and interpretation of data and in writing the manuscript.
Authors' contributions
QZ conceived of the study. QY, BC and XW participated in the design of the study and coordination. ZC, QZ, YW, GF, LH, XH, ML, SG, YZ, YF, YT, XC, YC, TZ and XZ participated in the enrollment of the cases. ZC, GF and XW took the responsibility for statistical analysis. ZC and LH drafted the manuscript. QZ, BC and XW provided crucial revision for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgements
We thank all investigators who worked in the hospital during the period of patient recruitment.
Participating hospitals and investigators: Yan Dengfeng, Ling Gengfei, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhoukou Central Hospital; Gao Yanqiu, Li Xiaoyan, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhengzhou Central Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University; Zhang Yunhui, Pu Dandan, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First People’s Hospital of Yunnan Province; Cheng Zhenshun, Ni Lan, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University; Chen Li, Ding Xuefeng, Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College; Chen Yunfeng, Li Chuzhao, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University; Ren Yisong, Wang Qianying, Intensive Care Unit, Chengdu Pidu district hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Xu Junlong, Chen Deyuan, Intensive Care Unit, Lishui People’s Hospital; Di Qingguo, Qi Boxu, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital; Zhang Yinjun, Mago, Intensive Care Unit, The First people’s hospital of Baiyin; Yang Jingping, Wang Hui, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Inner Mongolia Baogang Hospital; Tang Yuling, Kong Xianglong, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Changsha; Chen Kai, Wang Wei, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Baoji Central Hospital of Shaanxi Province; Bi Sheng, Yan Yu, Intensive Care Unit, The First Hospital of Qiqihar; Zhan Yian, Xiao Ce, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The first affiliated hospital of Nanchang university; Yu Min, Wang Peng, Intensive Care Unit, The First People’s Hospital of Yichang; Jin Zhixian, Chen Min, Huang Liangming, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Kunming First People’s Hospital Ganmei Hospital; Cai Shaoxi, Hu Guodong, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Nan fang Hospital, Southern Medical University; Xing Lihua, Li Yunlu, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University; Yang Zhengping, Liu Xiaoqin, Intensive Care Unit, Qinghai Provincial People’s Hospital; Shi Jinying, Chai Shukun, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shijiazhuang People’s Hospital; Luo Hong, Li Jinhua, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Qiao Shubin, Tong Yaozhi, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Beijing Fengtai Hospital of Integrated Traditional And Western Medicine; Guo Lu, Ji Jiaqi, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital; Ding Yipeng, Xian Shaojing, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hainan General Hospital; Li Dan, Wen Zhong Mei, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University; Hu Yi, Li Xueying, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Central Hospital of Wuhan; Guo Qiang, Shen hui, Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University; Yan Xiuxia, Wu Peng, Intensive Care Unit, People’s Hospital of Bozhou City; Dong Weihao, Gao Qian, Medical Intensive Care Unit, The Third People’s Hospital of Qingdao; Li Guanhua, Pei Xiang, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Tianjin Chest Hospital; Jie Zhijun, Du Yong, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University; Liu Guangnan, Chen Junjian, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University; Ye Xianwei, Liu Yaqin, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital; Xu Qixia, Suo Tao, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Hospital); Shi Baozhu, Xu Mei, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Hebei Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Hu Xiaoyun, Zheng Jiangnan, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Suzhou Ninth People’s Hospital; Hou Pengguo, Intensive Care Unit, The Third People’s Hospital of Datong; Li Yuming, Yang Ruobing, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University; Hua Feng, He Haiyun, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital; Chen Miaolian, Cai Shaoqing, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Zhongshan City People’s Hospital; Qin Zhiqiang, Liu Hang, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region; Yang Wan Chun, Jiang Yinling, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The second people’s hospital of Hefei; Wei Yaqiang, Xin Tiantian, Intensive Care Unit, Yan’an People’s Hospital; Zhou Qingtao, Sun Xiaoyan, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hosptial; Xu Jian, Liu Yuan, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Dalian Municipal Central Hospital; Min Lingfeng, Sang Linli, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Northern Jiangsu People’s Hospital; Pan Pinhua, Peng Wenzhong, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University; Yu Dinghong, Huang Lingmei, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Yueyang Central Hospital; Xie Baosong, Lu Fengfeng, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital; Zhang Naxin, Wang Chunxi, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Third Central Hospital of Tianjin; Teng Haifeng, Zhang Wenjie, Intensive Care Unit, Wei Hai Municpal Hospital; Tong Jin, Zhou Zhiyu, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Wang Jing, Yang Yefeng, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University; Yuan Xiaoliang, Linhai, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, First affiliated hospital of gannan medical university; Li Fajiu, Wang Jiaqi, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University; Xu Dexiang, Qu Binbin, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University; Zhao Ziwen, He Hua, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology; Zhou Zhong, Jing Xiaoting, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center; Huang Jianan, Wang Yang, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Afiliated Hospital of Soochow University.