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Research Article
Network analysis of Down syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 identifies risk and protective factors for COVID-19
Mara Dierssen
Center for Genomic Regulation
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0853-6865
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background: SARS-CoV-2 has spread uncontrollably worldwide while we still ignore how particularly vulnerable populations, such as Down syndrome (DS) individuals are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals with DS have more risk of infections with respiratory complications and present signs of auto-inflammation. They also suffer from multiple comorbidities that are associated with poorer COVID-19 prognosis in the general population. All this might place DS individuals at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or poorer clinical outcomes.
Methods: In order to get insight into the interplay between DS genes and SARS-cov2 infection and pathogenesis we retrieved the genes belonging to the molecular pathways involved in COVID-19 and the host proteins interacting with viral proteins from SARS-CoV-2. We therefore analyzed the overlaps of these genes with HSA21 genes, HSA21 interactors and other genes consistently differentially expressed in DS (using public transcriptomic datasets) creating a DS-SARS-CoV-2 network.
Results: We detected COVID-19 protective and risk factors that might affect the susceptibility of individuals with DS both at the infection stage and in the progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Conclusion: Our analysis suggests that at the infection stage DS individuals might be more susceptible to infection due to triplication of TMPRSS2, that primes the viral S protein for entry in the host cells, even though the anti-viral interferon I signaling is upregulated in DS and this might increase the initial anti-viral response. In the second pro-inflammatory immunopathogenic phase of the infection, the prognosis for DS patients might worsen due to upregulation of inflammatory genes that might favor the typical cytokine storm of COVID-19. We also detected strong downregulation of the NLRP3 gene, critical for maintenance of homeostasis against pathogenic infections, possibly leading to bacterial infection complications.
Keywords
Down syndrome, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, coronavirus, interferon, TMPRSS2, network analysis, transcriptomics, meta-analysis, trisomy 21
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This is a preprint. It has not completed peer review.
Research Article
Network analysis of Down syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 identifies risk and protective factors for COVID-19
Mara Dierssen
Center for Genomic Regulation
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0853-6865
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
History
CURRENT STATUS: Posted
Version 1
Posted 12 Jun, 2020
No community comments so far
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background: SARS-CoV-2 has spread uncontrollably worldwide while we still ignore how particularly vulnerable populations, such as Down syndrome (DS) individuals are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals with DS have more risk of infections with respiratory complications and present signs of auto-inflammation. They also suffer from multiple comorbidities that are associated with poorer COVID-19 prognosis in the general population. All this might place DS individuals at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or poorer clinical outcomes.
Methods: In order to get insight into the interplay between DS genes and SARS-cov2 infection and pathogenesis we retrieved the genes belonging to the molecular pathways involved in COVID-19 and the host proteins interacting with viral proteins from SARS-CoV-2. We therefore analyzed the overlaps of these genes with HSA21 genes, HSA21 interactors and other genes consistently differentially expressed in DS (using public transcriptomic datasets) creating a DS-SARS-CoV-2 network.
Results: We detected COVID-19 protective and risk factors that might affect the susceptibility of individuals with DS both at the infection stage and in the progression to acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Conclusion: Our analysis suggests that at the infection stage DS individuals might be more susceptible to infection due to triplication of TMPRSS2, that primes the viral S protein for entry in the host cells, even though the anti-viral interferon I signaling is upregulated in DS and this might increase the initial anti-viral response. In the second pro-inflammatory immunopathogenic phase of the infection, the prognosis for DS patients might worsen due to upregulation of inflammatory genes that might favor the typical cytokine storm of COVID-19. We also detected strong downregulation of the NLRP3 gene, critical for maintenance of homeostasis against pathogenic infections, possibly leading to bacterial infection complications.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4