A. Description of Research Respondents
The research was carried out by distributing Google forms to UPH Faculty of Nursing and Medicine students. The number of respondents who participated in this study were 198 people.
B. Respondents Characteristic
Based on the research results, the sample characteristics are listed in table 5.1. The samples taken came from the Faculty of Nursing and Medicine, class 2020 to 2022, with the largest sample coming from the Faculty of Medicine, totalling 171 (86.3%) samples, and the 2022 class with the largest number of samples, namely 81 (40.9%). The age range of respondents ranged from 17-27 years, with 19 years old respondents being the largest sample with a total of 67 (33.8%).
Table 1 The Characteristic of the Respondence Studied
C. Relationship between Menstrual Disorders and COVID-19 Infection
Table 2 shows the results of data analysis on the relationship between menstrual disorders and COVID-19 infection using chi-square. There were 75 respondents to female students at the Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, Pelita Harapan University, consisting of 64 people who were infected with COVID-19 with mild symptoms and 11 people with moderate-severe symptoms who did not experience menstrual disorders after being infected with COVID-19.
Meanwhile, 123 respondents consisting of 100 people with mild COVID-19 symptoms and 23 people with moderate-severe symptoms experienced menstrual disorders after being infected with COVID-19. The test results using chi-square obtained a p value = 0.592, with an odds ratio of 1.338, a 95% confidence interval range of 0.611 – 2.931, and a risk of 57%. So it can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between menstrual disorders and COVID-19 infection
Table 2 Relationship Between Menstrual Disorders and COVID-19 Infection
COVID-19 Infection
|
Menstrual Disturbance
|
Total
|
P Value
|
Odds Ratio
|
95% Confidence Interval
|
Risk
|
No
|
Yes
|
Low
|
64
(39%)
|
100
(61%)
|
164
(100%)
|
0,592
|
1,338
|
0,611 - 2,931
|
57%
|
Moderate-Severe
|
11
(32,4%)
|
23
(67,6%)
|
34
(100%)
|
Total
|
75
(37,9%)
|
123
(62,1%)
|
198
(100%)
|
|
|
|
|
D. Percentage of Types of Menstrual Disorders that Occur in Several Samples
The percentage of types of menstrual disorders that occur in several samples can be seen in table 5.3. There were 109 (55.1%) respondents who did not experience menstrual duration disturbance, while 53 (26.8%) respondents experienced a change in menstrual duration to be longer and 36 (18.2%) respondents experienced a change in menstrual duration to be shorter. 131 (66.1%) respondents did not experience changes in blood volume during menstruation, but 39 (19.7%) respondents experienced an increase and 28 (14.1%) experienced a decrease. Meanwhile, menstrual frequency disturbances were experienced by 32 (16.1%) respondents and not experienced by the other 166 (83.8%) respondents. For respondents who did not experience menstrual regularity disturbances, there were 154 (77.7%) samples and those who experienced these disturbances were 44 (22.3%) respondents. Last for. Pain during menstruation was not experienced by 120 (60.6%) respondents, and 78 (39.4%) other respondents experienced menstrual pain. In the table, there are several female students who experience only one disorder, but there are also female students who also experience two to four disorders at once after being infected with COVID-19. Female students who only experience one type of disorder will still be included in the category of respondents who experience menstrual disorders after being infected with COVID-19.
Table 3 Percentage of Types of Menstrual Duration Disturbance That Occurred in Some Sample
Type of Disturbance
|
Frequency
|
%
|
Total
|
Volume Disturbance
|
|
|
198
(100%)
|
No Changes
|
131
|
66,2%
|
Increase
|
39
|
19,7%
|
Decrease
|
28
|
14,1%
|
Table 4 Percentage of Types of Menstrual Volume Disturbance That Occurred in Some Sample
Type of Disturbance
|
Frequency
|
%
|
Total
|
Regularity Disturbance
|
|
|
198
(100%)
|
No
|
154
|
77,8%
|
Yes
|
44
|
22,2%
|
Table 5 Percentage of Types of Menstrual Frequency Disturbance That Occurred in Some Sample
Type of Disturbance
|
Frequency
|
%
|
Total
|
Frequency Disturbance
|
|
|
198
(100%)
|
No
|
166
|
83,8%
|
Yes
|
32
|
16,2%
|
Table 6 Percentage of Types of Menstrual Regularity Disturbance That Occurred in Some Sample
Type of Disturbance
|
Frequency
|
%
|
Total
|
Pain Disturbance
|
|
|
198
(100%)
|
No
|
120
|
60,6%
|
Yes
|
78
|
39,4%
|
Table 7 Percentage of Types of Menstrual Pain Disturbance That Occurred in Some Sample
Type of Disturbance
|
Frequency
|
%
|
Total
|
Duration Disturbance
|
|
|
198
(100%)
|
No Changes
|
109
|
55,1%
|
Become Longer
|
53
|
26,8%
|
Become Shorter
|
36
|
18,2%
|
The percentage of types of menstrual disorders that occur in several samples is also listed in the form of a pie chart in Figure 1. In this diagram it can be seen the percentage of female students who experience menstrual pain disorders from the total number of respondents. For those who experience menstrual duration disorders of 28.7%%. While the percentage of menstrual pain disorders is 25.2%. For regularity disorder the percentage is 14.2%. Frequency disturbance has a percentage of 10.3%. Then for volume disturbance the percentage is 21.6%.
E. Relationship between menstrual duration disturbance and COVID-19 infection
Table 8 shows the results of the association between menstrual duration disturbance and COVID-19 infection using chi-square. The results of the analysis on 198 respondents showed that of the respondents who experienced COVID-19 infection with mild symptoms, 92 (56.1%) of them did not experience these disturbances, while 43 (26.2%) of respondents experienced disturbances in the duration of menstruation being longer and 29 (17.7%) of respondents became shorter. Meanwhile, for respondents who were infected with COVID-19 with moderate to severe symptoms, 17 (50%) respondents did not experience interference, 10 (29.4%) respondents experienced a change to become longer, and 7 (20.6%) respondents became shorter . The results of the chi-square test showed a p value with a value of 0.807 or a p value > 0.05. So it can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between menstrual duration disturbance and COVID-19 infection.
Table 8 Relationship Between Menstrual Duration Disorders and COVID-19 Infection
COVID-19 Infection
|
Duration Disturbance
|
Total
|
No Changes
|
Became Longer
|
Became Shorter
|
Low
|
92
(56,1%)
|
43
(26,2%)
|
29
(17,7%)
|
164
(100%)
|
Moderate- Severe
|
17
(50%)
|
10
(29,4%)
|
7
(20,6%)
|
34
(100%)
|
Total
|
109
(55,1%)
|
53
(26,8%)
|
36
(18,2%)
|
198
(100%)
|
F. Relationship between menstrual volume disorders and COVID-19 infection
Table 9 shows the results of the association between the volume of menstrual blood loss and COVID-19 infection using chi-square. The results of the analysis on 198 respondents showed that of the respondents who had COVID-19 infection with mild symptoms, 109 (66.5%) of them did not experience the disorder, while 32 (19.5%) of the respondents experienced an increase in the amount of blood loss during menstruation and 23 (14.0%) respondents experienced a decrease in the amount of blood loss. Meanwhile, for respondents who were infected with COVID-19 with moderate to severe symptoms, 22 (64.7%) respondents did not experience interference, 7 (20.6%) respondents experienced an increase, and 5 (14.7%) respondents experienced a decrease. The results of the chi-square test showed a p value of 0.981 or a p value > 0.05. So it can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between menstrual volume disturbances and COVID-19 infection.
Table 9 Relationship Between Menstrual Volume Disorders and COVID-19 Infection
COVID-19 Infection
|
Volume Disturbance
|
COVID-19 Infection
|
P Value
|
No Changes
|
Increase
|
Decrease
|
Low
|
109
(66,5%)
|
32
(19,5%)
|
23
(14,0%)
|
164
(100%)
|
0,981
|
Moderate- Severe
|
22
(64,7%)
|
7
(20,6%)
|
5
(14,7%)
|
34
(100%)
|
Total
|
131
(66,2%)
|
39
(19,7%)
|
28
(14,1%)
|
198
(100%)
|
G. Relationship between menstrual frequency disturbances and COVID-19 infection
Table 10 shows the results of the relationship between menstrual frequency disturbances and COVID-19 infection using chi-square. The results of the analysis on 198 respondents showed that of the respondents who had COVID-19 infection with mild symptoms, 140 (85.5%) of them did not experience these disturbances, while 24 (14.6%) of the respondents experienced menstrual frequency disturbances. Meanwhile, for respondents infected with COVID-19 with moderate to severe symptoms, 26 (76.5%) respondents did not experience the disorder and 8 (23.5%) experienced the disorder. Chi-square test results show a p value with a value of 0.305 or a p value > 0.05. The odds ratio is 1.795, so a risk percentage is obtained of 44% or if someone is infected with COVID-19 he has a 44% risk of experiencing bleeding disorders between menstrual periods. Then for the 95% Confidence Interval a range of 0.728 – 4.428 is obtained or if this research is carried out a hundred times it will produce an odds ratio value between that range. So it can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between menstrual frequency disturbances and COVID-19 infection.
Table 10 Relationship Between Menstrual Frequency Disorders and COVID-19 Infection
COVID-19 Infection
|
Frequency Disturbance
|
Total
|
P Value
|
Odds Ratio
|
95% Confidence Interval
|
Risk
|
No
|
Yes
|
Low
|
140
(85,5%)
|
24
(14,6%)
|
164
(100%)
|
0,305
|
1,795
|
0,728 -4,428
|
44%
|
Moderate- Severe
|
26
(76,5%)
|
8
(23,5%)
|
34
(100%)
|
Total
|
166
(83,8%)
|
32
(16,2%)
|
198
(100%)
|
H. Relationship between menstrual regularity disorders and COVID-19 infection
Table 11 shows the results of the relationship between menstrual regularity disorders and COVID-19 infection using chi-square. The results of the analysis on 198 respondents showed that of the respondents who experienced COVID-19 infection with mild symptoms, 129 (78.7%) of them did not experience the disorder, while 35 (21.3%) of the respondents experienced menstrual regularity disturbances. Meanwhile, for respondents infected with COVID-19 with moderate to severe symptoms, 25 (73.5%) respondents did not experience the disorder and 9 (26.5%) experienced the disorder. The results of the chi-square test showed a p value of 0.669 or a p value > 0.05. The odds ratio is 1.327, so that a risk percentage of 57% is obtained or if a person is infected with COVID-19 he has a 57% risk of experiencing menstrual cessation disorders. Then for the 95% Confidence Interval a range of 0.568 - 3.1 is obtained or if this research is carried out a hundred times it will produce an odds ratio value between that range. So it can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between menstrual regularity disorders and COVID-19 infection.
Table 11 Relationship Between Menstrual Regularity Disorders and COVID-19 Infection
COVID-19 Infection
|
Regularity Disorders
|
Total
|
P Value
|
Odds Ratio
|
95% Confidence Interval
|
Risk
|
No
|
Yes
|
Low
|
129
(78,7%)
|
35
(21,3%)
|
164
(100%)
|
0,669
|
1,327
|
0,568 - 3,1
|
57%
|
Moderate- Severe
|
25
(73,5%)
|
9
(26,5%)
|
34
(100%)
|
Total
|
154
(77,8%)
|
44
(22,2%)
|
198
(100%)
|
I. Relationship between menstrual pain disorders and COVID-19 infection
Table 12 shows the results of the relationship between menstrual pain disorders and COVID-19 infection using chi-square. The results of the analysis on 198 respondents showed that of the respondents who experienced COVID-19 infection with mild symptoms, 101 (61.6%) of them did not experience these disturbances, while 63 (38.4%) of the respondents experienced pain during menstruation. Meanwhile, for respondents infected with COVID-19 with moderate to severe symptoms, 19 (55.9%) respondents did not experience the disorder and 15 (44.1%) experienced the disorder. The results of the chi-square test showed a p value of 0.670 or a p value > 0.05. The odds ratio is 1.266, so a risk percentage of 57% is obtained or if a person is infected with COVID-19 he has a 57% risk of experiencing menstrual pain disorders. Then for the 95% Confidence Interval a range of 0.6 – 2.67 is obtained or if this research is carried out a hundred times it will produce an odds ratio value between that range. So it can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between menstrual pain disorders and COVID-19 infection.
Table 12 Relationship Between Menstrual Pain Disorders and COVID-19 Infection
COVID-19 Infection
|
Pain Disorders
|
Total
|
P Value
|
Odds Ratio
|
95% Confidence Interval
|
Risk
|
No
|
Yes
|
Low
|
101
(61,6%)
|
63
(38,4%)
|
164
(100%)
|
0,670
|
1,266
|
0,6 - 2,67
|
55%
|
Moderate- Severe
|
19
(55,9%)
|
15
(44,1%)
|
34
(100%)
|
Total
|
120
(60,6%)
|
78
(39,4%)
|
198
(100%)
|