1 Fox RI. Sjögren’s syndrome. Lancet (London, England) 2005;366:321-31.
2 Ramos-Casals M, Brito-Zerón P, Seror R, Bootsma H, Bowman SJ, Dörner T, et al. Characterization of systemic disease in primary Sjögren’s syndrome: EULAR-SS Task Force recommendations for articular, cutaneous, pulmonary and renal involvements. Rheumatology 2015;54:2230-8.
3 Shoenfeld N, Agmon-Levin N, Flitman-Katzevman I, Paran D, Katz BSP, Kivity S, et al. The sense of smell in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60:1484-7.
4 Steinbach S, Proft F, Schulze-Koops H, Hundt W, Heinrich P, Schulz S, et al. Gustatory and olfactory function in rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2011; 40:169-77.
5 Bombini MF, Peres FA, Lapa AT, Sinicato NA, Quental BR, Pincelli Á de SM, et al. Olfactory function in systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis. A longitudinal study and review of the literature. Autoimmun Rev 2018;17:405-12.
6 Henkin RI, Talal N, Larson AL, Mattern CF. Abnormalities of taste and smell in Sjogren’s syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1972;76:375-83.
7 Kamel UF, Maddison P, Whitaker R. Impact of primary Sjögren’s syndrome on smell and taste: Effect on quality of life. Rheumatology 2009;48:1512-4.
8 Rusthen S, Young A, Herlofson BB, Aqrawi LA, Rykke M, Hove LH, et al. Oral disorders, saliva secretion, and oral health-related quality of life in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Eur J Oral Sci 2017;125:265-71.
9 Singh PB, Young A, Homayouni A, Hove LH, Petrovski BÉ, Herlofson BB, et al. Distorted taste and impaired oral health may affect nutritional status in patients with sicca complaints. Nutrients 2019;11:1-16.
10 Midilli R, Gode S, Oder G, Kabasakal Y, Karci B. Nasal and paranasal involvement in primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Rhinology 2013;51:265-7.
11 Rasmussen N, Brofeldt S, Manthorpe R. Smell and nasal findings in patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Scand J Rheumatol Suppl 1986;61:142-5.
12 Vitali C, Bombardieri S, Jonsson R, Moutsopoulos HM, Alexander EL, Carsons SE, et al. Classification criteria for Sjögren’s syndrome: a revised version of the European criteria proposed by the American-European Consensus Group. Ann Rheum Dis 2002;61:554-8.
13 Seror R, Ravaud P, Bowman SJ, Baron G, Tzioufas A, Theander E, et al. EULAR Sjogren’s syndrome disease activity index: development of a consensus systemic disease activity index for primary Sjogren’s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69:1103-9.
14 Seror R, Ravaud P, Mariette X, Bootsma H, Theander E, Hansen A, et al. EULAR Sjogren’s Syndrome Patient Reported Index (ESSPRI): development of a consensus patient index for primary Sjogren’s syndrome. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:968-72.
15 Hedner M, Larsson M, Arnold N, Zucco GM, Hummel T. Cognitive factors in odor detection, odor discrimination, and odor identification tasks. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2010;32:1062-7.
16 Zhang Z, Zhang B, Wang X, Zhang X, Yang QX, Qing Z, et al. Altered odor-induced brain activity as an early manifestation of cognitive decline in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2018;67:994-1006.
17 Su N, Poon R, Grushka M. Does Sjogren’s syndrome affect odor identification abilities? Eur Arch Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 2015;272:773-4.
18 Hillen MR, Pandit A, Blokland SLM, Hartgring SAY, Bekker CPJ, van der Heijden EHM, et al. Plasmacytoid DCs from patients with Sjögren’s syndrome are transcriptionally primed for enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Front Immunol 2019;10:2096.
19 Nicaise C, Weichselbaum L, Schandene L, Gangji V, Dehavay F, Bouchat J, et al. Phagocyte-specific S100A8/A9 is upregulated in primary Sjögren’s syndrome and triggers the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2017;35:129-36.
20 Kobayashi M, Tamari K, Miyamura T, Takeuchi K. Blockade of interleukin-6 receptor suppresses inflammatory reaction and facilitates functional recovery following olfactory system injury. Neurosci Res 2013;76:125-32.
21 Pozharskaya T, Lane AP. Interferon gamma causes olfactory dysfunction without concomitant neuroepithelial damage. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2013;3:861-5.
22 Kim D-K, Choi SA, Eun KM, Kim S-K, Kim DW, Phi JH. Tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-5 inhibit olfactory regeneration via apoptosis of olfactory sphere cells in mice models of allergic rhinitis. Clin Exp allergy 2019;49:1139-49.
23 Postal M, Appenzeller S. The importance of cytokines and autoantibodies in depression. Autoimmun Rev 2015;14:30-5.
24 Laudisio A, Navarini L, Margiotta DPE, Fontana DO, Chiarella I, Spitaleri D, et al. The association of olfactory dysfunction, frailty, and mortality is mediated by inflammation: results from the InCHIANTI Study. J Immunol Res. 2019;2019:3128231.
25 Tegla CA, Cudrici C, Rus V, Ito T, Vlaicu S, Singh A, et al. Neuroprotective effects of the complement terminal pathway during demyelination: implications for oligodendrocyte survival. J Neuroimmunol 2009;213:3-11.
26 Kowal C, DeGiorgio LA, Nakaoka T, Hetherington H, Huerta PT, Diamond B, et al. Cognition and immunity; antibody impairs memory. Immunity 2004;21:179-88.
27 Kivity S, Tsarfaty G, Agmon-Levin N, Blank M, Manor D, Konen E, et al. Abnormal olfactory function demonstrated by manganese-enhanced MRI in mice with experimental neuropsychiatric lupus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1193:70-7.
28 Katzav A, Ben-Ziv T, Chapman J, Blank M, Reichlin M, Shoenfeld Y. Anti-P ribosomal antibodies induce defect in smell capability in a model of CNS-SLE (depression). J Autoimmun 2008;31:393-8.
29 Lauvsnes MB, Beyer MK, Kvaløy JT, Greve OJ, Appenzeller S, Kvivik I, et al. Association of hippocampal atrophy with cerebrospinal fluid antibodies against the NR2 subtype of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and patients with primary Sjögren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014;66:3387-94.
30 Weiffenbach JM, Fox PC. Odor identification ability among patients with Sjögren’s syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1993;36:1752-4.
31 Stanbury RM, Graham EM. Systemic corticosteroid therapy--side effects and their management. Br J Ophthalmol 1998;82:704-8.
32 Jonsson R, Vogelsang P, Volchenkov R, Espinosa A, Wahren-Herlenius M, Appel S. The complexity of Sjögren’s syndrome: novel aspects on pathogenesis. Immunol Lett 2011;141:1-9.
33 Margaretten M. Neurologic Manifestations of Primary Sjögren Syndrome. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2017;43:519-29.
34 Segal BM, Rhodus N, Moser Sivils KL, Solid CA. Validation of the brief cognitive symptoms index in Sjögren syndrome. J Rheumatol 2014;41:2027-33.
35 Yoshikawa K, Hatate J, Toratani N, Sugiura S, Shimizu Y, Takahash T, et al. Prevalence of Sjögren’s syndrome with dementia in a memory clinic. J Neurol Sci 2012;322:217-21.
36 Shin T, Kim J, Ahn M, Moon C. Olfactory Dysfunction in CNS Neuroimmunological Disorders: a Review. Mol Neurobiol 2019;56:3714-21.
37 Cavaco S, Martins Da Silva A, Santos E, Coutinho E, Marinho A, Moreira I, et al. Are cognitive and olfactory dysfunctions in neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus dependent on anxiety or depression? J Rheumatol 2012;39:770-6.