S.no
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Study (Country)
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Population (Category and Age)
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Study Design
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Objectives of the Study
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1
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(Adanikin, McGrath, & Padmadas, 2019), Nigeria
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15 fertile couples (men and women) residing in Ido-Ekiti, a semi-urban town in southwest Nigeria
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This study uses data from thirty individual vignette interviews. The tool sought information on the marital contraceptive decision-making process and women’s ability to use contraception in the context of spousal opposition.
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to investigate the power-relations involved in contraceptive decision-making and wives’ negotiation processes/skills when their husbands oppose contraceptive use using e ethnographic vignette analysis of data
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2
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(Becker et al, 2007), Multiple
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DHS data from 23 countries with husbands and wives in matched couples. Sample sizes of couples vary from 331 in Comores to 3037 in Bangladesh. The percentage who were undecided ranges from 1% (in Dominican Republic) to 14% (in Central African Republic) for wives and from 1% (in Uganda) to 19% (in Pakistan) or husbands.
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In the first method logistic regression model was developed for the sample with known desires in each country. After fitting the model, the probability of group membership was estimated for each person. Then a cut-off between 0 and 1 for classification was determined
so that the total number of persons correctly classified in the survey was maximized. The logistic equations were then applied to the undecided cases and each was classified using the cut- off rule just described.
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The objective of this research with cross-sectional data is to determine if women (and men) who give this response have characteristics more like those who want no more children or like those who want more children.
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3
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(Bietsch, 2015), Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Mozambique, Niger, Nigeria, Tanzania
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21,019 men (irrespective of marital status) between the age of 15-49 years
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Data for this paper are from the Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa. A measure of attitude towards contraception is created by adding together results from three attitude questions.
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The goal of this paper is to create and explore demographically a measure of contraception that can be calculated for all men, at any point in their lives, regardless of marital status, sexual activity, or fertility desires. This is done by examining men’s attitudes towards contraception.
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4
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(Bunce, 2007), Tanzania
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Ten in-depth interviews and three focus groups were carried out with a total of 38 vasectomy clients. Three focus groups were conducted with wives of vasectomy clients three with tubal ligation clients and three with potential vasectomy clients.
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Sampling was purposive; potential study participants—vasectomy clients and their wives, potential vasectomy clients and tubal ligation.
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To the examine the facilitators and barriers in an individual’s or couple’s decision, broader facilitators and barriers to vasectomy uptake (e.g., access to service, transportation, governmental policies), issues relating to the process of the vasectomy decision or procedure, and program recommendations from the study respondents.
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5
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(Capurchande, Coene, Roelens, & Meulemans, 2017), Mozambique
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An in-depth qualitative study of female and male clients. A total of 16 in-depth interviews, four informal conversations, and observations were equally divided between both study sites. All users were aged 25-49 years
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In-depth interviews were conducted guided by semi-structured topics. study used direct observation at the time of data collection. Our observation focused upon: 1) individual characteristics of adults including gestures and nonverbal
behaviour; 2) interaction between nurses and users; 3) actions taking place during counselling services; and 4) program promotion in their communities – in the physical surroundings, such as posters and plaques, etc.
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The study focuses on experiences concerning family planning among adult men and women and in particular on clients’ fertility regulation and intentions. It explores how communication dynamics influence family planning decision-making among women and men in relation to their partners, from a social constructionist perspective
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6
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(Chadwick et al, 2017),
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810 men who identified as a man, were 18 years of age or older, and were currently sexually attracted to women
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810 men recruited through an introductory psychology participant pool and the community. These men were assigned to read a vignette where they imagined that an attractive woman either did or did not orgasm during a sexual encounter with them. Participants then rated their sexual esteem and the extent to which they would feel masculine after
experiencing the given situation.
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This study aimed to empirically assess the link between women’s orgasms and men’s masculinity. It hypothesized that women’s
orgasms specifically function as a masculinity achievement for men.
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7
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(Char, Saavala, & Kulmala), 2009, India
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Focus group discussions: men currently married to women aged between 15 and 45—in the seven villages included in the study. Overall, 58 men agreed to participate.
Cross sectional survey: About 30 households with eligible men were selected from each village using random sampling with a random start, resulting in a sample of 793 respondents.
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We used a multimethod approach, including focus group discussions and a cross-sectional survey,
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To examine how men in rural Madhya Pradesh understand and perceive family planning, paying special attention to male knowledge, perceptions, decision making and reliance on female sterilization.
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8
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(Chipeta, 2010), Malawi
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20 with adolescents (15-19 years), 20 with young adults (20-34 years) and 20 with adults (35-65 years)
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Primary Qualitative Research- 60 FGDs (part of larger study)
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To find out factors that affect the intentions of men and women to use family planning methods.
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9
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(Cox, Hindin, Otupiri, & Larsen-Reindorf, 2013), Ghana
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800 couples in the reproductive age (18–44 years for women and 18–59 years for men) were randomly selected and surveyed
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The data for this analysis come from the Family Health and Wealth Study (FHWS), a longitudinal study of married and cohabiting couples in Kumasi.
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The aim of the study was to use couple data to identify associations between individual- and relationship-level characteristics and contraceptive use in urban areas.
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10
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(Dahal, Padmadas, & Hinde, 2008), Nepal
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Sample included 1,041 men aged 20 or older who had at least one living child and said that they wanted no more children.
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Quantitative- using logical regression model
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This study examined contraceptive use among Nepalese men who wanted to limit their family size and the underlying factors that influence their choice of a particular method.
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11
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(Daniel, Masilamani, & Rahman), 2008 India
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In total, 1,995 women were interviewed in the baseline survey, and 2,080 were interviewed in the follow-up survey.
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Trained interviewers collected data using a structured, pretested questionnaire.
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In this study, we compared family planning attitudes, knowledge and behavior among young women before and after implementation of the PRACHAR project in Bihar, and we compared post implementation outcomes in intervention areas with those from comparison areas.
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12
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(Edmeades), 2008, Thailand
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Women aged 15–23 in 1984 (aged 25–33 and 31–39 in 1994 and 2000, respectively) who were present in the village in both 1984 and 2000
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Life course approach: The data used in this study come from a series of linked surveys conducted in Nang Rong in 1984, 1994, and 2000. These data are well suited to the application of a life course approach to understanding contraceptive use patterns.
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To explore the relationship between village context, both past and present, on women’s contraceptive decisions in Nang Rong (a rural district in northeast Thailand), both in terms of temporary and permanent contraceptive use.
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13
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(Ezeanolue et al., 2015), Nigeria
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2393 men (aged 30 to 44 years) and 2393 pregnant women attending 40 churches in 40 communities across 7 local government areas
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Cross sectional survey (logistic regression models
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The aims of this study were to determine: 1) male partners’ awareness of, and support for, female contraceptive methods, and 2) influence of male partners’ contraceptive awareness and support on pregnant women’s expressed desire to use contraception.
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14
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(Gibbs, 2016), Papua New Guinea
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The initial workshop for Men’s Matters in Kiunga (13–17 November 2006) brought together 39 men from all 12 parishes of the Diocese— extending from Daru in the south to Bolivip in the Star Mountains to the north.
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The workshops involved presentations, free discussion, and dramatic presentations. Facilitators took detailed notes of the discussion and feedback and met each evening with a steering committee to discern how best to proceed the next day. At the end of the third year, there was an afternoon using the ‘Most Significant Change’ (MSC) technique for evaluation
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To provide insights from men’s perspective on the task of negotiating concepts of human rights in PNG.
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15
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(Ha, 2005), Vietnam
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651 married men aged 19–45 years from 12 villages in two rural communes
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Quasi-experimental with primary allocation unit as villages (had a control group and a intervention group)
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To test a social-cognitive intervention to influence contraceptive practices among men living in rural communes in Vietnam
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16
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(Harrington, 2016), Kenya
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20 heterosexual couples. An additional 18 couples were recruited by FACES community engagement officers through purposive sampling in the same districts with women aged 18-45 years
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Qualitative study using convenience sampling. In depth interviews were conducted of 60-90 minutes.
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To gain greater insight into couple decision-making and relationship power concerning fertility and family planning, in order to inform interventions targeting men and couples in the setting of high HIV prevalence.
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17
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(Iraní, Speizer, & Barrington, 2013), Tanzania
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Women who were married/living with a partner and were recent migrants;
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Focus group discussions. The interview guide included eight open-ended questions to guide the facilitator in the discussion of pre-identified topics. Several probes were also included under each question to assist in the discussion.
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The purpose of this study is to identify perceptions, interpersonal and familial attitudes, and socio- cultural norms around contraceptive use among young adults who are urban inhabitants of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. This study will also attempt to determine if there is any difference in knowledge, perception and attitudes among inhabitants who have recently migrated to Dar es Salaam when compared to long-term residents.
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18
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(Irani, Speizer, & Fotso, 2014), Kenya
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All eligible women aged 15–49 from selected households were invited to participate in a pencil-and-paper interviewer-led survey
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We used baseline survey data from the Measurement, Learning & Evaluation (MLE) Project in Kenya—the evaluation component of the Urban Reproductive Health Initiative (Urban RH Initiative) samples of primary sampling units were randomly selected to represent each city’s population. Also, 30 households were randomly chosen from each selected sampling unit for household and individual interviews.
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to use couple data to identify associations between individual- and relationship-level characteristics and contraceptive use in urban areas.
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19
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(Izugbara, Ochako, & Izugbara, 2011), Kenya
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women between the age of 15-49 years of having experienced at least one incident of unwanted pregnancy
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Respondents for the qualitative component were 80 randomly selected women who participated in a larger survey and self-identified as having experienced at least one episode of unwanted pregnancy. In total, 80 in-depth individual interviews were conducted over a four-month period.
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The current study examined lived experiences and portrayals of unwanted pregnancy and how these are mediated by local cultural scripts. The study also aims to unpack the specific scripts that underscore narratives on fertility or sexuality-related phenomenon
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20
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(Jejeebhoy, Santhya, & Zavier, 2014), India
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A total of 50,848 married and unmarried young men (aged 15-29 years) and women (aged 15-24 years) were interviewed
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The survey was undertaken in a phased manner and took place in 2006 in Jharkhand, Maharashtra, and Tamil Nadu and in 2007-08 in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, and Rajasthan.
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To study the demand for contraception among women to delay the first pregnancy in six states in India
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21
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(Jejeebhoy, 2007), India
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rural migrants and school- and college-going youth
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All five studies focus on limited geographic areas of these states; two studies have drawn their data from in-depth interviews and three have used a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods.
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a) To explore sexual risks, pregnancy-related experiences and the needs of married tribal adolescents
b) To address the pregnancy-related experiences of women, with regard especially to delivery and abortion.
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22
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(Kabagenyi et al., 2014), Uganda
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men aged 15–54 and women aged 15–49. A total of 18 FGDs, eight male and ten female groups, as well as 8 KIIs were conducted with govt and community leaders. This represented a total of 154 individuals, 70 men and 84 women
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Cross- sectional qualitative study using FGDs and KII (8)
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23
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(Khadivzadeh et al, 2013), Iran
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In this exploratory qualitative study in-depth interviews were conducted with 24 participants including 14 fertile women aged 15-49 years, two parents, three husbands and five midwives and health care providers.
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The main data collection method was face-to-face, semi-structured interview with participants. The sample was selected purposively in urban health centres, homes and workplaces until data saturation was achieved.
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This qualitative study was conducted to explore the influence of social network on couples’ intention to have their first child in urban society of Mashhad, Iran.
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24
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(Khan et al., 2008), Bangladesh
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25 rural and 25 urban men, between the ages of 18 and 55, from diverse socio-cultural, economic, educational and occupational backgrounds, were
selected for data collection.
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Qualitative in-depth interviews
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We frame our study around sexual health concerns to understand men’s emic views about sexual functioning.
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25
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(Mbweza, 2008), Malawi
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30 married cohabiting couples between the age of 20 to 53 years
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Qualitative grounded theory using simultaneous interviews of 60 husbands and wives (30 couples)
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To examine the decision-making processes of husband and wife dyads in matrilineal and patrilineal marriage traditions of Malawi in the areas of money, food, pregnancy, contraception, and sexual relations.
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26
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(McDougall, Edmeades, & Krishnan, 2011), India
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Data was collected from 744 women in the baseline and 653 at midline. At baseline, a subset of participants’ husbands completed face-to-face interviews.
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This study uses matched husband-wife data drawn from baseline and midline surveys conducted in 2005 and 2006 as part of a prospective study on married women implemented between 2002 and 2008
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This study focuses on furthering the understanding of how women’s ability to discuss and express sexuality with their husbands – one dimension of sexual agency -- is shaped by their husbands’ preferences for the type of sexual expression they wish their wives to demonstrate.
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27
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(Merkh, 2009), Latino population
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41 ethnically diverse males ages 18–25 years which detailed up to six heterosexual relationships,
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We conducted contraceptive life-history interviews with men
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To gain a better understanding of men's knowledge, attitudes, norms and behaviors regarding hormonal contraception use, decision making and communication.
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28
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(Mishra, 2014), India
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A total of 6,431 currently married men aged 18–54 completed interviews in the four study cities of Uttar Pradesh
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Baseline data from The Urban Reproductive Health Initiative (URHI) which is referred to as Urban Health Initiative (UHI) in Uttar Pradesh, India. Outcomes are current use of contraception and contraceptive method choice.
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The study tested whether men with more gender equitable attitudes are more likely to use modern methods.
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29
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(Morgan, 2018) Cambodia, Zimbabwe, Uganda, India, Nigeria and Tanzania
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Health workers (doctors, nurses and pharmacists), male partners, female partners, Leaders of the health facilities and heads of reproductive and child health units
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The research used a combination of mixed, quantitative, qualitative and participatory methods. Some researchers used participatory tools, such as photovoice and life histories, to prompt deeper and more personal reflections on gender norms from respondents. Others used conventional qualitative methods (in-depth interviews, focus group discussion.
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To show how a gendered and/or intersectional gender approach can be applied to issues across the health system and demonstrates that these types of analysis can uncover new and novel ways of viewing seemingly intractable problems
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30
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(Mosha, Ruben, & Kakoko, 2013), Tanzania
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98 males and females (18-49 years) equal number for both the sexes, FGDs involving 98 discussants: (48) males and fifty (50) females. Also, we present the findings from the six IDIs: three from females and three from males
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This study employed a qualitative study design. It used focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews (IDIs) with men and women who resided in the study areas
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a) to report about people’s perceptions of FP methods in Tanzania
b) to report on the people’s perceptions of FP methods use
c) to report about how gender dynamics, impinge on FP decisions.
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31
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(Msovela & Tengia-Kessy, 2016), Tanzania
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We interviewed 365 men living with female partners and had at least one child under the age of five years.
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In- Depth Interviews were conducted with men. We also interviewed health workers involved in delivering reproductive health.
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This study sought to document implementation and acceptability of approaches used to engage men in family planning services in Kibaha district in Tanzania.
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32
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(Osei, Mayhew, Biekro, Collumbien, & the Ecaf Team), Ghana
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80 sexually active women and men- 26 men and 54 women. Respondents’ age ranged between 18 and 36 years; the majority of men and women were aged 20–30
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In-depth contraceptive life history interviews among a purposive sample. Data were drawn from the Emergency Contraception in Africa (ECAF) study conducted in Burkina Faso, Ghana,
Morocco and Senegal. for qualitative analysis, we used data from in-depth interviews with sexually active male and female residents.
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In this study, we aim to understand the social and relational contexts in which reproductive decisions are made
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33
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(Otto-Salaj, 2010), African – American
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A sample of 172 men was included in the present set of analyses between the ages of 18 and 35 years
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In Depth Interview with men
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1) to assess the differences in reactions to each type of negotiation strategy and attempt to identify strategies more likely or less likely to result in participant acquiescence to the request
2) to identify predictors of participant compliance or refusal to comply with condom use negotiation attempts.
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34
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(Pearson & Becker, 2014), Benin, Burkina Faso and Mali
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The Benin survey was 2006 (n = 3,345 couples), the Burkina Faso survey was conducted in 2003 (n = 2,340 and the Mali survey was conducted in 2001 (n= 2191)
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This study analyses Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from couples West African countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, and Mali
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The present study proposes a calculation of couples' unmet need based on the most current definition of unmet need used in Demographic and Health Surveys and including spouses’ joint reports of current contraceptive use and fertility intentions.
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35
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(Rimal, 2015), India
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In selected households, all currently married women age 15–49 were eligible for study participation.
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Adopting a sequential mixed-method design, we first test our hypotheses and then explore, through qualitative data, the extent to which inter-spousal communication and normative considerations manifest in decisions about contraceptive use.
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a) to explore the nature of descriptive and injunctive norms and the role of interpersonal communication on family planning.
b) Given the importance of husbands’ attitudes and belief, we included the perspectives of both women and men to better understand the emergence of family planning norms within their particular social environments
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36
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(Samandari, Speizer, & O'Connell, 2010), Cambodia
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706 married women between the age of 15-49 years were recruited for study participation.
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Structured questionnaire was used to collect information on women’s current contraceptive use and their perceptions of social support of contraception.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between social support and contraceptive use in Cambodia, paying special attention to differential effects on women of low parity (two or fewer children) versus high parity (three or more children).
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37
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(Schensul et al, 2010), India
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Women individual married, living in the community for at least 5 years
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Quantitative using a quasi-experimental design
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The research is focused on “midstream” gender normative change as a part of a multilevel intervention to support the “downstream” interventions of a project aimed at sexual risk reduction and improvement of sexual health for married women and the wife-husband dyad in a low income area of Mumbai.
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38
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(Shakya,et al, 2018), India
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Non pregnant couples from the baseline study with a total of 867 couples with men and women between the age of 18 to 40 years.
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baseline data from non-pregnant couples participating in the CHARM (Counselling Husbands to Achieve Reproductive Health and Marital Equity Study) intervention, a family planning evaluation study conducted in Maharashtra, India. Study participant recruitment took place in 50 clusters in the Thane District of Maharashtra. The clusters were randomized equally to the CHARM intervention or control conditions (who received referrals to local existing family planning programs) to assess treatment impact on spacing contraceptive use, pregnancy, and unmet family planning need. Survey items covered a broad range of topics including demographics, contraception knowledge and use, marital communication, sexual history, and gender equity attitudes.
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To assess the predictors of discordance in reports of fertility preferences as well as contraceptive communication and use in a sample of young married couples in rural India
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39
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(Snow, Winter, & Harlow, 2013), Ethiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia
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Young adult males aged 15-24
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Using recent Demographic and Health Survey data from five high fertility East African countries, we examine the association between young men's gender attitudes and their ideal family size.
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The current study documents how young adult men across five East African countries describe their attitudes toward male domination in marriage, and the extent to which these indices of men's attitudes predict their ideal family size after adjusting for economic and social covariates (for example, wealth, education, sisters' level of education).
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40
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(Srivastava et al,2019), India
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The study sample is limited to women who were fertile and non-sterilized and non-pregnant at baseline survey. Baseline survey data was collected from a representative sample of 17,643 married women from the urban slums and non-slums of six cities (Agra, Aligarh, Allahabad, Gorakhpur, Moradabad and Varanasi) of Uttar Pradesh
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The data source for this study is a multi-city longitudinal study from the Measurement, Learning & Evaluation (MLE) Project led by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for the evaluation of URHI in Uttar Pradesh, India.
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To explore the relationship between women’s fertility desires and their contraceptive behavior through causal inference in urban settings of Uttar Pradesh, India.
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41
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(Tilahun, Coene, Temmerman, & Degomme, 2014), Ethopia
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427 married couples for the intervention and 427 married couples for the control group; in
total 854 married couples were included in the study
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We conducted a cross-sectional study in Jimma Zone from March to May 2010, using quantitative data collection techniques
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a) To assess spousal concordance levels regarding partner’s fertility preference and spousal communication and how it affects contraceptive use.
b) to examine concordance between spouses on reporting the male involvement in family planning.
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42
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(Tschann, 2010), Latino Youth in USA
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Youth were eligible if they were ages 16–22, had been sexually active with someone of the opposite sex within the last six months, and were of Mexican, Nicaraguan, or Salvadoran origin. A total of 694 Latino youth ages 1016–22 participated in the research.
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focus groups and qualitative interviews to obtain culturally appropriate condom negotiation strategies
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To examine which condom negotiation strategies are effective in obtaining or avoiding condom use among Latino youth.
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43
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(Tumlinson et al.), 2013, Kenya
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a random sample of 30 households was chosen for household and female interviews. In half of the selected households, men were also interviewed. All males (ages 15 to 59) and females (ages 15 to 49) in selected households were asked to participate.
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All males (ages 15 to 59) and females (ages 15 to 49) in selected households were asked to participate in a detailed interview with a trained same-sex interviewer following an informed consent protocol. Using pencil-and-paper, interviewer-led surveys, men and women were asked about their fertility desires, family planning use, and reproductive health.
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The objective of this study, is to describe the degree of reported spousal communication and perceived spousal concordance regarding fertility preferences among a sample of men and women from three urban areas of Kenya (Nairobi, Kisumu, and Mombasa).
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44
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(Turan, Nalbant, Bulut, & Sahip, 2001), Turkey
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Men, who were fathers
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Focus group discussions, in-depth interviews with fathers and mothers
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To obtain a better understanding of the roles of family members in health decision-making and behaviour before, during and after a first birth.
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45
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(Vouking, Evina, & Tadenfok, 2014), Nigeria
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Married Men
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An Evidence Review. Randomized controlled trials, controlled before and after, uncontrolled before and after, interrupted time series, cross sectional studies, cohorts, and case control studies.
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To include men's attitude and practice about self/spousal use of family planning, spousal communication and men's opinions about family planning decision making. The primary outcomes were male contribution in family planning decision making. Secondary outcomes include: men's knowledge of family planning methods, men's attitude and practice about self/spousal use of family planning, spousal communication and men's opinions about family planning decision making
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46
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(Wegs, Creanga, Galavotti, & Wamalwa, 2016), Kenya
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At baseline (2009; n11 = 650 women; n12 = 305 men) and endline (2012; n21 = 617, women; n22 = 317 men)
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It is an evaluation using mixed methods collected during county-representative, cross-sectional household surveys at baseline exposure to the intervention was measured at endline. Using multivariate logistic regression models for FP use
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The research goal was to determine whether and how the ongoing dialogues shifted social norms, and whether and how
these shifts at the community level influenced communication, decision-making, and family planning use at the couple or household level.
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47
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(Wentzell et al.,2014),
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31 couples participated, as well as comparative groups of 10 male HIM participants and wives of 12 HIM participants interviewed alone. Participants’ age ranged from 20 to 60 years, with most being in their 30s to 50s.
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A multinational, observational, longitudinal medical research study tracing the ‘natural history’ of human papillomavirus (HPV) occurrence in men using semi-structured interviews
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to assess the social consequences of Mexican spouses’ involvement with the Human Papillomavirus in Men, or HIM
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48
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(Yeatman & Sennott, 2014), Malawi
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Our analyses involve a total of 758 couples and 4,173 couple-waves (8,346 individual-of data.
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Our data are drawn from Tsogolo la Thanzi (TLT),5 a longitudinal study of young southern Malawi. Respondents were interviewed every four months for a total between 2009 and 2011
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To test whether partners' family-size preferences are interdependent. Specifically, we use panel data from married and unmarried couples in southern Malawi to address the following two questions. Do young Malawians choose partners with similar family-size preferences? How do partners' preferences change relative to one another in their relationship?
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