[1]Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235
causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the
Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012; 380(9859): 2095-2128.
[2]Elfil M, Eldokmak M, Baratloo A, et al. Pathophysiologic mechanisms,
neuroimaging and treatment in wake-up stroke. CNS Spectr 2020; 25(4): 460-467.
[3]Mackey J, Kleindorfer D, Sucharew H, et al. Population based study of wake-up
strokes. Neurology 2011;76: 1662-1667.
[4]Hacke W, Kaste M, Bluhmki E, et al. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5 hours
after acute ischemic stroke. The New England Journal of Medicine 2008; 359(13):
[5]Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. 2018 Guidelines for the Early
Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for Healthcare
Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association.
Stroke 2018; 49(3): 46-110.
[6]Moradiya Y, Janjua N. Presentation and outcomes of "wake-up strokes" in a large
randomized stroke trial: analysis of data from the International Stroke Trial. J Stroke
Cerebrovasc Dis 2013; 22(8): 286-292.
[7]Pandya A,Eggman AA,Kamel H,et al. Modeling the Cost Effectiveness of
Neuroimaging-Based Treatment of Acute Wake-Up Stroke. PLoS One 2016; 11(2):
[8]Biggs D, Silverman ME, Chen F, et al. How should we treat patients who wake up
with a stroke? A review of recent advances in management of acute ischemic stroke.
Am J Emerg Med 2019; 37(5): 954-959.
[9]Denny MC, Boehme AK, Dorsey AM, et al. Wake-up strokes are similar to
known-onset morning strokes in severity and outcome. J Neurol Neurol Disord 2014;
[10]Breuer L, Schellinger PD, Huttner HB, et al. Feasibility and safety of magnetic
resonance imaging-based thrombolysis in patients with stroke on awakening: initial
single-centre experience. Int J Stroke 2010; 5(2): 68-73.
[11]Slim K, Nini E, Forestier D, et al. Methodological index for non-randomized
studies (minors): development and validation of a new instrument. ANZ J Surg 2003;
[12]Anaissie JE, Monlezun DJ, Siegler JE, et al. Intravenous Tissue Plasminogen
Activator for Wake-Up Stroke: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. J Stroke
Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 25(11): 2603-2609.
[13]Bal S, Bhatia R, Shobha N, et al, Stroke-on-Awakening: Safety of CT-CTA
Based Selection for Reperfusion Therapy. Can J Neurol Sci 2014; 41(2): 182-186.
[14]Barreto AD, Martin-Schild S, Hallevi H, et al. Thrombolytic therapy for patients
who wake-up with stroke. Stroke 2009; 40(3): 827-832.
[15]Furlanis G, Ajčević M, Stella AB, et al. Wake-up stroke: thrombolysis reduces
ischemic lesion volume and neurological deficit. J Neurol 2020; 267(3): 666-673.
[16]Manawadu D, Bodla S, Jarosz J, et al. A case-controlled comparison of
thrombolysis outcomes between wake-up and known time of onset ischemic stroke
patients. Stroke 2013; 44(8): 2226-2231.
[17]Roveri L, Gioia SL, Ghidinelli C, et al. Wake-up stroke within 3 hours of symptom awareness: imaging and clinical features compared to standard recombinant
tissue plasminogen activator treated stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis, 2013; 22(6):
[18]Yuqing Li and Peilan Zhang. Safety and efficacy of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator intravenous thrombolysis in patients with wake-up stroke.
Journal of Applied Medicine 2016; 32(22): 3765-3768. [In Chinese] doi :
10.3969/j.issn.1006-5725.2016.22.037.
[19]Jun Liu, Jianying Sun. MRI-guided thrombolytic therapy of intravenous
ateproxenase in patients with post-awake stroke. International Journal of Cerebrovascular Diseases 2018; 26(10): 721-725. [In Chinese] doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-4165.2018.10.001.
[20]Silva GS, Lima FO, Camargo EC, et al. Wake-up stroke: clinical and neuroimaging characteristics. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2010; 29(4): 336-342.
[21]Cho A, Sohn S, Han M, et al. Safety and Efficacy of MRI-Based Thrombolysis in
Unclear-Onset Stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2008; 25(6): 572-579.
[22] Ma H, Campbell BCV, Parsons MW, et al. Thrombolysis Guided by Perfusion Imaging up to 9 Hours after Onset of Stroke. The New England journal of medicine. 2019; 380(19): 1795-1803.
[23]Thomalla G, Simonsen CZ, Boutitie F, et al. MRI-Guided Thrombolysis for Stroke with Unknown Time of Onset. The New England journal of medicine. 2018; 379(7): 611-622.
[24]Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. Guidelines for the Early
Management of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke: 2019 Update to the 2018
Guidelines for the Early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Guideline for
Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke
Association. Stroke 2019; 50(12): 344-418.
[25]Luan D, Zhang Y, Yang Q, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous Thrombolysis in Patients with Unknown Onset Stroke: A Meta-Analysis. Behavioural
Neurology 2019; 2019: 5406923.
[26]Zhu RL, Xu J, Xie CJ, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Thrombolytic Therapy for
Stroke with Unknown Time of Onset: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. J
Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29(5): 104742.