Green synthesis of hollow and spiny gold and silver bimetallic nanotubes for catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3719295/v1

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Green synthesis of hollow and spiny gold and silver bimetallic nanotubes for catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3719295/v1

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Due to the small size of the hollow and spiny gold and silver (Au-Ag) bimetallic nanotubes and their special structure with high aspect ratio, large specific surface area, and quantum size effect, they show great potential for applications in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), catalysis, sensors, optoelectronics and biomedicine. Therefore, it is essential to synthesize Au-Ag bimetallic nanotubes with multispike-like shape and apply them in the field of catalysis. In the present study, silver nanowires were used as sacrificial templates, Galvanic replacement reaction was carried out in chlorauric acid solution in the presence of PVP, and hollow and spiny Au-Ag bimetallic nanotubes (HS AuAgNTs) were prepared. It was shown that the reaction time and the amount of chloroauric acid had a significant effect on the morphology and size of the nanotubes. The rapid catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol (4- nitrophenol, 4-NP) to p-aminophenol (4-aminophenol, 4-AP) using HS AuAgNTs as catalysts in the presence of excess sodium borohydride suggests that the HS AuAgNTs have a promising potential for catalytic applications.

hollow and spiny gold and silver bimetallic nanotubes

galvanic replacement reaction

catalysis

4-NP

With the continuous development of science and technology, precious metal nanomaterials have been more and more used in human production and life, and nanosilver particles, as a representative of precious metals, has very important research value. In recent years, one-dimensional silver nanowires have attracted widespread attention due to their special electrical and optical properties, especially the regrowth of silver nanowires as seeds or the formation of silver-based composite nanostructures through surface modification, which has become one of the key areas of concern (Hang et al., 2023; Karimi-Chaleshtori et al., 2021; Liang et al., 2022; Zhang et al., 2019b). The silver-based composite nanostructures, which generally have the respective excellent properties of both silver nanowires and ornaments, and may obtain some novel or specific new functions, are a kind of special materials worthy of extensive and in-depth study. In addition, the composite nanostructures have special optical properties, large specific surface area, a large number of surface-active atoms and active centers, which can be widely used in the field of catalysis (Ramasamy et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2016), optoelectronic sensing such as surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) (Das et al., 2021; Sun et al., 2010; Vendamani et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2020), and biomedical (Hong et al., 2016; Jones et al., 2018; Silva et al., 2014) and other fields (Chen et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2022; Nguyen and Phan, 2023). Therefore, the preparation and application of composites based on silver nanowires has become one of the important hotspots in the field of scientific research.

Before the modification of silver nanowires, it is necessary to obtain silver nanowire materials with high purity and homogeneous morphology. Currently, there are many methods to prepare silver nanowires, and the common ones are polyol method (Araki et al., 2014; Lin et al., 2015), template method (Pourahmad and Sohrabnezhad, 2009), electrochemical method (Riveros et al., 2006) seeded method (Lee et al., 2012), hydrothermal method (Yang et al., 2010), and wet chemical method (Chen et al., 2013). Among them, the polyol method is favored by researchers because of its advantages such as lower cost, easy operation, better and controllable crystal shape, and purer products. Therefore, we used polyol method to prepare silver nanowire materials in this study. In the regrowth and surface modification of silver nanowires there are also a variety of methods to carry out the preparation of silver-based composite nanostructures. For example, Wang et al. (Wang et al., 2015) not only added Cl ions, but also combined PDA to prepare of Au(Ag)/AgCl/Fe3O4@PDA@Au composite nanostructures by deposition on the surface of silver nanowires. This study showed that improving the catalytic effect of silver-based catalysts, in addition to binding halide ions, can also be achieved by changing the solid Ag nanostructures into hollow structures, which can exert efficient catalytic effects. Choi et al. (Choi et al., 2021) investigated the application of AgCl to improve the catalytic activity by increasing the surface roughness of silver nanowire structures. The generation of multispike-like structures on the surface of silver nanowires significantly increased the surface-active sites to improve the catalytic activity. Therefore, based on the fact that silver nanowires can be prepared in a simple, rapid, large-scale, and high yield, it is of great importance to expand different methods to modify the morphology of silver nanowire structures and explore their catalytic applications and performance analysis.

In this paper, we have conveniently prepared a hollow and spiny gold-silver bimetallic nanotube-like structure by using silver nanowires as a template and adding different amounts of chlorauric acid (HAuCl₄) solution to its PVP solution. The prepared hollow and spiny gold-silver bimetallic nanotube (HS AuAgNTs) structure was characterized and analyzed by different methods such as UV- vis, SEM, TEM and HADDF-STEM. The HS AuAgNTs structure exhibited excellent catalytic activity in the mode catalytic reaction of hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), indicating the promising application of the HS AuAgNTs prepared by this method in catalysis.

1.1 Reagents and Instruments

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, Mw = 360,000), ethylene glycol, silver nitrate (AgNO₃), ferric chloride (FeCl₃), ascorbic acid (C₆H₈O₆), chloroauric acid (HAuCl₄), p-nitrophenol (4-NP), and sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) were purchased from Shanghai Macklin Biochemical Technology Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). The experimental water is ultra-pure water (18·25 MΩ·cm)

UV2600 UV-visible (UV-vis) spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, Japan), FEI Quanta 250 scanning electron microscope (FEI, USA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and a high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM, JEM-2100, Japan) are employed to characterize prepared nanostructures.

1.2 Synthesis of silver nanowires

Referring to the previous study (Ran et al., 2014), 22 mL of glycol solution of 0.163 g of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, Mw = 360,000) was placed into a 50 ml round bottom flask and heated in an oil bath at a temperature of 140 ℃ for 25 min. Subsequently, 2.5 mL of 0.6 mM FeCl₃ glycol solution and 3 mL of ethylene glycol solution (containing 0.18 g AgNO₃) were added sequentially. The reaction was carried out at a constant temperature for 50 min at a speed of 400 r/min (the color of the solution can be observed to change from light yellow to light white, and finally to milky white, indicating that the silver nanowires were successfully prepared). After the reaction, 1 mL of silver nanowires (AgNWs) were successively centrifuged and washed with ethanol and ultrapure water at 5000 rpm for 3 min, and the samples were stored in ultrapure water for subsequent characterizations and analyses.

1.3 Preparation of hollow and spiny gold and silver bimetallic nanotubes

In four reagent bottles i, ii, iii, and iv, respectively, 1 mL of 1% PVP solution (Mw = 2,000) was taken and diluted with ultrapure water. Subsequently, 10, 20, 50 µL of 25 mM of HAuCl₄ (1%) solution was added to ii, iii, iv, respectively, followed by the dropwise addition of 100 µL of the original solution of the silver nanowires, respectively. The hollow multispike-like gold and silver bimetallic nanotube structures were obtained after stirring for 1.5 h. Sample i was not spiked with chloroauric acid and served as a control group. Finally, all samples (i-iv) were centrifuged at 8000 r/min for 3 min, and the precipitates were collected and dissolved in 5 mL of ultrapure water for spare use. The specific experimental conditions were listed in Table 1.

Table 1

Experimental conditions for each sample
Sample ID	V(PVP) mL	V(HAuCl₄) µL	V(AgNWs) µL
i	9.9	0	100
ii	9.89	10	100
iii	9.88	20	100
iv	9.85	50	100

1.4 Morphological characterization

Firstly, 2.5 mL of the prepared HS AuAgNTs colloids were subjected to UV-vis spectroscopy on a UV-vis spectrometer with a scanning range of 300–800 nm; secondly, a small amount of HS AuAgNTs precipitates was placed on a copper sheet to be naturally dried and then characterized the morphology of the samples using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an operating voltage of 20 kV. In addition, a trace amount of colloidal solution containing HS AuAgNTs was taken and added dropwise onto a carbon coated copper mesh, and dried naturally. TEM images were obtained using a JEM-2100 at a voltage of 100 kV.

1.5 Hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol

The model catalytic reaction for the reduction of 4-NP by excess NaBH₄ was used to evaluate the catalytic activity of HS AuAgNTs structures. The procedure followed the procedures previously reported by our group (Ma et al., 2022): 40 µL of a 10 mM solution of 4- NP was diluted to 2 mL in a 1-cm cuvette, and then 0.8 mL of a 0.1 M solution of NaBH₄ was added, followed by the addition of a certain amount of catalyst solution (the colloidal solution of HS AuAgNTs) to the reaction mixture. The conversion of 4-NP to 4-AP was monitored using a UV-vis spectrometer in the wavelength range of 250–550 nm, and the reaction rate constants were calculated by measuring the spectral peaks at different moments.

2.1 Formation of HS AuAgNTs structures

Figure 1a shows the transformation of silver nanowires into hollow, multispike gold and silver bimetallic nanotube-like structures. First, we synthesize a large number of pure silver nanowire structures as the previously reported polyol method (Shi and Fang, 2022; Zhang et al., 2019a). Second, the silver nanowires were dissolved in PVP solution. As the addition of chloroauric acid solution, the Galvanic replacement reaction (Equ. 1) occurred between chloraurate and nanosilver. Some of the silver atoms were substituted, while the gold atoms were reduced and deposited, which finally realized the formation of the hollow, multispike gold-silver bimetallic nanotube structures. In this process, the Au atoms generated by the substitution and attached to the surface of the silver nanowire, which roughened the surface of the silver nanowire (Fig. 1a Step1). Subsequently, the central part of the silver nanowire was also replaced and etched, resulting in the final formation of a hollow, and surface roughened multispike gold-silver bimetallic nanotube-like structure (Fig. 1a Step2) (Sun and Xia, 2004). During the synthesis process, the color change of reaction solution varied with the added amount of chloroauric acid, that is to say, gradually changing from a milky white color (as in Fig. 1b Sample(i)) to light blue (Sample(ii)), dark blue (Sample(iii)), and violet (Sample(iv)), respectively.

3Ag(s) + AuCl₄⁻ (aq) → Au(s) + 3AgCl(s) + Cl⁻ (aq) Equ.(1)

Figure 1c shows the UV-vis absorption spectra of silver nanowire colloidal solution and HS AuAgNTs with the addition of different amounts of chloroauric acid solutions. It can be seen that there is an obvious surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at around 400 nm for the silver nanowire colloidal solution (black curve). With the increase of the chloroauric acid solution (from 10 to 50 µL), the surface plasmon resonance peak attributed to silver nanowires gradually weakened (Fig. 1c), and the surface substitution reaction occurred leading to the dissolution of silver atoms. In contrast, the surface plasmon resonance peaks attributed to nanogold appeared and gradually blue-shifted from 750 nm to 600 nm with the increase of chloroauric acid, indicating that nanogold was gradually deposited on the surface of silver nanowires to promote the formation of the hollow, multispike gold-silver bimetallic nanotubular structures. It can be observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image (Fig. 1d) that the silver nanowires transformed into a rough surface structure upon the addition of chloroauric acid. The hollow and multispike-like nanostructure obviously has a relatively high surface area-to-volume ratio configuration, which has a good potential for application in areas such as catalysis.

2.2 Morphology control and characterization of HS AuAgNTs

The synthesis of HS AuAgNTs structures was mainly influenced by the amount of reactants involved. Figure 2 shows SEM images of pure silver nanowires and HS AuAgNTs structures prepared from different chloroauric acid additions. Among them, Figs. 2a-b show the smooth-surfaced and pure silver nanowire structures. Figures 2c-h show the morphology of the HS AuAgNTs structures produced in the presence of the same amount of silver nanowires (i.e., 100 µL) with the addition of different volumes of 25 mM of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) solution. It can be seen that the rate of this substitution reaction is different due to the different volumes of the chloroauric acid solution, resulting in the production of gold and silver bimetallic nanotubes with different morphological features. At lower concentrations of chloroauric acid, the resulting gold-silver bimetallic nanowires were chiefly present as smooth-surfaced, hollow tubular structures (Fig. 2c-d). At higher concentrations of chloroauric acid, the tubular structure has a high degree of surface roughening and a larger size and length of the spine-like structure (Fig. 2e-h). Similarly, the surface roughness and internal hollowing of silver nanowires can be promoted by increasing the reaction time, but some smooth-surfaced, hollow tubular structures still existed (Fig. 2i-j). Furthermore, at higher concentrations of chloroauric acid or under longer reaction conditions, it is difficult to obtain well-dispersed multispike gold-silver bimetallic nanotube structures due to the overetching, aggregation and precipitation of silver nanowires (Fig. 2k-l). Figure 3a shows the TEM image of pure silver nanowires and Fig. 3b-d shows the TEM, HDDF-STEM and EDS elemental analysis characterization of iv samples. It can be clearly seen that the silver nanowires are solid structures, whereas HS AuAgNTs structures are all tubular structures with rougher surfaces. This indicates that the amount of reactants and the reaction time have a very significant role in influencing the structure of the hollow, spiny gold and silver bimetallic nanotubes in the final product.

HADDF-STEM and EDS analyses of the HS AuAgNTs structures show that three elements, Au, Ag and Cl, are mainly present. Elemental Au and Ag are abundantly present in the rough surface of the outer layer, and the silver content inside the nanowire is obviously very low. However, the relatively high content of elemental chlorine in the HS AuAgNTs suggests that the replacement of dissolved silver ions with chloride ions to form silver chloride was also deposited on the surface of the nanowire, which facilitated the formation of the spiny gold-silver bimetallic nanotube structure. In conclusion, this study further demonstrates that the structure is a hollow and spiny gold-silver bimetallic nanotube structure.

2.3 Catalytic performance analysis

Due to the high specific surface area of HS AuAgNTs, it is of great research value to explore their application in the field of catalysis. In this study, the reaction of hydroreduction of 4-NP to 4-AP under excess sodium borohydride was used as a model catalytic reaction, and the catalytic performance of HS AuAgNTs was analyzed based on this reaction.

As shown in Fig. 4a, the black curve shows that the maximum absorption peak of 4-NP is around 317 nm. After adding an excess of NaBH₄ to the solution, 4-NP was converted to sodium 4-nitrophenolate, and the color of the solution changed from light yellow to bright yellow (red curve), and the maximum absorption peak was red-shifted to 400 nm. Finally, a certain amount of HS AuAgNTs was added as a nano-catalyst to the bright yellow solution, and the color of the solution was gradually changed to transparent, which indicated that the nano-structures could catalyze and facilitate the rapid progress of the hydrogenation reaction. Figure 4b-e shows the catalytic process diagrams of taking 100 µL of silver nanowires and adding HS AuAgNTs structures prepared with different amounts of chloroauric acid as catalysts. When the catalyst was fixed at 100 µL, it can be observed from Fig. 4b that the catalytic efficiency of pure silver nanowires for 4-nitrophenol was relatively low and took a long time. For the HS AuAgNTs, the rate of this catalyzed reaction was significantly enhanced. From twelve minutes for sample ii (Fig. 4c); it was reduced to about nine minutes for sample iii (Fig. 4d); and for sample iv, it took about eight minutes at this point to realize the total reduction of 4-NP. In addition, we also analyzed the catalytic effect of different amounts of iv samples (Fig. 4f-h). It can be seen that decreasing the amount of this catalyst resulted in a significant increase in the catalytic time. Due to the use of excess NaBH₄ in this reaction, it can be considered as a pseudo-first-order kinetic reaction (Ahmed Zelekew and Kuo, 2016; Khalifa et al., 2023). There is a linear relationship between ln (C_t /C₀) and time (where C_t and C₀ are the concentration at moment t and the initial concentration, respectively). So, it is convenient to calculate the rate constant k for this reaction. In this study, the catalytic rates of pure silver nanowires and HS AuAgNTs were 0.0772 min^− 1 (i), 0.2243 min^− 1 (ii), 0.2537 min^− 1 (iii), and 0.2969 min^− 1 (iv), respectively (Fig. 5a). For different amounts of iv samples, the change in the spectral curve of sodium 4-nitrophenolate slowed down significantly when 50 µL was taken. When the amount was further reduced to 20 and 10 µL, the reaction rate was even more reduced, and the catalytic reaction even took more than 30 min. It can be calculated that the catalytic rate constants k of taking 100, 50, 20 and 10 µL catalysts are 0.2969, 0.1712, 0.1113, 0.0437 min^− 1, respectively. This is in line with the morphology analysis carried out in Figs. 2–3. For the different chloroauric acid additions, the ii sample only forms a part of the hollow shape, and the spines are not obvious, but at this point of time in contrast to the i sample of pure silver nanowires, the rate has been improved. Sample iii is more obvious tubular and has begun to form multi-spines, the rate is further accelerated; and sample iv has basically been completely transformed into multi-spine hollow nanotubes, at which time the observed catalytic rate reaches the maximum. For the same sample, the catalytic rate will likewise vary with different amounts of catalyst. Comparing the silver-based nanocatalysts reported in the literature (Table 2), it can be seen that HS AuAgNTs structure has excellent catalytic activity.

Table 2

Reduction efficiency of different silver nanostructured catalysts
Catalysts	Reductants	K(min^− 1)	Timing	Refs.
AgNWs	NaBH₄	0.0772	30.95	This work
HS AuAgNTs (ii)	NaBH₄	0.2243	12.22	This work
HS AuAgNTs (iii)	NaBH₄	0.2537	9.07	This work
HS AuAgNTs (iv)	NaBH₄	0.2969	8.75	This work
AuAgNPs	NaBH₄	0.187	0.23	(Larm et al., 2019)
Ag-Au alloy NPs	NaBH₄	0.5346	4	(Dwivedi et al., 2018)
Ag/GO NPs	NaBH₄	0.208	25	(Wu et al., 2013)

In this paper, a simple and rapid synthesis of hollow and multi-spiny Au-Ag bimetallic nanotubes (HS AuAgNTs) structures based on Galvanic replacement reaction was carried out by using silver nanowires as seeds with large scale, high yield and easy preparation. Different reaction conditions were adjusted to achieve the controllable synthesis of hollow, multi-spiny structures with different morphologies. In particular, the degree of roughening of the surface and the size and length of the spiny structures after silver nanowire modification can be easily controlled. Due to the larger specific surface area and more active sites, the nanostructures catalyze the hydroreduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) very well, with the maximum catalytic reaction rate constant reaching 0.2969 min^− 1. Significantly improved catalytic activity of the silver nanowire structures as compared to that of the pure silver nanowires and other similar silver-based catalysts. Based on this paper, the study of hollow multispike gold and silver bimetallic nanotube structures can lay a good foundation for the wide application of this nanostructure in biochemical sensors, biomedicine, optoelectronics, catalysis and other fields.

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All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Funding: This study was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, Grant No. 62165018).

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Authors and Affiliations

College of Physics and Electronic Information, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China

Yuanqing Ma, Quanhong Ou, Junqi Tang

Author contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, Data collection and analysis, Writing – original draft preparation, Investigation, Supervision were performed by Yuanqing Ma. Methodology, Data collection and analysis, Investigation were performed by Quanhong Ou. Data collection and analysis, Writing- Reviewing and Editing, Methodology, Conceptualization, Supervision, and Funding acquisition were performed by Junqi Tang.

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Correspondence to Junqi Tang, E-mail: [email protected]

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Green synthesis of hollow and spiny gold and silver bimetallic nanotubes for catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol

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Abstract

Figures

Introduction

1. Experimental section

1.1 Reagents and Instruments

1.2 Synthesis of silver nanowires

1.3 Preparation of hollow and spiny gold and silver bimetallic nanotubes

1.4 Morphological characterization

1.5 Hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol

2. Results and discussion

2.1 Formation of HS AuAgNTs structures

2.2 Morphology control and characterization of HS AuAgNTs

2.3 Catalytic performance analysis

3. Conclusion

Declarations

References

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