5.1. A study on morphology fish mudskippers Boleophthalmus dussumieri
at the stations of Abadan, Hendijan and Bahrekan respectively 13.685 ± .903, 16.551 ± .724 and 16.595 ± .993. The highest average total length is at Bahrekan station and the lowest are at Abadan station. The mean total length of B. dussumieri Abadan showed significant difference between Bahrikan and in Hendijan (P < 0/05), but there was no significant difference between Hendijan and Bhrekan (P > .05).
Isolation bacteria of mudflats, Mudskipper and Water sea
Bacterial characterization Based on morphology, chemical techniques, different techniques of cell biology, and Gram staining was done .
Biochemical tests used in this study were as follows: carbohydrate fermentation includes galactose, maltose, mannitol, sucrose, and arabinose, Simmons ' Citrate, MRVP (Methyl Red, Voges-Proskauer), indole, nitrate reduction, gelatinize, ureas, oxidase, catalase, TSI (Triple sugar iron agar) and LIA (lysine iron agar). The capability of growing on TCBS (Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose ) agar medium was also tested to meet the nutritional requirements of Vibrio spp, as an important genus of light-producing bacteria. Molecular analysis was performed based on the 16S rRNA gene to confirm the identification of the bacterial strains isolated from fish, mud, and seawater (Table 3–6) .
Table 3
16S rRNA all species marine bacteria identification for isolates of areas Study (Abadan,Hendijan, and Bahrekan), Persian Gulf, Iran
No. of isolates | Sampling area | Closest identified species | Percent Identity (%) |
1 | Muddy sediments | Zobellella denitrificans strain YR3 | 95.85 |
2 | Muddy sediments | Bacillus sp. BD59S | 99.52 |
3 | Muddy sediments | Bacillus licheniformis strain 2J-4 | 98.06 |
4 | Muddy sediments | Bacillus megaterium strain NCT-2 | 99.41 |
5 | Muddy sediments | Vibrio metschnikovii strain Vm-4 | 95.96 |
12 | Muddy sediments/Mudskipper intestine | [Eubacterium] tenue strain DSM 20695] | 99.45 |
16 | Muddy sediments | Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain AMI-4 | 91.38 |
17 | Muddy sediments/Mudskipper intestine | Praclostridium bifermentans strain JCM 1386 | 97.09 |
21 | Muddy sediments | Bacillus subtilis strain OTG010 | 99.52 |
22 | Muddy sediments | Brevibacillus brevis strain NCTC2611 | 99.15 |
23 | Muddy sediments | Bacillus thuringiensis strain B11 | 97.72 |
24 | Muddy sediments | Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain SCT-10-10-60 | 96.52 |
25 | Muddy sediments | Bacillus subtilis L1 | 96.71 |
26 | Muddy sediments | Bacillus wiedmannii bv. Thuringiensis strain FCC41 | 96.52 |
35 | Water sea | Vibrio harveyi strain AHH C3 | 99.51 |
38 | Water sea | Vibrio alginolyticus strain 13 − 2 | 99.41 |
40 | Water sea | Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain B2-1 | 97.14 |
41 | Water sea | Vibrio alginolyticus strain PC14 | 94.98 |
42 | Water sea | Vibrio sp. strain mm4 | 88.69 |
43 | Water sea | Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain B4-4 | 98.40 |
44 | Muddy sediments | Vibrio alginolyticus strain B4-1 | 97.90 |
45 | Muddy sediments | Vibrio sp. strain 201707CJKOP-Y201 | 98.52 |
46 | Water sea | Vibrio metschnikovii strain DL 33–51 | 97.52 |
48 | Muddy sediments | Vibrio alginolyticus strain Val180620 | 95.44 |
50 | Muddy sediments | Vibrio alginolyticus strain B3-2 | 96.11 |
51 | Muddy sediments | Shewanella chilikensis strain 0066 | 96.10 |
52 | Water sea / Muddy sediments | Photobacterium damselae strain 1PP/SRLAAH/2018 | 99.23 |
61 | Water sea | Aliivibrio salmonicida strain VS224 | 98.51 |
62 | Muddy sediments | Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain NIORKP 190 | 92.24 |
66 | Water sea | Vibrio owensii Starin UMTGB203 | 98.08 |
67 | Water sea | Vibrio parahaemolyticus srain AP 167 | 91.73 |
72 | Water sea | Vibrio sp. Strain SAOS-24 MA | 96.03 |
73 | Muddy sediments/Mudskipper intestine | Vibrio hyugaensis strain 090810a | 98.56 |
Table 4
Identification marine bacteria with 16S rRNA Sequence from intestines mudskippers Boleophthalmus dussumieri in the present study
Species Bacteria | Sampling stations |
Abadan | Bahrekan | Hendijan |
Enterobacter cloacae | * | * | * |
Citrobacter sp. | * | * | * |
Enterobacter sp. | * | * | * |
[Eubacterium] tenue strain DSM 20695] | - | * | * |
Praclostridium bifermentans strain JCM 1386 | - | * | * |
Vibrio hyugaensis strain 090810a | - | * | * |
Table 5
Identification marine bacteria with 16S rRNA Sequence from muddy sediments in the present study
Species Bacteria | Sampling stations |
Abadan | Hendijan | bahekan |
Vibrio harveyi strain AHH C3 | * | * | * |
Shewanella chilikensis strain 0066 | - | * | * |
Zobellella denitrificans strain YR3 | - | * | * |
Bacillus sp. BD59S | - | * | * |
Bacillus sp. (in: Bacteria) strain HA | - | * | * |
Bacillus licheniformis strain 2J-4 | - | * | * |
Bacillus megaterium strain NCT-2 | - | * | * |
Bacillus wiedmannii bv. Thuringiensis strain FCC41 | - | * | * |
Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain AMI-4 | - | * | * |
[Eubacterium] tenue strain DSM 20695] | - | - | * |
Brevibacillus brevis strain NCTC2611 | - | - | * |
Bacillus thuringiensis strain B11 | - | - | * |
Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain SCT-10-10-60 | - | - | * |
Bacillus subtilis L1 | - | - | * |
Vibrio alginolyticus strain B4-1 | - | - | * |
Vibrio sp. strain 201707CJKOP-Y201 | - | - | * |
Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain B4-4 | - | - | * |
Vibrio alginolyticus strain Val180620 | - | - | * |
Vibrio alginolyticus strain B3-2 | - | - | * |
Vibrio sp. M12-1181 | - | - | * |
Vibrio hyugaensis strain 090810a | - | * | * |
Praclostridium bifermentans strain JCM 1386 | - | * | * |
Table 6
Identification marine bacteria with 16S rRNA Sequence from Water Sea in the present study
Species Bacteria | Sampling stations |
Abadan | Hendijan | Bahrekan |
Vibrio harveyi strain AHH C3 | * | * | * |
Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain B2-1 | * | - | - |
Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain B4-4 | * | - | - |
Potobacterium damselae strain 1PP/SRLAAH/2018 | - | - | * |
Vibrio alginolyticus strain 13 − 2 | - | * | - |
Vibrio alginolyticus strain PC14 | - | * | - |
Vibrio sp. strain mm4 | - | * | - |
Vibrio sp. Strain SAOS-24 MA | - | * | - |
Vibrio metschnikovii strain DL 33–51 | - | - | * |
Vibrio owensii Starin UMTGB203 | - | - | * |
Vibrio parahaemolyticus srain AP 167 | - | - | * |
Marine environments are home to a variety of bacteria species. This is because of the conditions in marine systems, which are neither selective nor inhibitory to specific groups of microorganisms. Marine ecosystems contain many microbes. This is because of the conditions in marine systems, which are neither selective nor to groups of very tiny living things. The three species of mudskipper (Boleophthalmus dussumieri, Periophthalmus waltoni, Scartelaos tenuis) throughout the Persian Gulf are of high ecological value. This study was conducted to identify the bacterial agents of Boleophthalmus dussumieri, as well as water pathogens and mud sediments in Abadan, Hendijan and Bahrakan coastal regions of Khuzestan province, Iran. According to the results of the present study, bacterial species in the gut of mudskipper fish in the Abadan region were 3 species, Handijan 6 species, and Bahrekan 6 species. Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter sp., Enterobacter sp. It was observed in all three regions.
Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter sp., Enterobacter sp., [Eubacterium] tenue strain DSM 20695], Praclostridium bifermentans strain JCM 1386 and Vibrio hyugaensis strain 090810a in Hendijan only, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter sp. Only in Abadan and Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter sp., Enterobacter sp., Vibrio hyugaensis strain 090810a, [Eubacterium] tenue strain DSM 20695], and Praclostridium bifermentans strain JCM 1386 were observed only in the Bahrekan. Bacteria were also commonly (Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter sp., Enterobacter sp.) found in Abadan, Hendijan and Bahrekan, Iran.
Most species were gram-negative bacteria in Abadan, gram- negative bacteria and unknown bacteria in Hendijan, and gram- negative bacteria and unknown bacteria in Bahrekan.
Investigation of bacterial contamination of five species of marine fishes Otolithes ruber, Epinephelus coioides, Acanthopagrus cuvieri, Latjanus malabaricus and Pampus argenteus distribution in Ahvaz and Abadan markets (Khuzestan, Iran). The results showed that fish skin tested for 45/3% had the highest bacterial contamination, then head in the second and third finned fish was contaminated with 24%. Species of bacteria isolated from these species include: Aeromonas sobri, Aeromanas spp., Aeromonas hydrophila, Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Acinetobacter lowffii, Enterococcus spp, Enterobacter spp., Escherichia coli. Aeromonas species by 17/4% the most abundant bacteria in this study. Then the Pseudomonas was next. The least of Enterococcus bacteria by 1/3% [17]. The family of bacteria identified with the present study did not match.
Countless species of Gram-negative bacteria species including Acinetobacter ، Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Flavobacterium, Pseudomonas and Vibrio and Gram-positive bacteria Corynebacterium ، Bacillus ، Micrococcus and Staphylococcus from Kerry Fish in freshwater [18], isolates as in the present study Citrobacter In the intestine of the mudskipper was found in all three regions and also Vibrio and Gram-positive bacteria including Bacillus were found in mud sediments in the study areas.
Epidermal mucosa in mudskipper contains various bioactive compounds that play an important role in its defense mechanisms. This mucus has antibacterial activity. Fish mucus as a physical barrier by preventing mechanical absorption, no access to parasites, bacteria or viruses [19], the ability to precipitate heavy metals, contributes to the secretion of immunoglobulin [20], and it has the mechanism of electrolyte diffusion in the presence of chloride cells [21]. However, the biochemical and pharmacological effects of mudskipper are not well investigated .
Aguirre et al, 2004, They reported that in the wild fish, bivalves and crustaceans in saline and brackish waters of the species Vibrio anguillarum cause a deadly septicemia called vibrioes [22].
Using DNA and 16S rDNA hybridization technology to simultaneously detect eight fish pathogens including Aeromonas hydrophila, Edwardsiella tarda, Flavobacterium columnare, Lactococcus garvieae, Photobacterium damselae, Pseudomonas anguilliseptica, Streptococcus iniae, and Vibrio anguillarum, commonly identified with aquaculture. The results showed that of the 168 bacterial strains, 81 were fish-related pathogens and 61 strains were related to ecological or phylogenetic factors [23], most of which belonged to the Vibionaceae family, which is consistent with the present study. In the present study 2019, 14 species of Vibrioionaceae family were isolated from mud and seawater substrates in the study area, in the Vibrio harveyi strain AHH C3 muddy Abadan, Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain AMI-4 muddy Hendijan and Vibrio harveyi strain AHH C3, Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain AMI-4, Vibrio alginolyticus strain B4-1, Vibrio sp. strain 201707CJKOP-Y201, Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain B4-4, Vibrio alginolyticus strain B3-2 and Vibrio sp. M12-1181 Were muddy Bahrakan. From the Vibriionaceae family in the present study on seawater in the Abadan area (Arvand Kenar) Vibrio harveyi strain AHH C3, Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain B4-4, Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain B2-1 and in the Hendijan area Vibrio alginolyticus strain 13 − 2, Vibrio harveyi strain AHH C3, Vibrio sp. strain mm4, Vibrio alginolyticus strain PC14, and Vibrio sp. Strain SAOS-24 MA and in the Bahrakan area (fishing dock) Vibrio harveyi strain AHH C3 Found.
The most important bacterial diseases include vibriosis, photobacteriosis, furunculosis, marine flexibacteriosis, pseudomonadiasis, streptococciosis, mycobacteriosis, edwardsiellosis and yersiniaosis Which is developing rapidly in the fish farming industry [24]. In the present study, Vibrio, Photobacterium, and Bacillus bacteria were found, which is consistent with the above research.
According to the results of this study, bacterial species in seawater and mud sediments in the Abadan area were 5 species, Hendijan 15 species, and Bahrekan 27 species. Specie
Vibrio harveyi strain AHH C3 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain B4-4 it was observed in all three regions. Species Vibrio harveyi strain AHH C3 only in Hendijan, and species
Vibrio harveyi strain AHH C3 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus strain B4-4 only in Abadan, and species Vibrio harveyi strain AHH C3 only in Bahrekan were observed. Species
Vibrio harveyi strain AHH C3 common in the Abadan and Bahrekan region, and species Vibrio harveyi strain AHH C3 common in Abadan and Hendijan area and Vibrio harveyi strain AHH C3 common were observed in Hendijan and Bahrekan. Most species in all three regions were Gram-negative bacteria.
Microbial Community Composition of Wadden Sea Sediments as Revealed by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization. The results showed that approximately 45% of all bacteria belonged to the cytofaga-flavobacterium branch. The members of this branch were the most abundant in all layers, after which the sulfated bacteria were the most abundant [25], which was not consistent with the above study.
Spatial and Temporal Variation of Phenanthrene-Degrading Bacteria in Intertidal Sediments. The results showed that out of 432 bacteria isolated, 68 groups were similar to Vibrio and Pseudomonas in the same level (approximately 70%) [26], which was consistent with the above study in Vibrio genus only.
Bacterial biodiversity and total number of cultivable bacteria in the tidal zone of the northern coast of the Persian Gulf. The results showed that there is a relatively high number of bacterial populations of the Persian Gulf water and sediments. By morphological and biochemical studies as well as determination of the percentage of guanine and cytosine DNA, Members of the genera Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Altromonas, Flavobacterium, Bacillus, Mycobacterium, and Alcaligens were identified [27], which is consistent with the above study.
The Diverse Bacterial Community in Intertidal, Anaerobic Sediments at Sapelo Island, Georgia. The results showed that 99% of the bacterial population had sequence similarity. A quarter of related bacterial communities γ-Proteobacteria and other groups include many δ-Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Cyanobacteria [28], were not consistent with the present study.
Phylogenetic diversity of cultural bacteria from Antarctic sandy intertidal sediments. The results showed that with the 16S rRNA gene sequence, Gram-negative bacteria isolated were predominant, while only 16 strains of Gram-positive bacteria were found [29], these results indicate high bacterial diversity of the tidal sediment community in the area and are consistent with the dominant isolate from Gram-negative bacteria in the present study.
Biodiversity of salt-tolerant and salt-tolerant bacteria on the west coast of Lake Urmia. The results showed that of the 217 isolate obtained by 16S rRNA-based culture 52 strains were identified, Including: Halobacillus ، Halomonas ، Planococcus ، Gracilibacillus ، Bacillus ، Pontibacillus، Paracoccus، Marinobacter، Providencia، Staphylococcus، Alkalibacterium، Sanguibacter، Lysobacter، Kocuria، Pontibacter، Salicola، Micrococcus، Oceanobacillus، Brevundimonas، Thalassobacillus، Microbacterium and Piscibacillus were found [30], that the Bacillus strain is consistent with the above study.
Differences in the present study with other studies can be attributed to differences in environmental factors such as time, location, sex of sediment, temperature, water factors, etc. in different regions. So that [26], reported that spatial and temporal variations affect the diversity and abundance of bacteria. The type of litter sediment is also one of the other effective ecological factors of bacterial abundance[28]. The overall conclusion of this research Intestinal pathogen of mudskipper fished to include Enterobacter cloacae, Citrobacter sp., Enterobacter sp., and [Eubacterium] tenue strain DSM 20695], Praclostridium bifermentans strain JCM 1386, Vibrio hyugaensis strain 090810a which were identified by gene sequence 16S rRNA.