3.1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of Respondents
A total of 17555 people filled in the questionnaire, of whom13382 (76.2%) were participating in family planning services education and 4173 (23.8%) were not. Most of the study participants belonged to the Han ethnic group. In addition to, more men (62.6%) had received family planning services education than women (37.4%). There was no significant difference in educational attainment between those who attended family planning services education and those who did not. In terms of educational experience, almost all those who received family planning service education (95.4%) and those who did not (93.7%) had a junior high school diploma or above. The majority of those who take part in family planning services education (56.1%) and those who did not (49.8%) come from countryside. As far as work is concerned most of the people who either participate in family planning services education or who did not participate in family planning services education had jobs. (Table 1).
Table 1
Descriptive statistics of population characteristics among with or without participating in family planning services education
Variable | Had accepted in family planning services education n (%) | P-value |
Yes (13382) | No(4173) |
Age < 25 823(6.2) 380(9.1) 0.000 25 ~ 35 5250(39.2) 1809(43.4) 35 ~ 45 5564(41.6) 1475(35.3) ≥ 45 1745(13.0) 509(12.2) Gender Male 8378(62.6) 2821(67.6) 0.000 Female 5004(37.4) 1352(32.4) Ethnicity Han 12788(95.6) 3965(95.0) 0.124 Other 593(4.4) 209(5.0) Educational level Junior middle school or below 5822(43.6) 1866(44.72) 0.000 Senior middle or secondary 4383(32.7) 1201(28.78) College or above 3177(23.7) 1106(26.5) Place of residence Countryside 7509(56.1) 2076(49.8) 0.000 City town 4419(33.0) 1466(35.1) Transitional area 1454(10.9) 631(15.1) Occupational status Yes 12742(95.1) 3916(93.9) 0.000 No 658(4.9) 257(6.1) Number of living children Nil 764(5.7) 437(10.5) 0.000 One 9662(72.2) 3004(72.0) Two or more 2956(22.1) 3916(17.5) |
N refers to total number of respondents; % refers to percentage; p refers to the p-value at p ≤ 0.05 |
3.2 Knowledge About Male Contraceptives
The majority (77.2%) of all respondents participated in family planning services education and those (67.6%) who did not participate in family planning services education knew about condom as a contraceptive method. Only a small percentage (5.5% and 15.0% )of those who participate in family planning services education are unaware of vasectomy or withdrawal as a method of male contraception whereas, among those who did not participate in family planning services education, 17.0% and 21.9% of all people did not know about vasectomy and withdrew as a method of male contraception, respectively. More than half of the respondents who with (65.9%) or without (57.1%) participating in family planning services education think condom was the best contraceptive method. Yet up to 22.5% of people who did not participate in family planning services education did not know the best method of male contraception. (Table 2)
Table 2
Differences in the Knowledge of male contraceptives among with or without participating in family planning services education
Knowledge | Had accepted in family planning services education n (%) | P-value |
Yes (13382) | No(4173) |
Do you know condom as contraceptive method? Yes 13055(97.6) 3963(95.0) 0.000 NO 327(2.4) 210(5.0) Do you know vasectomy as contraceptive method? Yes 12648(94.5) 3463(83.0) 0.000 NO 734(5.5) 710(17.0) Do you know withdrawal as contraceptive method? Yes 11382(85.0) 3261(78.2) 0.000 NO 2000(15.0) 912(21.9) Which of the following do you think is the best contraceptive method? condom 8821(65.9) 2382(57.1) 0.000 vasectomy 2659(19.9) 614(14.7) withdrawal 226(1.7) 108(2.6) Have no opinion 1302(9.7) 941(22.5) Others 374(2.8) 128(3.1) |
N refers to total number of respondents; % refers to percentage; p refers to the p-value at p ≤ 0.05 |
About the knowledge of the characteristics of male contraceptives, approximately two-thirds of the respondents who take part in family planning services education (77.2%) and those who did not (67.7%) think safe and effective should be the characteristics of male contraceptives. Regarding Less harmful to body and Operation should be simple, about half of the respondents who accepted family planning services education (62.8%;54.6%) and those who did not (58.8%;46.9%) think that also should be the characteristics of male contraceptives. However, still 11.4% of people who did not participate in family planning services education have no opinion for the characteristics of male contraceptives compared with those (5.8%) who participated in family planning services education. Additional, a part of the people who participate in family planning services education (25.7%) and those who did not (20.7%) indicated that vasectomy affects physical labor whereas both of them(24.4% with or 20.5% without participating in family planning services education) also revealed that side effects and complication is the most severe disadvantage of vasectomy. Moreover, up to 25.8% of people who did not participate in family planning education didn’t know the most severe disadvantage of vasectomy compared with those (16.3%) who participated in family planning services education (Table 3)
Table 3
Differences in the knowledge of the characteristics of male contraceptives among with or without participating in family planning services education
Knowledge | Had accepted in family planning services education n (%) | P-value |
Yes(13382) | No (4173) |
What characteristics do you think male contraceptive methods should have༟ Safe and effective 10336(77.2) 2822(67.7) 0.000 Less harmful to body 8407(62.8) 2452(58.8) Operation should be simple 7311(54.6) 1956(46.9) Should restore fertility 4104(30.7) 1126(27.0) Should be low cost 2740(20.5) 786(18.8) Have no opinion 775(5.8) 498(11.9) Others 193(1.4) 77(1.8) Which one do you think is the most severe about the disadvantages of vasectomy? Affect sexual life 1521(11.4) 435(11.0) 0.000 Affect physical labor 3443(25.7) 865(20.7) Hard to restore fertility 1994(14.9) 552(13.0) Painful procedure 443(3.3) 195(4.6) Side effects and complication 3263(24.4) 859(20.5) High cost 32(0.2) 13(0.3) Have no opinion 2180(16.3) 1077(25.8) Others 506(3.8) 177(4.2) |
N refers to total number of respondents; % refers to percentage; p refers to the p-value at p ≤ 0.05 |
According to Table 2 and Table 3 showed a significant difference in knowledge of male contraceptive between those who received family planning services education and those who did not.
3.3 The Types Of Contraception Method Currently Used
About 69.8% and 64.8% of the respondents among with or without received family planning services education reported that they currently use female contraceptives. Whereas, there was an obvious difference between taking in family planning services education and did not taking in family planning services education in not using contraception, respectively 11.6% and 16.7%. Additional respondents who were not using contraception, more than one third (36.8%; 37.7%) have no interest in contraception among with or without accepted in family planning services education. Some of people who participated in family planning services education (25.0%) and those who did not (28.5%) were in the pregnancy period.
3.4 Factors Of Failure Of Contraception
Despite there was no difference between participating in family planning services education and non-participating in family planning services education even in contraceptive failure, but yet up to 23.9% and 22.8% of people with or without accepting in family planning services education had experienced contraceptive failure (pregnancy for example) in couple (Table4). Table 5 shows reported age p = 0.000 (OR 1.015; 95% CI: 1.010–1.020), educational p = 0.004 (OR 1.076; 95% CI:1.024–1.131),occupational status p = 0.003 (AOR 1.357; 95% CI: 1.106–1.665) and the number of living children p = 0.030 (AOR 1.088; 95% CI: 1.008–1.175) were strongly associated with on contraceptive failure within participating in family planning services education. while age p = 0.000 (OR 1.028; 95% CI: 1.018–1.037), place of residence p = 0.000 (OR 0.202; 95% CI: 1.090–1.326) and number of living children p = 0.000 (OR 1.376; 95% CI: 1.195–1.563) were significant associated with contraceptive failure without participating in family planning services education.
Table 4
Differences in the types of contraception method currently used among with or without participating in family planning services education
Behavior | Had accepted in family planning services education n (%) | P-value |
Yes(13382) | No(4173) |
Current form of contraceptive practicing ? Male contraception 2492(18.6) 770(18.5) 0.810 Female contraception 9339(69.8) 2705(64.8) 0.000 No contraception 1551(11.6) 697(16.7) 0.000 What is your reason to not using contraception? No interest to contraception 570(38.6) 263(37.7) 0.000 Pregnancy period 388(25.0) 199(28.5) 0.000 Other reasons 593(38.2) 236(33.8) 0.000 experienced contraceptive failure 3203(23.9) 950(22.8) 0.120 |
N refers to total number of respondents; % refers to percentage; p refers to the p-value at p ≤ 0.05 |
Table 5
The factors of contraceptive failure was analyzed by logistic regression among with or without participating in family planning services education
Variables Participating in family planning services Not participating in family planning services education (contraceptive failure) education (contraceptive failure) OR (95% CI) p-value OR (95% CI) p-value |
Age 1.015(1.010,1.020) 0.000 1.028(1.018,1.037) 0.000 < 25 25 ~ 35 35 ~ 45 ≥45 Gender 1.030(0.949,1.118) 0.479 1.072(0.919,1.250) 0.377 Male Female Ethnicity 0.867(0.710,1.059) 0.162 0.873(0.619,1.231) 0.439 Han Other Educational level 1.076(1.024,1.131) 0.004 1.045(0.957,1.141) 0.324 Junior middle school or below Senior middle College or above Place of residence 1.010(0.957,1.071) 0.728 0.202(1.090,1.326) 0.000 Countryside City town Occupational status 1.357(1.106,1.665) 0.003 0.776(0.583,1.036) 0.085 Yes No Number of Living Children 1.088(1.008,1.175) 0.030 1.376(1.195,1.563) 0.000 Nil One Two or more |
AOR refers to Adjusted Odd Ratio; CI refers Confidence Interval and p refers to the p-value at p ≤ 0.05. |
3.5 Education And Reproductive Health Unmet Needs
According to Table 6 there shows a huge difference in the education and reproductive health unmet needs between accepting in family planning services education and did not. But refer to education about pre and postnatal care, contraceptive methods, sexual health matters, sexually transmitted diseases(STDs) and prevention, parenting rights Showed greatly unmet needs Whether or not to accept family planning services education. Similarly involved reproductive health about free premarital health and regular reproductive health examination, Guidance of healthy pregnancy and access and technical services of contraceptives for free also Showed greatly unmet needs Whether or not to accept family planning services education
Table 6
Differences in the education and reproductive health unmet needs among with or without participating in family planning services education
Unmet (%) | Had accepted in family planning services education n (%) | P-value |
Yes | NO |
Education unmet needs Prenatal and postnatal care education 9851(73.61) 2507(60.08) 0.000 Knowledge on contraceptive methods 9286(69.39) 2508(60.10) Knowledge on reproduction health 9444(70.57 2697(64.63) Knowledge on STDs and prevention 8427(62.97) 2320(55.60) Knowledge on parenting rights 6003(44.86) 7379(55.14) Reproductive health unmet needs Free premarital health examination 9277(69.32) 2469(59.17) 0.000 Regular reproductive health examination 10221(76.38) 2855(68.42) Guidance of healthy pregnancy / healthy baby 6990(52.23) 1983(47.52) Free access and availability of contraceptives 7946(59.4) 2141(48.7) Free technical services for contraceptive use 6945(51.90) 1885(45.20) Others 406(3.03) 106(2.54) |
N refers to total number of respondents; % refers to percentage; p refers to the p-value at p ≤ 0.05 |