1.IL C, F VdW, C D, D H, L S, D P, P M, A L, E M, N D et al: Primary prevention of periodontitis: managing gingivitis. 2015, 42(undefined):S71–76.
2.NJ K, E B, M D, B B, CJ M, research MWJJod: Global burden of severe periodontitis in 1990–2010: a systematic review and meta-regression. 2014, 93(11):1045–1053.
3.IL C, P B, MG C, G C, MC C, F C, L N, P H, ML L, P L et al: Interaction of lifestyle, behaviour or systemic diseases with dental caries and periodontal diseases: consensus report of group 2 of the joint EFP/ORCA workshop on the boundaries between caries and periodontal diseases. 2017, 44(undefined):S39-S51.
4.Badersten A, Nilveus R, Egelberg J: Effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy I: moderately advanced periodontitis. Journal of clinical periodontology 1981, 8(1).
5.Yaghini J, Naghsh N, Attaei E, Birang R, Birang E: Root Surface Roughness After Scaling and Root Planing with Er:YAG Laser Compared to Hand and Ultrasonic Instruments by Profilometry. Journal of dentistry (Tehran, Iran) 2015, 12(12):899–905.
6.Kawashima H, Sato S, Kishida M, Ito K: A comparison of root surface instrumentation using two piezoelectric ultrasonic scalers and a hand scaler in vivo. Journal of periodontal research 2007, 42(1):90–95.
7.Folwaczny M, Merkel U, Mehl A, Hickel R: Influence of parameters on root surface roughness following treatment with a magnetostrictive ultrasonic scaler: an in vitro study. Journal of periodontology 2004, 75(9):1221‐1226.
8.M K, S S, research IKJJop: Effects of a new ultrasonic scaler on fibroblast attachment to root surfaces: a scanning electron microscopy analysis. 2004, 39(2):111–119.
9.Singh S, Uppoor A, Nayak D: A comparative evaluation of the efficacy of manual, magnetostrictive and piezoelectric ultrasonic instruments - an in vitro profilometric and SEM study. Journal of Applied Oral Science 2012, 20(1):21–26.
10.Rosales-Leal JI, Flores AB, Contreras T, Bravo M, Cabrerizo-Vilchez MA, Mesa F: Effect of root planing on surface topography: an in-vivo randomized experimental trial. Journal of periodontal research 2015, 50(2):205‐210.
11.S E, P B, S F, A L, investigations SAJCo: In vitro evaluation of surface roughness, adhesion of periodontal ligament fibroblasts, and Streptococcus gordonii following root instrumentation with Gracey curettes and subsequent polishing with diamond-coated curettes. 2013, 17(2):397–404.
12.SJ D, Y I, L Y, G V, X L, A DTJTeP: Apatite microtopographies instruct signaling tapestries for progenitor-driven new attachment of teeth. 2011, 17(null):279–290.
13.M Q, M M, HJ B, AH W, PL D, periodontology vSDJJoc: The influence of surface free energy and surface roughness on early plaque formation. An in vivo study in man. 1990, 17(3):138–144.
14.Beuchat M, Busslinger A, Schmidlin PR, Michel B, Lehmann B, Lutz F: Clinical comparison of the effectiveness of novel sonic instruments and curettes for periodontal debridement after 2 months. Journal of clinical periodontology 2001, 28(12):1145–1150.
15.JPT H: Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. In. Edited by S G: The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011.
16.Ioannou I, Dimitriadis N, Papadimitriou K, Sakellari D, Vouros I, Konstantinidis A: Hand instrumentation versus ultrasonic debridement in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: a randomized clinical and microbiological trial. Journal of clinical periodontology 2009, 36(2):132–141.
17.Christgau M, Männer T, Bauer S, Hiller KA, Schmalz G: Periodontal healing after non-surgical therapy with a modified sonic scaler: A controlled clinical trial. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2006, 33(10):749–758.
18.Sculean A, Schwarz F, Berakdar M, Romanos GE, Brecx M, Willershausen B, Becker J: Non-surgical periodontal treatment with a new ultrasonic device (Vector-ultrasonic system) or hand instruments. Journal of clinical periodontology 2004, 31(6):428–433.
19.Kargas K, Tsalikis L, Sakellari D, Menexes G, Konstantinidis A: Pilot study on the clinical and microbiological effect of subgingival glycine powder air polishing using a cannula-like jet. International journal of dental hygiene 2015, 13(3):161‐169.
20.Schwarz F, Bieling K, Venghaus S, Sculean A, Jepsen S, Becker J: Influence of fluorescence-controlled Er:YAG laser radiation, the Vector system and hand instruments on periodontally diseased root surfaces in vivo. Journal of clinical periodontology 2006, 33(3):200–208.
21.Yukna RA, Scott JB, Aichelmann-Reidy ME, LeBlanc DM, Mayer ET: Clinical evaluation of the speed and effectiveness of subgingival calculus removal on single-rooted teeth with diamond-coated ultrasonic tips. Journal of periodontology 1997, 68(5):436‐442.
22.Gellin RG, Miller MC, Javed T, Engler WO, Mishkin DJ: The effectiveness of the Titan-S sonic scaler versus curettes in the removal of subgingival calculus. A human surgical evaluation. Journal of periodontology 1986, 57(11):672–680.
23.D’Ercole S, Piccolomini R, Capaldo G, Catamo G, Perinetti G, Guida L: Effectiveness of ultrasonic instruments in the therapy of severe periodontitis: a comparative clinical-microbiological assessment with curettes. The new microbiologica 2006, 29(2):101–110.
24.Malali E, Kadir T, Noyan U: Er:YAG lasers versus ultrasonic and hand instruments in periodontal therapy: clinical parameters, intracrevicular micro-organism and leukocyte counts. Photomedicine and laser surgery 2012, 30(9):543–550.
25.Derdilopoulou FV, Nonhoff J, Neumann K, Kielbassa AM: Microbiological findings after periodontal therapy using curettes, Er: YAG laser, sonic, and ultrasonic scalers. Journal of clinical periodontology 2007, 34(7):588‐598.
26.Petelin M, Perkič K, Seme K, Gašpirc B: Effect of repeated adjunctive antimicrobial photodynamic therapy on subgingival periodontal pathogens in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Lasers in medical science 2015, 30(6):1647‐1656.
27.Breininger DR, O’Leary TJ, Blumenshine RV: Comparative effectiveness of ultrasonic and hand scaling for the removal of subgingival plaque and calculus. Journal of periodontology 1987, 58(1):9–18.
28.Bozbay E, Dominici F, Gokbuget AY, Cintan S, Guida L, Aydin MS, Mariotti A, Pilloni A: Preservation of root cementum: a comparative evaluation of power-driven versus hand instruments. International journal of dental hygiene 2018, 16(2):202–209.
29.Schwarz F, Aoki A, Sculean A, Georg T, Scherbaum W, Becker J: In vivo effects of an Er:YAG laser, an ultrasonic system and scaling and root planing on the biocompatibility of periodontally diseased root surfaces in cultures of human PDL fibroblasts. Lasers in surgery and medicine 2003, 33(2):140–147.
30.Foroutan T, Amid R, Karimi MR: Comparison of Manual Tools, Ultrasonic and Erbium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Er:YAG) Laser on the Debridement Effect of the Surface of the Root of Teeth Suffering from Periodontitis. Journal of lasers in medical sciences 2013, 4(4):199–205.
31.Torfason T, Kiger R, Selvig KA, Egelberg J: Clinical improvement of gingival conditions following ultrasonic versus hand instrumentation of periodontal pockets. Journal of clinical periodontology 1979, 6(3):165–176.
32.Amid R, Kadkhodazadeh M, Fekrazad R, Hajizadeh F, Ghafoori A: Comparison of the effect of hand instruments, an ultrasonic scaler, and an erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser on root surface roughness of teeth with periodontitis: a profilometer study. Journal of periodontal & implant science 2013, 43(2):101–105.
33.Santos FA, Pochapski MT, Leal PC, Gimenes-Sakima PP, Marcantonio Jr E: Comparative study on the effect of ultrasonic instruments on the root surface in vivo. Clinical Oral Investigations 2008, 12(2):143–150.
34.Maritato M, Orazi L, Laurito D, Formisano G, Serra E, Lollobrigida M, Molinari A, De Biase A: Root surface alterations following manual and mechanical scaling: A comparative study. International journal of dental hygiene 2018, 16(4):553–558.
35.Mittal A, Nichani AS, Venugopal R, Rajani V: The effect of various ultrasonic and hand instruments on the root surfaces of human single rooted teeth: A Planimetric and Profilometric study. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology 2014, 18(6):710–717.
36.Ryan DL, Darby M, Bauman D, Tolle SL, Naik D: Effects of ultrasonic scaling and hand-activated scaling on tactile sensitivity in dental hygiene students. Journal of dental hygiene: JDH 2005, 79(1):9.
37.Wennström JL, Tomasi C, Bertelle A, Dellasega E: Full-mouth ultrasonic debridement versus quadrant scaling and root planing as an initial approach in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2005, 32(8):851–859.
38.Badersten A, Nilveus R, Egelberg J: Effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy II: severely advanced periodontitis. Journal of clinical periodontology 1984, 11(1).
39.Stewart JL, Prisko PR, Herlach AD: Comparison of Ultrasonic and hand instruments for the removal of calculus. Journal of the american dental association (1939) 1967, 75(1).
40.Graetz C, Schwendicke F, Plaumann A, Rauschenbach S, Springer C, Kahl M, Sälzer S, Dörfer CE: Subgingival instrumenation to remove simulated plaque in vitro: influence of operators’ experience and type of instrument. Clinical oral investigations 2015, 19(5):987‐995.
41.Braun A, Krause F, Nolden R, Frentzen M: Subjective intensity of pain during the treatment of periodontal lesions with the Vector-system. Journal of periodontal research 2003, 38(2):135–140.
42.Papapanou PN, Sanz M, Buduneli N, Dietrich T, Feres M, Fine DH, Flemmig TF, Garcia R, Giannobile WV, Graziani F et al: Periodontitis: Consensus report of workgroup 2 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. Journal of clinical periodontology 2018, 45 Suppl 20:S162-S170.
43.Needleman I, Garcia R, Gkranias N, Kirkwood KL, Kocher T, Iorio AD, Moreno F, Petrie A: Mean annual attachment, bone level, and tooth loss: A systematic review. Journal of clinical periodontology 2018, 45 Suppl 20:S112-S129.
44.Dibart S, Capri D, Casavecchia P, Nunn M, Skobe Z: Comparison of the effectiveness of scaling and root planing in vivo using hand vs rotary instruments. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 2004, 24(4):370–377.
45.Van Dijk LJ, Lie MA, Van den Heuvel ER, Van der Weijden GA: Adult periodontitis treated with a new device for subgingival lavage-a randomized controlled clinical trial using a split-mouth design. International journal of dental hygiene 2018, 16(4):559–568.
46.Wang Y, Li W, Shi L, Zhang F, Zheng S: Comparison of clinical parameters, microbiological effects and calprotectin counts in gingival crevicular fluid between Er: YAG laser and conventional periodontal therapies. Medicine (united states) 2017, 96(51) (no pagination).
47.Dukić W, Bago I, Aurer A, Roguljić M: Clinical effectiveness of diode laser therapy as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment: a randomized clinical study. Journal of periodontology 2013, 84(8):1111‐1117.
48.Slot DE, Timmerman MF, Versteeg PA, van der Velden U, van der Weijden FA: Adjunctive clinical effect of a water-cooled Nd: YAG laser in a periodontal maintenance care programme: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of clinical periodontology 2012, 39(12):1159‐1165.
49.Biagini G, Checchi L, Miccoli MC, Vasi V, Castaldini C: Root curettage and gingival repair in periodontitis. Journal of periodontology 1988, 59(2):124–129.
50.Oberholzer R, Rateitschak KH: Root cleaning or root smoothing. An in vivo study. Journal of clinical periodontology 1996, 23(4):326‐330.
51.Slot DE, Kranendonk AA, Van der Reijden WA, Van Winkelhoff AJ, Rosema NA, Schulein WH, Van der Velden U, Van der Weijden FA: Adjunctive effect of a water-cooled Nd: YAG laser in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Journal of clinical periodontology 2011, 38(5):470‐478.
52.Romeo U, Palaia G, Botti R, Leone V, Rocca JP, Polimeni A: Non-surgical periodontal therapy assisted by potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser: a pilot study. Lasers in medical science 2010, 25(6):891‐899.
53.Yukna RA, Carr RL, Evans GH: Histologic evaluation of an Nd: YAG laser-assisted new attachment procedure in humans. International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 2007, 27(6):577‐587.
54.Feng XH, Lu RF, He L: A short-term clinical evaluation of periodontal treatment with an Er: YAG laser for patients with chronic periodontitis: a split-mouth controlled study. Beijing da xue xue bao [Journal of Peking University Health sciences] 2011, 43(6):886‐890.
55.Wu K-Y, Xu C-J, Chi Y-T, Sun X-J, Wang H-F: Detection of Dickkopf–1 and alkaline phosphatase activity in gingival crevicular fluid from chronic periodontitis with Er:YAG laser as an adjunctive treatment. Shanghai kou qiang yi xue = Shanghai journal of stomatology 2017, 26(3):285–289.
56.Obeid PR, D’Hoore W, Bercy P: Comparative clinical responses related to the use of various periodontal instrumentation. Journal of clinical periodontology 2004, 31(3):193–199.
57.Kishida M, Sato S, Ito K: Comparison of the effects of various periodontal rotary instruments on surface characteristics of root surface. Journal of oral science 2004, 46(1):1–8.
58.Khosravi M, Bahrami ZS, Atabaki MS, Shokrgozar MA, Shokri F: Comparative effectiveness of hand and ultrasonic instrumentations in root surface planing in vitro. Journal of clinical periodontology 2004, 31(3):160–165.
59.Gagnot G, Mora F, Poblete MG, Vachey E, Michel JF, Cathelineau G: Comparative study of manual and ultrasonic instrumentation of cementum surfaces: influence of lateral pressure. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 2004, 24(2):137–145.
60.Croft LK, Nunn ME, Crawford LC, Holbrook TE, McGuire MK, Kerger MM, Zacek GA: Patient preference for ultrasonic or hand instruments in periodontal maintenance. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 2003, 23(6):567–573.
61.Kocher T, Rosin M, Langenbeck N, Bernhardt O: Subgingival polishing with a teflon-coated sonic scaler insert in comparison to conventional instruments as assessed on extracted teeth (II). Subgingival roughness. Journal of clinical periodontology 2001, 28(8).
62.Kocher T, Rühling A, Momsen H, Plagmann HC: Effectiveness of subgingival instrumentation with power-driven instruments in the hands of experienced and inexperienced operators. A study on manikins. Journal of clinical periodontology 1997, 24(7):498–504.
63.Copulos TA, Low SB, Walker CB, Trebilcock YY, Hefti AF: Comparative analysis between a modified ultrasonic tip and hand instruments on clinical parameters of periodontal disease. Journal of periodontology 1993, 64(8):694–700.
64.Kepic TJ, O’Leary TJ, Kafrawy AH: Total calculus removal: an attainable objective? Journal of periodontology 1990, 61(1):16‐20.
65.Garnick JJ, Dent J: A scanning electron micrographical study of root surfaces and subgingival bacteria after hand and ultrasonic instrumentation. Journal of periodontology 1989, 60(8):441–447.
66.Hunter RK, O’Leary TJ, Kafrawy AH: The effectiveness of hand versus ultrasonic instrumentation in open flap root planing. Journal of periodontology 1984, 55(12):697–703.
67.Thornton S, Garnick J: Comparison of ultrasonic to hand instruments in the removal of subgingival plaque. Journal of periodontology 1982, 53(1):35–37.
68.Nishimine D, O’Leary TJ: Hand instrumentation versus ultrasonics in the removal of endotoxins from root surfaces. Journal of periodontology 1979, 50(7):345–349.
69.D’Silva IV, Nayak RP, Cherian KM, Mulky MJ: An evaluation of the root topography following periodontal instrumentation—a scanning electron microscopic study. Journal of periodontology 1979, 50(6):283–290.
70.Ewen SJ, Scopp IW, Witkin RT, Ortiz-Junceda M: A comparative study of ultrasonic generators and hand instruments. Journal of periodontology 1976, 47(2):82–86.
71.Gutknecht N, Van Betteray C, Ozturan S, Vanweersch L, Franzen R: Laser supported reduction of specific microorganisms in the periodontal pocket with the aid of an Er,Cr:YSGG laser: a pilot study. TheScientificWorldJournal 2015, 2015:450258.
72.Geng SF, Xu L, Ying P, Cao CF: [Clinical evaluation of manual and ultrasonic subgingival scaling using image analysis]. Shanghai kou qiang yi xue = Shanghai journal of stomatology 1992, 1(2):73–76.
73.Kahl M, Haase E, Kocher T, Rühling A: Clinical effects after subgingival polishing with a non-aggressive ultrasonic device in initial therapy. Journal of clinical periodontology 2007, 34(4):318‐324.
74.Kocher T, Plagmann HC: Root debridement of molars with furcation involvement using diamond-coated sonic scaler inserts during flap surgery—a pilot study. Journal of clinical periodontology 1999, 26(8):525–530.
75.Oosterwaal PJ, Matee MI, Mikx FH, van ‘t Hof MA, Renggli HH: The effect of subgingival debridement with hand and ultrasonic instruments on the subgingival microflora. Journal of clinical periodontology 1987, 14(9):528–533.
76.Wright GL, Lee CQ, Anderson DM, Gettleman BH: Debris forced through apical foramina by ultrasonic and hand instrumentation. General dentistry 1993, 41 Spec No:478–481.
77.Thomas K, Vandana KL, Reddy VR: A clinical and SEM evaluation of the efficiency of sofscale gel and hand scaling and hand scaling alone. Indian journal of dental research: official publication of Indian Society for Dental Research 2002, 13(3–4):173–182.
78.Cross-Poline GN, Stach DJ, Newman SM: Effects of curet and ultrasonics on root surfaces. American journal of dentistry 1995, 8(3):131–133.
79.Dragoo MR: A clinical evaluation of hand and ultrasonic instruments on subgingival debridement. 1. With unmodified and modified ultrasonic inserts. The International journal of periodontics & restorative dentistry 1992, 12(4):310–323.
80.Laurell L, Pettersson B: Periodontal healing after treatment with either the Titan-S sonic scaler or hand instruments. Swedish dental journal 1988, 12(5):187–192.
81.Lie T, Meyer K: Calculus removal and loss of tooth substance in response to different periodontal instruments. A scanning electron microscope study. Journal of clinical periodontology 1977, 4(4):250–262.
82.Forabosco A, Spinato S, Grandi T, Prini M: A comparative study between different techniques in non-surgical periodontal treatment. Minerva stomatologica 2006, 55(5):289–296.
83.Nonhoff J, Derdilopoulou F, Neumann K, Kielbassa AM: A quadrant-design trial of four therapeutic modalities in chronic moderate periodontitis. Schweizer monatsschrift fur zahnmedizin = revue mensuelle suisse d’odonto-stomatologie = rivista mensile svizzera di odontologia e stomatologia 2006, 116(5):484‐492.
84.Kuchumova ED, Stiuf IV: Study of the influence of different instruments for removing dental deposits on tooth surface. Stomatologiia 2006, 85(6):27–30.
85.Diedrich P, Vahl J, Bomfleur W, Mutschelknauss R: Scanning eletronmicroscopical studies of the root surface following the use of various hand and ultrasonic instruments]. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z 1975, 30(6):396–405.
86.Caffesse RG, Caride ER, Rezzano SM, Exposito N: [Effect of manual and ultrasonic instrumentation on the radicular surface]. Revista da Associacao Paulista de Cirurgioes Dentistas 1973, 27(3):129–134.