Table (1): Anthropometric details between males and females
PARAMETERS | MALES | FEMALES | t value | P value |
Age (yrs) Weight (Kg) Height (mts) BMI | 50.3 ± 1.5 71.7 ± 1.01 1.71 ± 0.08 23.7 ± 0.24 | 58.2 ± 2.1 64.6 ± 1.25 1.54 ± 0.05 24.2 ± 0.55 | -2.412 3.370 4.374 -0.895 | 0.019 0.001* 0.001* 0.374 |
Independent students t test | * 0.05 is the cutoff for significance. The mean and standard error of the mean are used to represent values. *Indicates Significant |
Table (1) represents the anthropometric characteristics, as expected the body mass index was increased in females (24.2 ± 0.55) as compared to males (23.7 ± 0.24). Both males and females were in the overweight category of BMI.
Table (2): Comparison of Preptin, NAFLD score, ALT in male and female type 2 DM
PARAMETERS | MALES n = 51 | FEMALES n = 13 | t value | P value |
PREPTIN (pg/mL) NAFLD score ALT (IU/L) | 526.02 ± 60.64 0.29 ± 0.04 40.90 ± 4.49 | 361.90 ± 26.70 0.32 ± 0.089 28.30 ± 4.06 | − 8.66 6.495 − 9.196 | < 0.0001* < 0.0001* < 0.0001* |
Independent students t test | * 0.05 is the cutoff for significance. The mean and standard error of the mean are used to represent values. |
There was statistically difference in NAFLD score and ALT, the mean concentration of preptin in males (526.02 ± 60.64) are elevated when compared to females (361.90 ± 26.70) in table (2).
Table (3): Comparison of Liver enzymes, lipid profile. Triglyceride index and Preptin levels in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (Group A and Group B)
PARAMETERS | Group A (HbA1c ≥ 8 and ≤ 10) | Group B (HbA1c > 10) | t value | P value |
FPG (mg/dl) PPG (mg/dl) HbA1c % AST (IU/L) ALT (IU/L) GGT (IU/L) Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) Triglycerides (mg/dl) HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) TyG index Preptin (pg/mL) | 131.72 ± 39 228 ± 66 8.6 ± 0.64 30.7 ± 12.38 50.59 ± 18.36 36.48 ± 28.19 181.19 ± 33.7 132.31 ± 47.3 43.46 ± 7.01 132.08 ± 27.4 4.19 ± 0.9 389.15 ± 190.3 | 221.4 ± 34.29 362 ± 87 12.19 ± 0.75 37 ± 12.4 61.35 ± 25 37.7 ± 17.21 203.94 ± 50.4 175.23 ± 52.1 34.7 ± 7.11 148.52 ± 24 4.97 ± 1.0 663.84 ± 398 | 9.8 6.94 20.59 2.03 6.6 0.209 2.85 3.45 − 4.27 2.55 3.069 3.4 | < 0.0001* < 0.0001* < 0.0001* 0.04* < 0.0001* 0.83 0.005* 0.001* 0.001* 0.013* 0.003* 0.0012* |
Independent students t test | *p value 0.05 is considered significant. Values are expressed in Mean with Standard Error of Mean. |
In table (3), comparison between group A and group B revealed statistically significant difference in lipid parameters and TyG index in Table (2). Likewise serum preptin levels were found to be statically increased in participants with HbA1c greater than 10%.
Figure (1): Comparison of AST, ALT and GGT in type 2 Diabetes mellitus.
There is a statistically significant increase of the liver enzyme ALT (61 IU/L) was observed in group B with HbA1c level < 10 (Fig. 1).
Figure (2): Comparison of mean levels of preptin in Type 2 Diabetes mellitus.
Figure (2), revealed the significant increase of serum preptin levels (663.84 IU/L) in the type 2 Diabetic individuals with HbA1c level < 10.
Table (4) Comparison of HbA1c, Liver enzymes, Lipid profile and preptin level
PARAMETERS | Group 1 (ALT < 40 IU) | Group 2 (ALT ≥ 40 IU) | t value | P value |
HbA1c AST (IU/L) ALT (IU/L) ALP (IU/L) GGT (IU/L) T.PRO (g/dl) T.ALB (g/dl) Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) Triglycerides (mg/dl) HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) Preptin (pg/mL) | 9.15 ± 0.22 21.21 ± 0.90 20.90 ± 1.32 75.25 ± 3.86 25.68 ± 1.88 7.32 ± 0.87 4.16 ± 0.06 184.37 ± 7.37 126.93 ± 9.72 43.50 ± 1.92 133 ± 5.56 400 ± 61.45 | 9.38 ± 0.23 39.84 ± 3.94 20.90 ± 1.32 76.96 ± 4.08 47.93 ± 5.48 7.24 ± 0.77 4.22 ± 0.56 190.09 ± 6.72 159.46 ± 15.01 44.09 ± 1.52 139.0 ± 5.42 586.96 ± 71.78 | 0.724 -4.601 -5.806 -0.305 -3.834 0.669 -0.638 -0.573 -1.818 -0.242 -0.656 -1.969 | 0.472 0.000* 0.000* 0.761 0.000* 0.506 0.526 0.569 0.074 0.809 0.514 0.054* |
Independent students t test | *p value 0.05 is considered significant. Values are expressed in Mean with Standard Error of Mean. |
In table (4), comparison between group 1 and group 2 based on ALT level revealed statistically significant difference in AST, ALT and GGT in Table (4). Likewise, serum preptin levels were found to be statically increased in participants in Group 2 when compared to Group 1.
Figure (3): Comparison of the mean level of preptin in group I and group II based on ALT levels.
On comparing both group we found a significant difference in serum preptin levels and was found to be elevated (586.96 IU/L) in Type 2 Diabetic individuals in group 2 with
ALT > 40 IU/L as compared to group I with ALT ≤ 40 IU/L (Fig. 3).
Figure (4): Comparison of mean levels of Total cholesterol, Triglycerides and LDL-C in groups based on ALT levels.
As observed in figure (4) lipid profile parameters were compared in the participants based on ALT levels. It was found that Triglyceride levels (159.46 mg/dl) were elevated in group 2 participants with ALT levels > 40 IU/L as compared to group I with ALT ≤ 40 IU/L.
Table (5): Pearson correlation analysis of circulating preptin with other parameters
PARAMETERS | r value | p value |
HbA1c TyG index AST (IU/L) ALT (IU/L) GGT (IU/L) Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) Triglycerides (mg/dl) HDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) LDL-cholesterol (mg/dl) | 0.467 b 0.41 b 0.045 a 0.130 a 0.042 a 0.243 a 0.31 b − 0.308 b 0.219 a | 0.000* 0.000* 0.727 0.310 0.745 0.01* 0.007* 0.004* 0.01* |
a Correlation Small ( 0.3 to 0.1) b Shows strongest correlations (0.5 to 0.3) c Indicates highly significant (1.0 to 0.5) |
Furthermore in Table (5), correlation analysis of preptin with biochemical parameter revealed statistically significant positive correlation, especially with HbA1c, TyG index, Total cholesterol, Triglycerides and LDL-C. Whereas preptin was found to have negative correlation with HDL-C (r = − 0.308).
Figure (5): Correlation analysis between preptin and HbA1c in NAFLD patients
With Pearson correlation analysis, a strong correlation was observed between preptin and HbA1c (r = 0.467, p = 0.000) (Fig. 5).