Environmental impact due to the presence of polluting leachate in landfills in the State of Mexico

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3888547/v1

Download PDF

Research Article

Environmental impact due to the presence of polluting leachate in landfills in the State of Mexico

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3888547/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

Leachate is a byproduct of regular landfill operations, which can contain a wide variety of contaminants, including highly toxic biological and chemical substances that cause harm to human health and the environment. Its environmental impact is associated with the contamination of surface and underground water sources. In this work, an analysis of the different chemical and biological substances present in the leachate from two landfills was carried out. However, its leachate lagoons continue to be sources of contaminants as they have not been treated. For this study, a physicochemical analysis was carried out considering the methodologies and tolerance levels of contaminants within Mexican safety standards. The results determined high levels of Nitrates, Phosphorus, and Lead. It is essential to highlight that when Urban Solid Waste (USW) enters the landfill, it is not separated, so the leachate goes to collection lagoons. Therefore, the leachate must be characterized by the most significant number of variables, such as inorganic material and specific contaminants, since the contaminants follow the characteristics and origin of the solid waste deposited in landfills. Even when biological processes are low due to the time in the studied landfills, there are still inorganic compounds present that act as pollutants. Consequently, the restoration of these sites must be carried out to minimize environmental impact.

Landfill.

Toxicity.

Degradation.

Environmental Impact.

Mexico.

Solid waste

Urban solid waste (USW) is generated in residential homes, resulting from the disposal of materials used in domestic activities, the products consumed, and their containers, packaging, or wrapping. It also includes waste from any other activity within establishments or in public areas that produces waste with domestic characteristics, as well as those resulting from the cleaning of roads and public places, provided they are not considered by this Law as waste of another nature (Rohers et al. 2021).

In Mexico, 102,895.00 tons of waste are generated daily, of which 83.93% is collected and 78.54% is disposed of in final disposal sites (INEGI 2017). The primary management of USW continues to predominate, involving the collection and disposal of waste in landfills. Article 10 of the General Law for the Prevention and Comprehensive Management of Waste (LGPGIR) establishes that municipalities are responsible for the comprehensive management of urban solid waste, consisting of the collection, transfer, treatment, and final disposal (Gupta et al., 2014). Municipalities face various circumstances that, in many cases, are beyond their technical and financial capabilities due to the difficulty of having trained personnel. SEMARNAT promotes, through plans, programs, and the regulatory framework, that the management of urban solid waste is carried out under comprehensive management schemes, which include the prevention and reduction of its generation, its economic valorization, and its disposal in an adequate manner.

The generation of leachate from landfills today ranks among the most aggressive contaminants to the environment, mainly to the soil, and considering its characteristics and composition, it represents a potential risk for the contamination of surface and groundwater (Gao et al. 2021) (Table 1).

Standard NOM-083-SEMARNAT-2003 defines leachate as the liquid formed by the reaction, dragging, or filtration of the materials that constitute the waste and that contains, in dissolved or suspended form.

These substances can infiltrate the soil or runoff from the sites where waste is deposited, contaminating soil and bodies of water, causing deterioration, and representing a potential risk to human health and other living organisms. Leachates are often formed by combining large amounts of organic matter with different contaminants that can be toxic, therefore detailing significant impacts on the environment and not only on water bodies (Propp et al. 2021). Leachate in landfills contains diluted, suspended, fixed, or volatile substances, which causes them to have a high organic load (Cárdenas-Ferrer et al. 2020). The leachate contains high inorganic salts (sodium chloride and carbonate) and heavy metals (Jayawardhana et al. 2016; Kapelewska et al. 2016).

Table 1

Factors involved in the production of leachate.
Factors	Elements	Components
Water infiltration	Rainfall Municipal solid waste coverage	-Geographic location -Time of year/weather aspects -Evaporation/Evapotranspiration -Waterproof thickness -Types of materials -Compaction -Pending
Waste characteristics	Typology	-Composition -Humidity -Size and degree of compaction
Microbial activities	Aerobic anaerobic activities	-Nature of the materials -Temperature -Carbon Nitrogen Relation -Hydrogen potential (pH) -Content of toxic substances
Filling operation	Operational efficiency	-Temporary berms -Daily coverage of solid waste -Water deflection works
Groundwater intrusion	Construction efficiencies	-Adequate waterproofing

Lead in a Landfill originates from batteries, photographic waste, Lead-based paints, and Lead pipes. It is toxic to all forms of life at specific concentrations. Under acidic conditions, its release from litter can be promoted (De la Cruz et al. 2018; SWANA 1991). Lead is a toxic metal whose widespread use has caused environmental pollution and health problems in many parts of the world. It is a cumulative toxic substance that affects multiple body systems, including the cardiovascular and neurological systems hematological systems such as severe anemia, digestive system, and kidneys, and can also cause weakness in the fingers, wrists, or ankles. High exposure levels can seriously damage the brain and kidneys in adults or children and cause death (Chunying et al. 2021).

Nutrient pollution is one of the most widespread, costly, and complex environmental problems due to excess nitrogen and phosphorus in air and water. Although nitrogen and phosphorus are natural nutrients in aquatic ecosystems, air and water can become contaminated when they enter a system in large quantities, generally from various human activities. Nutrient pollution has affected many streams, rivers, lakes, bays, and coastal waters for several decades. Excess nitrogen in the air can affect our ability to breathe, reduce visibility, and disrupt plant growth (Koc-Jurczyk and Jurczyk 2020).

Excess nitrogen and phosphorus in leachate can lead to algal blooms called blooms and significantly reduce or eliminate the oxygen in the leachate. Some algal blooms harm humans, producing high amounts of toxins and bacterial growth. A person could get sick if they come into contact with contaminated water.

Nitrates (NO3) come from the dissolution of rocks and minerals, plant and animal matter decomposing, and industrial effluents. In wastewater, its presence is minimal, given the reduced state of this medium. The production and accumulation of NO3 in wastewater must be considered, as it becomes a limiting factor for growth in water systems if phosphorus is abundant, promoting undesirable phenomena such as eutrophication (Rapal 2010).

According to the NMX-AA-093-SCFI-2000 standard, electrolytic conductivity is a numerical expression of the ability of a solution to transport an electric current. This capacity depends on the presence of ions, their total concentration, mobility, valence and relative concentrations, and temperature. Determining conductivity is crucial because it explains the mineralization of natural, drinking, waste, treated waste, processed water, or water used in the laboratory for routine analysis or research work (Secretary of Economy 2000). The conductivity value is regulated by maximum permissible limits in wastewater discharges to the sewer or receiving bodies (Martínez-Cruz and Rojas-Valencia 2023).

It is also good to consider other factors, such as color and turbidity in the leachate, which are affected by its solid particles. The leachate generation process brings the dragging of much solid material (dissolved and in suspension), which leads to high values for these two parameters (Mendoza & Trujillo 2004).

Another parameter to measure in leachate is hardness, which is understood as the capacity of water to precipitate soap, and this is based on the presence of calcium and magnesium ions salts (Calabrò & Satira 2020). Hardness is responsible for forming scale in containers and pipes, which generates failures and losses of efficiency in different industrial processes such as heat transfer units. The term hardness was initially applied to represent difficult water to wash and refers to the consumption of soap for washing. Soap in most alkaline waters is directly related to the calcium and magnesium content (Peng 2017).

The final disposal and management of solid waste in landfills has become a constant problem for governments today. Increased rainfall for prolonged periods, combined with poor practices in collecting runoff water, causes increased leachate production at disposal sites (de Almeida et al. 2023; Fazzino et al. 2023). The generation of leachate from landfills today ranks among the most aggressive contaminants to the environment, mainly to the soil, and considering its characteristics and composition, it represents a potential risk for the contamination of surface and groundwater (Sumona et al. 2015).

A study was carried out on two landfills in the state of Mexico, we will identify them as Landfill A and the other is landfill B.

Landfill A covers an area of 110 hectares and receives approximately 2,300 tons of Urban Solid Waste per day, mainly from the municipalities of Nezahualcóyotl, Chimalhuacán, and Los Reyes la Paz. In comparison, B landfill covers an area of 15 hectares. The A landfill has approximately 3 million tons available. Before its closure, it served the Municipality of Tultitlan. Landfill A is divided into three zones, while Landfill B only has one zone. Landfill A is already closed, while Landfill B is still open. Urban Solid Waste from Mexico City has been deposited in the two landfills.

The samples were taken directly from the leachate runoff from the pipe that reaches the leachate sump. Ten liters of leachate sample were taken for laboratory analysis, and a half-liter sample was taken for on-site analysis. The 10 liters of leachate were placed in a cooler with ice for conservation (Figure 1). In the field, pH and temperature tests were applied using a sample of half a liter of leachate. The analyses were carried out in the Environmental Control Laboratory of the Technological Research and Innovation Center (CIITEC) of the IPN.

They were chosen based on the Official Mexican Standards NOM-083-SEMARNAT-2003 and some parameters of the NOM-052-SEMARANT-2005 standard, which establishes the characteristics, identification procedure, classification, and lists of hazardous waste. The presented parameters indicate the standards that should be measured in leachate from a landfill. They are taking the standards for measuring the parameters that need to be measured. The leachate monitoring program consisted of carrying out a series of analyses such as Hydrogen Potential (pH), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and heavy metals, Turbidity, Hardness, Electrical Conductivity, Nitrates and Nitrites, Phosphorus.

Therefore, the results obtained in the analysis regarding Nitrates and Phosphorus must be taken into account because, on the one hand, they are above the maximum range exposed by SWANA 1991, Tchobanoglous et al. 1998, and Dörhöfer (1998).

Heavy metals constitute a potential source of environmental contamination of different natural resources, especially water resources. They are used in various economic activities, in which their toxicity increases considerably due to the combination with other substances, leading to bioaccumulation, persistence, recalci-trance, and serious adverse effects on the environment and the population's health (Bilardi et al. 2020). One of these economic activities is the disposal of solid waste in landfills, in which space leachates with a high content of organic matter are generated, as well as inorganic compounds and heavy metals, a product of the decomposition of the waste and the contribution of water through rainfall (Luo et al. 2020).

It is worth mentioning that the characteristics of leachate vary even within the same landfill, given that stages or phases of degradation of the landfill work fronts may coexist (Bandala et al. 2021).

In the Sanitary Landfill, The BOD5/COD ratio establishes the leachate's degree of stabilization and the bio-degradable organic matter content (Bandala et al. 2021). In this case, the BOD5/COD ratio is 0.033 for La-goon 1, 0.050 for Lagoon 2, and 0.178 for Lagoon 3. Due to the COD parameter, lagoons 1 and 3 can be considered type I young classification, with an average landfill age of less than five years, considered a bio-degradable leachate. The BOD5/COD values may vary according to the sampling time.

Landfill A presented the following values regarding the presence of Lead: for Lagoon 1, the value is 12.57 mg/l, for Lagoon 2, it is 18.57; and for Lagoon 3, it is 12.51, so the limits must be considered Lead to be within the regulations, given that it exceeds the permissible limit by more than 7 mg/l.

Therefore, the results given from the analysis regarding nitrates and phosphorus must be considered because, on the one hand, they are above the maximum range exposed by SWANA 1991, Tchobanoglous et al. 1998 , and Dörhöfer (1998). In the case of nitrates, the highest limit used is 50 mg/l, and in landfill A leachate, it is higher than 11,000 mg/l, far exceeding the typical range. Furthermore, the phosphorus content of the leach-ate is more significant than 550 mg/l, while the typical limit is 100 mg/l. Therefore, measures must be taken to prevent eutrophication. The hardness is within the typical range of leachates; this concept must be monitored, given that hardness is related to the dissolution of the cover material (Mendez Novelo et al. 2009). The turbidity of the leachate from landfill A is 764.00 Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) (APHA 2022). The conductivity value for A leachates ranges from 36100 µS/cm to 43400 µS/cm, which is within the typical range of Dörhöfer (1998) and is below the average conductivity value.

In landfill B, the BOD5/COD ratio is 0.029, representing a minimal presence of organic matter, which may be due to the composition of the Urban Solid Waste (USW), where they arrive at the landfill separately and are received. Therefore, it is considered that most of the waste is inorganic.

Based on this relationship, the leachate can be considered a type III leachate classified as stabilized and considered old; for more than 10 years, this classification applies to the pH parameter. However, due to the COD parameter, it can be considered a type II intermediate classification, with an average landfill age of 5 to 10 years, considered a medium leachate. It is worth mentioning that although the landfill has an average age of 5 years, the young leachate cannot be classified as biodegradable stage I because it is a landfill with low levels of organic matter.

The leachate from Landfill B is 0.437 mg/g, which is within the norm. The presence of Lead is lower than the maximum permissible limits in the NOM-002-SEMARNAT-1996 standard, which establishes 5 mg/l for hazardous waste. Likewise, it is lower than the wastewater limit established in NOM-002-SEMARNAT-1996, which is 1.5 mg/l.

In the case of Nitrates, the standard indicates 50 mg/l as the highest limit, but in the leachate from landfill B, it is 34,559.20 mg/l, which far exceeds the typical range, coupled with the fact that the phosphorus contained in the leachate is 838.85 mg/l when the established limit is 100 mg/l. Therefore, measures must be taken to prevent eutrophication. As for nitrites, there is no comparison range, but this level is low at 5.77 mg/l if com-pared to the typical ranges of nitrates, which are comparable because an excess of nitrates and nitrites could slow the anaerobic process (Mendez Novelo et al. 2009). Therefore, it is emphasized that nitrates must be controlled.

Regarding iron, it is present at 7.55 mg/, which makes it within the typical range of Dörhöfer (1998) but out-side the range of SWANA 1991 and Tchobanoglous et al. 1998. The hardness is within the typical range of leachates; this concept must be monitored, given that hardness is related to the dissolution of the covering material (Heron & Christensen 1995; Mendez Novelo et al. 2009). The conductivity value for the leachate from landfill B is 52200 (µS/cm), which is within the typical range of Dörhöfer (1997); it is below the average conductivity value.

Considering the importance and quantity of contaminants contained in leachates from landfills, the importance of carrying out their characterization was considered. Renou et al. (2008) compiled different leachate characterization studies for various landfills in various countries, as well as compiled the values found for the main leachate characterization parameters, showing that the age of the final disposal site and the degree of stabilization of the waste Solids have a significant effect on the composition of leachates (Vázquez 2016).

The BOD5/COD ratio establishes the degree of stabilization of leachate and the content of biodegradable organic matter.

Leachates from the Sanitary Landfill A, according to the maximum permissible limits in the NOM-002-SEMARNAT-1996 standard to measure the amount of lead (which establishes 5 mg/l for hazardous waste), are outside the norm, even for this parameter. It could be considered hazardous leachate.

Groundwater constitutes a significant fraction of the water present on the continents, found lodged in the aquifers beneath the Earth's surface. The volume of groundwater is much greater than the mass of water retained in lakes or circulating. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) measures the amount of oxygen required for oxidation of biodegradable organic matter present in the water sample due to the aerobic oxidation action (Raffo Lecca & Ruiz Lizama 2014). In landfill A, the results obtained in the analysis regarding Nitrates and Phosphorus must be considered because, they are above the maximum range. The alteration of the proportions of nitrogen and phosphorus in soil and water is affecting our health, biodiversity, and the development of ecosystems. Although it is considered an organic matter that can serve as fertilizer in quantities exceeding the values given by the standards, excess nitrogen and phosphorus only cause pollution (Yan et al. 2016).

Lead was detected and found at values higher than those indicated by the standards in the two landfills evaluated. One of the reasons why the treatment of waste accumulated in the landfill is essential is that the soil retains metals due to its cation exchange capacity in addition to the type of soil. In this study, a soil analysis was not done (Wijekoon et al. 2022).

These studies are proposed since, according to Chunying et al. 2021, clay loam soil retains more compounds in its dissolved state than sandy soil; therefore, the texture of the soil is essential.

Leachate from landfills, having high amounts of Lead, must be treated to eliminate it since, in the study carried out by Vera-Zelada et al. 2023, it was determined that dissolved Lead is adsorbed by the soil over ten days and remains constant. Therefore, it is considered that the leachate transports the Lead while the amount not absorbed in the first days of its release from the materials dumped in landfills remains constant. The maximum time a landfill should be used is between 5 and 15 years, depending on the load of materials it receives and its extension (Moody and Townsend 2017).

One of the sanitary landfills studied at the time of the measurements is closed, but the other is still in operation. However, in the sampled areas, it was determined that although no more waste has been added to them, the leachates continue to contain some metals and elements outside the limits allowed by the standards established in our country, which is why treatments to eliminate contaminants persist despite the years. Since leachates from landfills are among the most aggressive contaminants to the environment, mainly to the soil, considering their characteristics and composition, they represent a potential risk for surface and groundwater contamination. Eliminating these contaminants is vital because as nearby populations grow, they can be contaminated by metals and decomposing organic matter. The contamination of leachate can affect the population through the emission of gases and the filtration of contaminants into the subsoil and movement through groundwater.

Acknowledgments The authors thank Tecnosilicatos de México, S.A. of C.V., for providing the opportunity to prepare for this study.

Author contributions Conceptualization, supervision, draft preparation, review, and editing were done by María Elena Tavera Cortés; Xenia Mena Espino did draft preparation and writing; Yolanda Donají Ortiz Hernández supervision of the methodology; María Esther Mena Espino did review and editing. Every author reviewed and gave their approval to the final manuscript.

Data availability: Data will be made available on request.

Funding: The work did not have financing.

Ethical Approval: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Consent to participate: Not applicable. (The manuscript does not report on or involve the use of any animal or human data or tissue).

Consent for publication: The authors have approved the final draft of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

APHA (2022) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 24th ed.; Lipps, W.C., Baxter, T.E., Braun-Howland, E., Eds.; APHA Press: Washington, DC, USA pp. 50-120. ISBN 9780875532998.
Bandala ER, Liu A, Wijesiri B, Zeidman AB, Goonetillek A (2021) Emerging materials and technologies for landfill leachate treatment: A critical review. Environmental Pollution 291. 118133.
Bilardi S, Calabrò PS, Greco R, Moraci N (2020) Removal of heavy metals from landfill leachate using zero valent iron and granular activated carbon. Technol 41(4):498-510.
Calabrò PS, Satira A (2020) Recent advancements toward resilient and sustainable municipal solid waste collection systems. Opin. Green Sustainable Chem 26:100375.
Cárdenas-Ferrer TM, Santos-Herrero R, Contreras-Moya AM, Rosa-Domínguez E, Correa-Cortés, Y (2020) Design of a plant for the treatment of leachate at the Sagua La Grande Landfill. Chemical Technology. 40(2):413-427.
Chunying T, Kanggen Z, Changhong P, Wei C (2021) Characterization and treatment of landfill leachate: A review. Water Research (203) 117525.
De Almeida R, Porto RF, Quintaes BR, Bila DM, Lavagnolo MC, Campos JC (2023) A review on membrane concentrate management from landfill leachate treatment plants: The relevance of resource recovery to close the leachate treatment loop. Waste Management & Research 41(2):264-284. http://doi:10.1177/0734242X221116212.
De la Cruz López C, Ramos Arcos S, López Martínez S (2018) Effect of the addition of organic acids on the bioaccumulation of Lead, Thallium, and Vanadium in Chrysopogon zizanioides growing on contaminated soils from a landfill. Nova Scientia 10(21): 403-422. http://doi:10.21640/ns.v10i21.1582.
Dörhöfer G, Siebert H (1998) The search for landfill sites-requirements and implementation in Lower Saxony, Germany. Environmental Geology 35:55-65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002540050292.
Fazzino F, Pedullà A, Calabrò P (2023) Boosting the circularity of waste management: pretreated mature landfill leachate enhances the anaerobic digestion of market waste. Biofuel Research Journal 10(1):1764-1773. http:// doi: 10.18331/BRJ2023.10.1.2.
Gao M, Li S, Zou H, Wen F, Cai A, Zhu R, Tian W, Shi D, Chai H, Gu L (2021) Aged landfill leachate enhanc-es anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge. J Environ Manage 293:112853.
Gupta A, Zhao R, Novak JT, Goldsmith C (2014) Variation in organic matter characteristics of landfill leacha-tes in different stabilisation stages. Waste management & research: the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA 32(12):1192-1199. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X14550739.
Heron, G. & Christensen, T. (1995) Impact of Sediment Bound Iron on Redox Buffering in a Landfill Leachate Polluted Aquifer (Vejen, Denmark). Environ Sci Technol 29:187-192.
INEGI. National Census of Municipal and Delegational Governments (2017) [National Census of Municipal and Delegate Governments 2017]. Available online: https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/cngmd/2017/default.html#Datos_abiertos (accessed on 2 April 2023).
Jayawardhana Y, Kumarathilaka P, Herath I, Vithanage M (2016) Chapter 6-Municipal solid waste biochar for prevention of pollution from landfill leachate. In: Prasad MNV, Shih K, editors. Environmental Materials and Waste. London: Academic Press; pp. 117-148.
Kapelewska J, Kotowska U, Wiśniewska K (2016) Determination of personal care products and hormones in leachate and groundwater from Polish USW landfills by ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction and GC-MS. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(2):1642-1652. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5359-9.
Koc-Jurczyk J, Jurczyk Ł (2020) The Characteristics of Organic Compounds in Landfill Leachate Biological-ly Treated in Different Technological Conditions. Journal of Ecological Engineering 21(3):104-111. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/118291.
Luo H, Zeng Y, Cheng Y, He D, Pan X (2020) Recent advances in municipal landfill leachate: a review focus-ing on its characteristics, treatment, and toxicity assessment. Sci Total Environ 703:135468.
Martínez-Cruz A, Rojas-Valencia MN (2023) Evaluation of the Different Fractions of Organic Matter in an electrochemical treatment system applied to stabilized leachates from the Bordo Poniente Landfill in Mexico City. Applied Sciences, 13(9), 5605. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13095605.
Mendez Novelo R, Castillo Borges E, Sauri Riancho M, Quintal Franco C, Giácoman Vallejos G, Jiménez Cisneros B et al. (2009) Comparison of four physicochemical leachate treatments. Rev Int Contam Ambient 25(3):133-145. ISSN 0188-4999.
Mendoza, P. & López, V. (2004). Study of leachate quality from the La Esmeralda landfill and its response under treatment in a pilot up-flow anaerobic filter. Thesis Work, Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture. National University of Colombia, Manizales, Colombia.
Moody C, Townsend T (2017) A comparison of landfill leachates based on waste composition. Waste Man-agement 63:267-274.
Official Mexican Standard (1996) NOM-002-ECOL-1996 Stablishes the maximum permissible limits of contaminants in wastewater discharges to urban or municipal sewage systems.
Official Mexican Standard (2003) NOM-083-SEMARNAT-2003 Environmental protection specifications for site selection, design, construction, operation, monitoring, closure, and complementary works of a final dis-posal site for urban solid waste and special management.
Peng Y (2017) Perspectives on technology for landfill leachate treatment. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10, S2567-S2574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.09.031.
Propp V, De Silva A, Spencer C, Brown S, Catingan S, Smith JE, Roy J (2021) Organic contaminants of emerging concern in leachate of historic municipal landfills. Environmental Pollution 276:116474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116474.
Raffo Lecca, E. & Ruiz Lizama, E. (2014). Characterization of wastewater and biochemical oxygen demand. In-dustrial Data 17(1):71-80.
RAPAL (2010) Water Pollution and Eutrophication-Impacts of the Industrial Agriculture Model. Uruguay.
Renou S, Givaudan JG, Poulain S, Dirassouyan F, Moulin P (2008) Landfill leachate treatment: Review and opportunity. Journal of Hazardous Materials 150(3):468-493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.09.077.
Rohers, F., Dalsasso, R., Nadaleti, W., Matias, M. & de Castilhos Júnior, A. (2021). Physical-Chemical pre-treatment of sanitary landfill raw leachate by direct ascending filtration. Chemosphere. 285:131362.
Sumona M, Soumyadeep M, Mohd Ali H, Bhaskar Sen G (2015) Contemporary Environmental Issues of Landfill Leachate: Assessment and Remedies. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 45(5): 472-590. http://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2013.876524.
SWANA Solid Waste Association of North America (1991) Book Review: Public Policies for Municipal Solid Waste Management. Published by SWANA (formerly GRCDA) P.O. Box 7219, Silver Springs, MD 20910, U.S.A. Single copies free upon request. Reviewed by Robert B. Dean, Associate Editor Waste Management & Research 10(6):545-545. http://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X9201000609.
Tchobanoglous, G., Theisen, H. & Vigil, S. (1998). Integral management of solid waste. McGraw-Hill, D.L. Madrid.
Vázquez F (2016) Stabilization gaps. Extensions, Innovation and Technology Transfer: keys to development. 3. Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences and Surveying-UNNE. http://doi.org/10.30972/eitt.303004 ISSN 2422-6424
Vera-Zelada P, Vera-Zelada L, Minchán-Sapo J, Quiliche-Culqui M (2023) Kinetics of heavy metals in leachates from a sanitary landfill in Cajamarca, Peru. Amazonian Journal of Environmental and Ecological Sciences 2(2), e512. https://doi.org/10.51252/reacae.v2i2.e512.
Wijekoon P, Koliyabandara P, Cooray A, Lam S, Athapattu B, Vithanage M (2022) Progress and Prospects in Mitigation of Landfill Leachate Pollution: Risk, Pollution Potential, Treatment and Challenges. J Hazard Mater 421:126627.
Yan Z., Peñuelas J., Sardans J, Elser JJ, Du E, Reich PB, Fang J (2016) Phosphorus accumulates faster than nitrogen globally in freshwater ecosystems under anthropogenic impacts. Ecology Letters 19:1237-1246. http://doi.org/10.1111/ele.12658.

No competing interests reported.

Download PDF

Version 1

posted

You are reading this latest preprint version

Environmental impact due to the presence of polluting leachate in landfills in the State of Mexico

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Methodology

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1