3.1 General Situation Analysis
A total of 993 college students were included as study subjects, including 722 female and 271 male students; The students who participated in the study were mainly 136 cases (13.7%) in medical aesthetic technology, 131 cases (13.19%) in senior traditional Chinese medicine, 127 cases (12.79%) in Chinese medicine and health care, 123 cases (12.39%) in senior medical testing, and 101 cases (10.17%) in senior nursing;Ethnicity was mainly Han Chinese in 842 cases (84.79%), the student population was mainly rural in 773 cases (77.84%), and the majority of the students rated their self-health level as good or fair in 337 cases (37.97%) and 337 cases (37.97%), respectively (see Table 1).
Table 1 Comparison of treatment status (n,%)
projects
|
|
Number of examples
|
Percentage(%)
|
Sex
|
Male
|
271
|
27.29%
|
|
Female
|
722
|
72.71%
|
Speciality
|
Elderly Services and Management
|
89
|
8.96%
|
|
Dentistry
|
37
|
3.73%
|
|
Medical Cosmetic Technology
|
136
|
13.7%
|
|
Senior Nursing
|
101
|
10.17%
|
|
Chinese Medicine and Health
|
127
|
12.79%
|
|
Senior Chinese Medicine
|
131
|
13.19%
|
|
Senior Medical Laboratory
|
123
|
12.39%
|
|
Clinical Medicine
|
3
|
0.3%
|
|
Preventive Medicine
|
22
|
2.22%
|
|
Public Health Management
|
39
|
3.93%
|
|
Pharmaceutical Quality and Safety
|
90
|
9.06%
|
|
Others
|
3
|
0.3%
|
|
Sports Health and Rehabilitation
|
92
|
9.26%
|
Nation
|
Han Chinese
|
842
|
84.79%
|
|
Mongolian
|
5
|
0.5%
|
|
Hui
|
1
|
0.1%
|
|
Tibetan
|
36
|
3.63%
|
|
Uighur
|
0
|
0%
|
|
Yi
|
79
|
7.96%
|
|
Qiang
|
26
|
2.62%
|
|
Others
|
4
|
0.4%
|
Grade
|
Class of 2018
|
252
|
25.38%
|
|
Class of 2019
|
102
|
10.27%
|
|
Class of 2020
|
368
|
37.06%
|
|
Class of 2021
|
271
|
27.29%
|
Sources of students
|
Urban
|
220
|
22.16%
|
|
Rural
|
773
|
77.84%
|
Self-assessment of health status
|
Very good.
|
177
|
17.82%
|
|
Good
|
377
|
37.97%
|
|
Average
|
377
|
37.97%
|
|
Not so good
|
58
|
5.84%
|
|
Very poor
|
4
|
0.4%
|
3.2 Analysis of the living habits of university students
There were 30 cases (3.02%) of students who smoked cigarettes, 27 cases (9.96%) of male students who smoked cigarettes, and 3 cases (0.42%) of female students who smoked cigarettes; the total number of students who drank alcohol was 173 cases (17.42%); 475 cases (47.83%) of students spent 2-3h on the Internet every day, which had a heavy percentage, and there were 159 cases (16.01%) of those who spent ≥4h on the Internet, 482 cases (48.54%) students studied for 9-10h per day, and 455 cases (48.74%) had less than 7h of sleep (see Table 2).
Table 2 Comparison of university students' living habits (n,%)
Projects
|
|
Male (n=271)
|
Female (n=722)
|
Add up the total
|
Smoke cigarettes
|
Yes
|
27(9.96%)
|
3(0.42%)
|
30(3.02%)
|
|
No
|
244(90.04%)
|
719(99.58%)
|
963(96.98%)
|
Drinking wine
|
Hardly drink
|
135(49.82%)
|
685(94.88%)
|
820(82.58%)
|
|
1-2 times/month
|
108(39.85%)
|
36(4.99%)
|
144(14.50%)
|
|
1-2 times/week
|
28(10.33%)
|
1(0.14%)
|
29(2.92%)
|
|
3-4 times/week
|
0(0%)
|
0(0%)
|
0(0%)
|
Internet access
|
<2h
|
13(4.80%)
|
42(5.82%)
|
55(5.54%)
|
|
2h~
|
127(46.86%)
|
348(48.20%)
|
475(47.83%)
|
|
3h~
|
81(29.89%)
|
223(30.89%)
|
304(30.61%)
|
|
≥4h
|
50(18.45%)
|
109(15.10%)
|
159(16.01%)
|
Period of study
|
<8h
|
24(8.86%)
|
61(8.45%)
|
85(8.56%)
|
|
8h~
|
100(36.90%)
|
246(34.07%)
|
346(34.84%)
|
|
9h~
|
122(45.02%)
|
360(49.86%)
|
482(48.54%)
|
|
≥10h
|
25(9.22%)
|
55(7.62%)
|
80(8.06%)
|
Sleep duration
|
<6h
|
9(3.32%)
|
20(2.77%)
|
29(2.92%)
|
|
6h~
|
107(39.48%)
|
319(44.18%)
|
426(42.90%)
|
|
7h~
|
140(51.66%)
|
339(46.95%)
|
479(48.24%)
|
|
≥8h
|
15(5.54%)
|
44(6.09%)
|
59(5.94%)
|
3.3 Analysis of the Frequency of Raw Simplified Food Questionnaire for University Students
46.32% of college students could manage to eat vegetables every day, 31.02% could ensure that they ate fruits 3-4 days a week, 21.15% hardly ate fish and shrimp, and 16.11% could ensure that they ate dairy products every day. In terms of the frequency of major food intake types per week, there was a significant difference in the frequency of food intake types between male and female students, except for soya bean products (P < 0.05) (see Table 3).
Table 3 Analysis of the results of the questionnaire on the frequency of raw simplified food among university students (n,%)
Projects
|
Frequency of intake per week
|
Male (n=271)
|
Female (n=722)
|
Add up the total
|
Vegetables
|
Hardly eaten
|
4(1.48)
|
5(0.69)
|
9(0.91)
|
|
1-2 times
|
25(9.23)
|
42(5.82)
|
67(6.75)
|
|
3-4 times
|
65(23.99)
|
171(23.68)
|
236(23.77)
|
|
5-6 times
|
68(25.09)
|
153(21.19)
|
221(22.26)
|
|
Every day
|
109(40.22)
|
351(48.61)
|
460(46.32)
|
Fruit
|
Hardly eaten
|
38(14.02)
|
28(3.89)
|
66(6.65)
|
|
1-2 times
|
111(40.96)
|
169(23.27)
|
280(28.20)
|
|
3-4 times
|
67(24.72)
|
241(33.38)
|
308(31.02)
|
|
5-6 times
|
30(11.07)
|
123(17.04)
|
153(15.41)
|
|
Every day
|
25(9.23)
|
161(22.30)
|
186(18.73)
|
Meat
|
Hardly eaten
|
4(1.48)
|
37(5.12)
|
41(4.13)
|
|
1-2 times
|
68(25.09)
|
223(30.89)
|
291(29.31)
|
|
3-4 times
|
90(33.21)
|
259(35.87)
|
349(35.15)
|
|
5-6 times
|
52(19.19)
|
102(14.13)
|
154(15.51)
|
|
Every day
|
57(21.03)
|
101(13.99)
|
158(15.91)
|
Fish and Shrimp
|
Hardly eaten
|
59(21.77)
|
151(20.91)
|
210(21.15)
|
|
1-2 times
|
147(54.24)
|
456(63.16)
|
603(60.73)
|
|
3-4 times
|
33(12.18)
|
82(11.36)
|
115(11.58)
|
|
5-6 times
|
26(9.59)
|
30(4.16)
|
56(5.64)
|
|
Every day
|
6(2.21)
|
3(0.42)
|
9(0.91)
|
Eggs
|
Hardly eaten
|
31(11.44)
|
107(14.82)
|
138(13.90)
|
|
1-2 times
|
78(28.78)
|
213(29.50)
|
291(29.31)
|
|
3-4 times
|
79(29.15)
|
219(30.33)
|
298(30.01)
|
|
5-6 times
|
28(10.33)
|
83(11.50)
|
111(11.18)
|
|
Every day
|
55(20.30)
|
100(13.85)
|
155(15.61)
|
Dairy products
|
Hardly eaten
|
26(9.59)
|
75(10.39)
|
101(10.17)
|
|
1-2 times
|
79(29.15)
|
244(33.80)
|
323(32.53)
|
|
3-4 times
|
68(25.09)
|
204(55.96)
|
272(27.39)
|
|
5-6 times
|
47(17.34)
|
90(12.47)
|
137(13.80)
|
|
Every day
|
51(18.82)
|
109(15.10)
|
160(16.11)
|
Soya bean products
|
Hardly eaten
|
23(8.49)
|
40(5.54)
|
63(6.34)
|
Fruit
|
1-2 times
|
81(29.89)
|
211(29.22)
|
292(29.41)
|
|
3-4 times
|
100(36.90)
|
288(39.89)
|
388(39.07)
|
|
5-6 times
|
42(15.50)
|
83(11.50)
|
125(12.59)
|
|
Every day
|
25(9.23)
|
100(13.85)
|
125(12.59)
|
3.4 Analysis of Body Composition Composition of College Students
The proportion of body fat was 16.8% for boys and 26.8% for girls, which was significantly lower for boys than for girls (P < 0.05), the proportion of body water was 61.2% for boys and 53.2% for girls, which was significantly higher for boys than for girls (P < 0.05), the proportion of body protein was 16.2% for boys and 15.3% for girls, which was higher for boys than for girls ( P < 0.05), boys' body minerals accounted for 5.8%, girls' body minerals accounted for 4.7%, boys' body minerals were significantly higher than girls' (P < 0.05) (see Figure 1).
The rate of insufficient body water content of college students was 30.6 per cent, the rate of insufficient protein content was 30.9 per cent, the rate of insufficient minerals was 12.4 per cent, the rate of insufficient body fat was 19.7 per cent, and the rate of excess fat content of college students was 23.1 per cent. The rate of insufficient body water content of female students is higher than that of male students (P < 0.05), the rate of insufficient protein content of female students is higher than that of male students (P < 0.05), and the rate of excessive body fat content of female students is higher than that of male students (P < 0.05) (see Figures 2 and 3).
3.5 Analysis of the nutritional status of university students
F% method and BMI method detection for common detection, F% method obesity detection rate of 26.38%, BMI method obesity detection rate of 1.51%, F% method obesity detection rate is higher than the BMI method (P < 0.05). 22.99% of female college students have hidden obesity, 1.11% of male college students have hidden obesity, hidden obesity of female students is significantly higher than that of male students (P < 0.05). F% method and BMI method detected are malnourished students 2.11%, male malnutrition 6.64%, female 0.42%, male malnutrition accounted for a higher proportion than female (P < 0.05) (see Table 4). method and BMI method detected both malnourished students 2.11%, malnourished male students 6.64%, female students 0.42%, male students malnourished accounted for a higher proportion than female students (P < 0.05) (see Table 4).
Table 4 Analysis of nutritional status of university students (n,%)
Nutritional status
|
Male
|
Female
|
Add up the total
|
F% method of obesity
|
34(12.55)
|
228(31.58)
|
262(26.38)
|
BMI method of obesity
|
13(4.80)
|
2(0.28)
|
15(1.51)
|
Hidden obesity
|
3(1.11)
|
166(22.99)
|
169(17.02)
|
Muscular
|
0(0%)
|
0(0%)
|
0(0%)
|
Malnutrition
|
18(6.64)
|
3(0.42)
|
21(2.11)
|
Normal
|
203(74.91)
|
323(44.74)
|
526(52.97)
|
3.6 Correlation analysis of college students' body fat and protein content with lifestyle
Multiple linear regression analyses of correlation and influencing factors yielded that the frequency of fruit consumption was an independent influencing factor (P < 0.05) on the body fat and protein content of college students (Tables 5 and 6).
Table 5 Correlation analysis between body fat and protein content and lifestyle of university students
Items
|
Fat
|
Protein
|
|
Male
|
Female
|
Male
|
Female
|
Smoking
|
r=0.032,P>0.05
|
r=0.001,P>0.05
|
r=0.056,P>0.05
|
r=0.001,P>0.05
|
Drinking alcohol
|
r=0.045,P>0.05
|
r=0.066,P>0.05
|
r=0.054,P>0.05
|
r=0.045,P>0.05
|
Internet time
|
r=0.094,P>0.05
|
r=0.031,P>0.05
|
r=-0.056,P>0.05
|
r=-0.023,P>0.05
|
Sleeping time
|
r=0.023,P>0.05
|
r=0.049,P>0.05
|
r=0.003,P>0.05
|
r=-0.034,P>0.05
|
Weekly frequency of vegetable consumption
|
r=-0.002,P>0.05
|
r=-0.023,P>0.05
|
r=0.071,P>0.05
|
r=0.048,P>0.05
|
Fruit consumption
|
r=0.135,P<0.05
|
r=0.024,P>0.05
|
r=0.176,P<0.05
|
r=0.082,P<0.05
|
Meat consumption
|
r=0.043,P>0.05
|
r=0.008,P>0.05
|
r=0.094,P>0.05
|
r=-0.003,P>0.05
|
Weekly frequency of fish and shrimp consumption
|
r=0.023,P>0.05
|
r=0.015,P>0.05
|
r=0.026,P>0.05
|
r=0.013,P>0.05
|
Weekly frequency of egg consumption
|
r=0.083,P>0.05
|
r=0.008,P>0.05
|
r=0.175,P<0.05
|
r=0.058,P>0.05
|
Weekly frequency of consumption of dairy products
|
r=0.018,P>0.05
|
r=0.002,P>0.05
|
r=0.148,P<0.05
|
r=0.001,P>0.05
|
Weekly frequency of consumption of soya bean products
|
r=0.067,P>0.05
|
r=-0.035,P>0.05
|
r=0.156,P<0.05
|
r=-0.013,P>0.05
|
Table 6 Multiple linear regression analysis of factors affecting body fat and protein content in university students
Body composition
|
Sex
|
Factors
|
β
|
SE
|
Standardised partial regression coefficient β’
|
t
|
P
|
|
Fat
|
Male
|
Constant term
|
15.054
|
2.683
|
-
|
5.589
|
<0.05
|
|
|
|
Weekly frequency of fruit consumption
|
0.692
|
0.267
|
0.129
|
2.563
|
<0.05
|
|
Protein
|
Male
|
Constant term
|
8.563
|
0.321
|
-
|
27.642
|
<0.05
|
|
|
|
Weekly frequency of fruit consumption
|
0.115
|
0.049
|
0.103
|
2.189
|
<0.05
|
|
|
Female
|
Constant term
|
7.172
|
0.172
|
-
|
41.782
|
<0.05
|
|
|
|
Weekly frequency of fruit consumption
|
0.082
|
0.024
|
0.132
|
3.082
|
<0.05
|
Note: "-" indicates that no data are available here.
Deliberations
The influence of lifestyle on health is a very long process, and a good lifestyle can promote human health, affected by the change of people's lifestyles, the incidence of hypertension, obesity, coronary heart disease and other diseases is significantly higher [15]. Adolescents have strong plasticity, which is the key period to cultivate a good lifestyle, and the university is in the age stage, therefore, understanding college students' lifestyles and exploring the influence of lifestyles on their body composition play a very important role in guiding college students' lives and promoting their health [16-17].
This study analysed the lifestyles of university students, and the results showed that 3.02% of students smoked, 9.96% of male students smoked, and 0.42% of female students smoked; 17.42% of students drank alcohol; 47.83% of students spent 2-3h per day on the Internet, which had a heavy proportion, and 16.01% of those who spent ≥4h on the Internet, and 48.54% of students spent 9-10h per day on studying. 48.74 per cent of students sleep less than 7h.According to the needs of the human body, the three major nutrients intake has a certain proportion, in the food selection should be reasonable collocation, so as to ensure that the body nutritional intake balance [18].However, the analysis of the dietary structure of college students in this study found that there are many problems in the dietary structure of college students, 46.32% of college students can manage to eat vegetables every day, 31.02% of college students can ensure that they eat fruits 3-4 days a week, 21.15% of college students hardly eat fish and shrimp, and 16.11% of college students can ensure that they eat dairy products every day.In terms of frequency of major food groups consumed per week, there was a significant difference between boys and girls in terms of frequency of food groups consumed, with the exception of soya products (P < 0.05).Fruits and vegetables are rich in vitamins, dietary fibre and a variety of minerals [19]. Fish and shrimp food contains a large number of unsaturated fatty acids, effectively lowering blood lipids, preventing thrombosis, and high content of calcium, zinc and other minerals, dairy products have a very high calcium content, effectively supplementing high-quality proteins and amino acids, with a very high biological value.However, the results of the current study showed that the percentage of college students who could achieve daily adherence to the intake of dairy products was low, a result that was low compared with the results of previous studies, and most of the studies pointed out that the low percentage of dairy intake was a common problem in the dietary structure of college students [20].
Body composition is the chemical elements that make up the human body, and nowadays it is more in favour of body adipose and non-adipose tissues, and body composition determination can be used to measure the nutritional status of the human body, to guide people to have a reasonable diet, and to effectively reduce the occurrence of problems such as over-nutrition or malnutrition [21].The human body is mainly composed of protein, water, fat and minerals. This study analyses the problems of college students' body composition, and the results show that the proportion of male body fat is significantly lower than that of female body fat (P<0.05), and the proportion of male body water, body protein, and body mineral is higher than that of female body fat (P<0.05); the rate of female body water is higher than that of male body water (P<0.05), the rate of female body protein is higher than that of male body fat (P<0.05), and the ratio of female body fat exceeding the standard is higher than that of male body protein (P<0.05). The rate of excess body fat content of female students is higher than that of male students (P<0.05). The above results suggest that the proportion of body composition of college students is not balanced, and there is a certain distance from the healthy state, which needs to be further improved. Protein can reflect the development of the body and the degree of health, this study shows that there are some college students who have insufficient proportion of protein, and the reason may be due to less time for physical exercise, which needs to be confirmed by further research.There is a close link between obesity and poor dietary structure, the results of the current study show that there is a high hidden obesity situation in female college students, that is, the body fat percentage detection is high, but the BMI method shows that it is normal, which can be seen that female college students have a low percentage of muscle and a high percentage of fat, which in turn leads to a high body fat percentage. The results of the present study showed that the incidence of malnutrition in male students was higher than that in female students, and the reason for this may be analysed to be related to the low level of estrogen in male students, which is not conducive to fat accumulation [22].In order to further analyse the effects of different lifestyles on body composition, the present study analysed the correlation between different lifestyles and the percentage of fat and protein, and the results showed that the frequency of fruit consumption was an independent influence on the body fat and protein content of college students (P < 0.05), suggesting that increasing fruit intake may improve the percentage of fat and protein body composition of college students.