[1] M. De Onis, WHO Motor Development Study: Windows of achievement for six gross motor development milestones, Acta Paediatr. Int. J. Paediatr. 95 (2006) 86–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/08035320500495563.
[2] M.H. McEwan, R.E. Dihoff, G.M. Brosvic, Early Infant Crawling Experience is Reflected in Later Motor Skill Development, Percept. Mot. Skills. 72 (1991) 75–79. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1991.72.1.75.
[3] S.K. Patrick, J.A. Noah, J.F. Yang, Developmental constraints of quadrupedal coordination across crawling styles in human infants, J. Neurophysiol. 107 (2012) 3050–3061. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00029.2012.
[4] N. Bayley, Bayley scales of infant development, Psychological Corp., New York, 1969. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayley_Scales_of_Infant_Development&oldid=955161420.
[5] J. Herbert, J. Gross, H. Hayne, Crawling is associated with more flexible memory retrieval by 9-month-old infants, Dev. Sci. 10 (2007) 183–189. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2007.00548.x.
[6] R. Kermoian, J.J. Campos, Locomotor Experience: A Facilitator of Spatial Cognitive Development, Child Dev. 59 (1988) 908–917. https://doi.org/10.2307/1130258.
[7] G. Schwarzer, C. Freitag, R. Buckel, A. Lofruthe, Crawling is Associated with Mental Rotation Ability by 9-Month-Old Infants, Infancy. 18 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7078.2012.00132.x.
[8] K.E. Adolph, J.E. Hoch, Motor Development: Embodied, Embedded, Enculturated, and Enabling, Annu. Rev. Psychol. 70 (2019) 141–164. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102836.
[9] M. Hadders-Algra, The neuronal group selection theory: Promising principles for understanding and treating developmental motor disorders, Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 42 (2000) 707–715. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0012162200001316.
[10] M. Hadders-Algra, Variation and Variability: Key Words in Human Motor Development, Phys. Ther. 90 (2010) 1823–1837. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20100006.
[11] M. Hadders-Algra, Early human motor development: From variation to the ability to vary and adapt, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 90 (2018) 411–427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.009.
[12] A. V. Chervyakov, D.O. Sinitsyn, M.A. Piradov, M. Lebedev, H. Merchant, Y. Sakurai, Variability of neuronal responses: Types and functional significance in neuroplasticity and neural darwinism, Front. Hum. Neurosci. 10 (2016) 1–6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00603.
[13] K. Eishima, The analysis of sucking behaviour in newborn infants, Early Hum. Dev. 27 (1991) 163–173. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-3782(91)90192-6.
[14] M. Hadders-Algra, E. Brogren, H. Forssberg, Ontogeny of postural adjustments during sitting in infancy: variation, selection and modulation., J. Physiol. 493 (1996) 273–288. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021382.
[15] K.R. Heineman, K.J. Middelburg, M. Hadders-Algra, Development of adaptive motor behaviour in typically developing infants, Acta Paediatr. 99 (2010) 618–624. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01652.x.
[16] Å. Hedberg, E.B. Carlberg, H. Forssberg, M.H. Algra, Development of postural adjustments in sitting position during the first half year of life, Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 47 (2005) 312–320. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2005.tb01142.x.
[17] M. Hadders-Algra, General movements: a window for early identification of children at high risk for developmental disorders, J. Pediatr. 145 (2004) S12–S18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2004.05.017.
[18] C. Einspieler, H.F.R. Prechtl, A. Bos, F. Ferrari, G. Cioni, Prechtl’s method on the qualitative assessment of general movements in preterm, term and young infants, Clin. Dev. Med. 167 (2004) 1–91.
[19] S.C. Dusing, Postural variability and sensorimotor development in infancy, Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 58 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13045.
[20] S. Yamamoto, L. Yonghi, U. Matsumura, T. Tsurusaki, Diversity and regularity in infant crawling with typical development, J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 32 (2020) 483–488. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.32.483.
[21] AMES, L. B., The sequential patterning of prone progression in the human infant, Genet. Psychol. Monogr. 19 (1937) 409–460. http://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10003673281/ja/ (accessed May 11, 2020).
[22] L.B. Gesell, A., Ames, The ontogenetic organization of prone behavior in human infancy, J. Genet. Psychol. 56 (1940) 247–263.
[23] R. Kalmar, Investigation about crawling ‘ Haihai ’ in Japanese infants, (2017) 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5332/hatsuhatsu.2017.76_1.
[24] K.E. Adolph, B. Vereijken, M.A. Denny, Learning to Crawl, Child Dev. 69 (1998) 1299–1312. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06213.x.
[25] B.E. Davis, R.Y. Moon, H.C. Sachs, M.C. Ottolini, Effects of sleep position on infant motor development, Pediatrics. 102 (1998) 1135–1140. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.102.5.1135.
[26] Schillace R, Developmental comparisons of mentally retarded and neurotic children, Am J Ment Defic. 69 (1964) 211–219.
[27] L. von Wendt, H. Mäkinen, P. Rantakallio, PSYCHOMOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIRST YEAR AND MENTAL RETARDATION - A PROSPECTIVE STUDY, J. Intellect. Disabil. Res. 28 (1984) 219–225. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.1984.tb01013.x.
[28] L. Zhang, C.F. Deng, Q.L. Xiong, X.Y. Wu, Y.X. Chen, Y. Liu, C.L. Mu, Z.J. Yi, W.S. Hou, Analysis of the Inter-Joints Synergistic Patterns of Limbs in Infant Crawling*, in: 2019 41st Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., 2019: pp. 4156–4159. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2019.8857400.
[29] T. Tsurusaki, H. Terao, Validation of the reliability of the criteria for crawling motion analysis, Rigakuryoho Kagaku. 32 (2017) 323–328. https://doi.org/10.1589/rika.32.323.
[30] T. Tsurusaki, The Criteria for Crawling Motion Analysis, (n.d.). http://www2.am.nagasaki-u.ac.jp/ptd/tsurusaki/3igenond/7.html (accessed April 17, 2020).
[31] W.K. Frankenburg, J. Dodds, P. Archer, H. Shapiro, B. Bresnick, The Denver II: A Major Revision and Restandardization of the Denver Developmental Screening Test, Pediatrics. 89 (1992) 91 LP – 97. http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/89/1/91.abstract.
[32] The Japanese Society of Chikd Health (Eds.), Japanese Edition DEMVER Ⅱ, (2016).
[33] G.M. Edelman, Neural Darwinism: Selection and reentrant signaling in higher brain function, Neuron. 10 (1993) 115–125. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0896-6273(93)90304-A.
[34] H. Takahashi, R. Yokota, R. Kanzaki, Response Variance in Functional Maps: Neural Darwinism Revisited, PLoS One. 8 (2013) e68705. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068705.
[35] K.E. Adolph, J.M. Franchak, The development of motor behavior, WIREs Cogn. Sci. 8 (2017) e1430. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1430.
[36] W. Cole, S. Robinson, K. Adolph, Bouts of Steps: The Organization of Infant Exploration, Dev. Psychobiol. 57 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21374.
[37] R.L. Freedland, B.I. Bertenthal, Developmental Changes in Interlimb Coordination: Transition to Hands-and-Knees Crawling, Psychol. Sci. 5 (1994) 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1994.tb00609.x.
[38] R.H. Largo, L. Molinari, M. Weber, L.C. Pinto, G. Duc, EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF LOCOMOTION: SIGNIFICANCE OF PREMATURITY, CEREBRAL PALSY and SEX, Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 27 (1985) 183–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1985.tb03768.x.
[39] Q.L. Xiong, W.S. Hou, N. Xiao, Y.X. Chen, J. Yao, X.L. Zheng, Y. Liu, X.Y. Wu, Motor Skill Development Alters Kinematics and Co-Activation between Flexors and Extensors of Limbs in Human Infant Crawling, IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng. 26 (2018) 780–787. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2017.2785821.
[40] N. Nishitani, M. Schürmann, K. Amunts, R. Hari, Broca’s Region: From Action to Language, Physiology. 20 (2005) 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00043.2004.
[41] R.M. Willems, P. Hagoort, Neural evidence for the interplay between language, gesture, and action: A review, Brain Lang. 101 (2007) 278–289. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2007.03.004.
[42] O. Oudgenoeg-Paz, M. (Chiel) J.M. Volman, P.P.M. Leseman, Attainment of sitting and walking predicts development of productive vocabulary between ages 16 and 28 months, Infant Behav. Dev. 35 (2012) 733–736. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2012.07.010.
[43] A.N. Meltzoff, P.K. Kuhl, J. Movellan, T.J. Sejnowski, Foundations for a new science of learning, Science. 325 (2009) 284–288. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1175626.
[44] P.K. Kuhl, K.A. Williams, F. Lacerda, K.N. Stevens, B. Lindblom, Linguistic experience alters phonetic perception in infants by 6 months of age, Science (80-. ). 255 (1992) 606 LP – 608. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1736364.
[45] J. Maye, J.F. Werker, L. Gerken, Infant sensitivity to distributional information can affect phonetic discrimination, Cognition. 82 (2002) B101–B111. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-0277(01)00157-3.
[46] J.R. Saffran, R.N. Aslin, E.L. Newport, Statistical Learning by 8-Month-Old Infants, Science (80-. ). 274 (1996) 1926 LP – 1928. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.274.5294.1926.
[47] A. Gopnik, C. Glymour, D.M. Sobel, L.E. Schulz, T. Kushnir, D. Danks, A Theory of Causal Learning in Children: Causal Maps and Bayes Nets., Psychol. Rev. 111 (2004) 3–32. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.111.1.3.
[48] Y.-L. Kuo, H.-F. Liao, P.-C. Chen, W.-S. Hsieh, A.-W. Hwang, The Influence of Wakeful Prone Positioning on Motor Development During the Early Life, J Dev Behav Pediatr. 29 (2008), 367-376.
[49] L. Hewitt, R.M. Stanley, A.D. Okely, Correlates of tummy time in infants aged 0–12 months old: A systematic review, Infant Behav. Dev. 49 (2017) 310–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.10.001.
[50] D. Russell, H. Kriel, G. Joubert, Y. Goosen, Prone positioning and motor development in the first 6 weeks of life, South African J. Occup. Ther. 39 (2009) 11–14.
[51] AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS, Positioning and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS): Update, Pediatrics December. 98 (1996), 1216-1218.
[52] S. Infant, D. Syndrome, Task Force on Infant Sleep Position and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Changing Concepts of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome : Implications for, Pediatrics. 105 (2000).
[53] L. Dudek-Shriber, S. Zelazny, The Effects of Prone Positioning on the Quality and Acquisition of Developmental Milestones in Four-Month-Old Infants, Pediatr. Phys. Ther. 19 (2007).
[54] J.S. Salls, L.N. Silverman, C.M. Gatty, The Relationship of Infant Sleep and Play Positioning to Motor Milestone Achievement, Am. J. Occup. Ther. 56 (2002) 577–580. https://doi.org/10.5014/ajot.56.5.577.
[55] E.E. Wentz, Importance of initiating a tummy time intervention early in infants with down syndrome, Pediatr. Phys. Ther. 29 (2017) 68–75. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0000000000000335.
[56] P.R. Huttenlocher, A.S. Dabholkar, Regional differences in synaptogenesis in human cerebral cortex, J. Comp. Neurol. 387 (1997) 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19971020)387:2<167::AID-CNE1>3.0.CO;2-Z.
[57] N. Zecevic, J.-P. Bourgeois, P. Rakic, Changes in synaptic density in motor cortex of rhesus monkey during fetal and postnatal life, Dev. Brain Res. 50 (1989) 11–32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-3806(89)90124-7.
[58] J. Stiles, T.L. Jernigan, The Basics of Brain Development, Neuropsychol. Rev. 20 (2010) 327–348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-010-9148-4.
[59] E.N. Adamson-Macedo, C. Barnes, Grasping and fingering (active or haptic touch) in healthy newborns., Neuro Endocrinol Lett. (2004) 157-168. https://wlv.openrepository.com/bitstream/2436/11146/1/Barnes C.pdf.
[60] S.C. Dusing, L.R. Thacker, N. Stergiou, J.C. Galloway, Early complexity supports development of motor behaviors in the first months of life, Dev. Psychobiol. 55 (2013) 404–414. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.21045.
[61] I.B.M. van der Fits, A.W.J. Klip, L.A. van Eykern, M. Hadders-Algra, Postural adjustments during spontaneous and goal-directed arm movements in the first half year of life, Behav. Brain Res. 106 (1999) 75–90. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-4328(99)00093-5.
[62] R.T. Harbourne, N. Stergiou, Nonlinear analysis of the development of sitting postural control, Dev. Psychobiol. 42 (2003) 368–377. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.10110.
[63] V.B. de Graaf-Peters, H. Bakker, L.A. van Eykern, B. Otten, M. Hadders-Algra, Postural adjustments and reaching in 4- and 6-month-old infants: an EMG and kinematical study, Exp. Brain Res. 181 (2007) 647–656. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-007-0964-6.