Table 1. Characteristics of participants at 18-month follow-up
Variables
|
Participants at 18-month follow-up (n=224)
|
|
Mean (SD) or %
|
N
|
Age
|
39.97 (12.54)
|
224
|
Gender (%)
|
|
|
Male
|
39.73%
|
89
|
Female
|
60.27%
|
135
|
Ethnicity
|
|
|
White British/Irish/other
|
61.88%
|
138
|
Black, Black
British/Caribbean/African/other
|
21.52%
|
48
|
Asian, Asian British/Indian/
Pakistani/Bangladeshi/ other,
Chinese
|
7.62%
|
17
|
Mixed White/Black Caribbean,
Mixed White/Black African, mixed
White/Asian, other mixed, other
ethnic groups
|
8.97%
|
20
|
Marital status
|
|
|
Single/
Separated/
divorced/
widowed
|
74.55%
|
167
|
Married/
cohabiting
|
25.45%
|
57
|
UK born
|
|
|
No
|
24.89%
|
55
|
Yes
|
75.11%
|
166
|
Housing
|
|
|
Permanent/
supported accommodation
|
96.88%
|
217
|
Unstable accommodation
|
3.13%
|
7
|
Contact with children under 16
|
|
|
No contact
|
6.25%
|
14
|
Contact with
dependent
children
|
22.32%
|
50
|
Having no children
|
71.43%
|
160
|
Educational attainment
|
|
|
No
qualification
|
15.25%
|
34
|
Other
qualification
|
50.67%
|
113
|
Degree
|
34.08%
|
76
|
Employment/education status
|
|
|
Not in employment/
education/full time
caring role
|
43.89%
|
97
|
Yes
|
56.11%
|
124
|
Loneliness score
|
22.07 (4.50)
|
224
|
Social network size
|
4.97 (2.28)
|
224
|
Number of psychiatric inpatient hospitalisations
|
|
|
Never
|
62.50%
|
140
|
Once
|
15.63%
|
35
|
2 or more
|
21.88%
|
49
|
Number of years since first contact mental health services
|
|
|
Less than 3 months
|
16.07%
|
36
|
3 months – 2 years
|
16.07%
|
36
|
2-10 years
|
33.93%
|
76
|
More than 10 years
|
33.93%
|
76
|
Current diagnosis
|
|
|
Schizophrenia or schizoaffective
disorder/bipolar affective
disorder/other psychosis
|
30.14%
|
66
|
Depression/anxiety
disorder/post-traumatic stress
disorder
|
26.94%
|
59
|
Borderline or emotionally
unstable personality
disorder/other personality
disorder
|
11.42%
|
25
|
Other diagnosis
|
31.51%
|
69
|
BPRS total score
|
43.30 (10.67)
|
223
|
QPR total score
|
51.21 (17.61)
|
224
|
Abbreviations: N = numbers of participants; M = mean; SD = standard deviation; BPRS = the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; QPR = the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery
Table 2. The comparisons of baseline variables between three loneliness groupsa
Variables
|
Loneliness groups
|
|
|
Persistent loneliness group
(Group 1)
|
Intermittent loneliness group
(Group 2)
|
Never loneliness group
(Group 3)
|
|
|
Mean (SD) or %
|
N
|
Mean (SD) or %
|
N
|
Mean (SD) or %
|
N
|
P value
|
95% CI
|
Age
|
40.90 (11.49)
|
36
|
36.54 (12.25)
|
75
|
41.95 (12.68)
|
113
|
Group 1 vs. Group 3: 0.66
Group 2 vs. Group 3: 0.004b
Group 1 vs. Group 2: 0.08
|
Group 1 (37.01, 44.79)
Group 2 (33.72, 39.36)
Group 3 (39.58, 44.31)
|
Gender
|
|
0.25
|
|
Male
|
27.78%
|
10
|
44.00%
|
33
|
40.71%
|
46
|
|
Female
|
72.22%
|
26
|
5.00%
|
42
|
59.29%
|
67
|
|
Ethnicity
|
|
0.77
|
|
White British/Irish/other
|
62.86%
|
22
|
56.00%
|
42
|
65.49%
|
74
|
|
Black, Black British/Caribbean/African/other
|
17.14%
|
6
|
25.33%
|
19
|
20.35%
|
23
|
|
Asian, Asian British/Indian/ Pakistani/Bangladeshi/ other, Chinese
|
11.43%
|
4
|
9.33%
|
7
|
5.31%
|
6
|
|
Mixed White/Black Caribbean, mixed White/Black African, mixed White/Asian, other mixed, other ethnic groups
|
8.57%
|
3
|
9.33%
|
7
|
8.85%
|
10
|
|
Marital status
|
|
<0.001
|
|
Single/Separated/divorced/widowed
|
88.89%
|
32
|
86.87%
|
65
|
61.95%
|
70
|
|
Married/Cohabiting
|
11.11%
|
4
|
13.33%
|
10
|
38.05%
|
43
|
|
UK born
|
|
0.99
|
|
No
|
25.71%
|
9
|
24.332%
|
18
|
25.00%
|
28
|
|
Yes
|
74.29%
|
26
|
75.68%
|
56
|
75.00%
|
84
|
|
Housing
|
|
0.49
|
|
Permanent/supported accommodation
|
100%
|
36
|
96.00%
|
72
|
96.46%
|
109
|
|
Unstable accommodation
|
0%
|
0
|
4.00%
|
3
|
3.54%
|
4
|
|
Contact with children under 16
|
|
0.78
|
|
No contact
|
2.78%
|
1
|
8.00%
|
6
|
6.19%
|
7
|
|
Contact with dependent children
|
27.78%
|
10
|
20.00%
|
15
|
22.12%
|
25
|
|
Having no children
|
69.44%
|
25
|
72.00%
|
54
|
71.68%
|
81
|
|
Educational attainment
|
|
0.11
|
|
No qualification
|
2.71%
|
9
|
13.33%
|
10
|
13.27%
|
15
|
|
Other qualification
|
37.14%
|
13
|
60.00%
|
45
|
48.67%
|
55
|
|
Degree
|
37.14%
|
13
|
26.67%
|
20
|
38.05%
|
43
|
|
Employment/education status
|
|
0.002
|
|
Not in employment/education/full time caring role
|
68.57%
|
24
|
46.58%
|
34
|
34.51%
|
39
|
|
Yes
|
31.43%
|
11
|
53.42%
|
39
|
65.49%
|
74
|
|
Baseline loneliness score
|
27.77 (2.13)
|
36
|
23.52 (3.76)
|
75
|
19.28 (3.15)
|
113
|
Group 1 vs. Group 3: <.001
Group 2 vs. Group 3: <.001
Group 1 vs. Group 2: <.001
|
Group 1 (27.05, 28.49)
Group 2 (22.66, 24.39)
Group 3 (18.69, 19.87)
|
Baseline social network size
|
3.19 (2.10)
|
36
|
4.73 (2.37)
|
75
|
5.69 (1.93)
|
113
|
Group 1 vs. Group 3: <.001
Group 2 vs. Group 3: 0.003
Group 1 vs. Group 2: 0.001
|
Group 1 (2.49, 3.90)
Group 2 (4.19, 5.28)
Group 3 (5.33, 6.05)
|
Numbers of psychiatric inpatient hospitalisations
|
|
0.49
|
|
Never
|
69.44%
|
25
|
64.00%
|
48
|
59.29%
|
67
|
|
Once
|
19.44%
|
7
|
13.33%
|
10
|
15.93%
|
18
|
|
More than 2 times
|
11.11%
|
4
|
22.67%
|
17
|
24.78%
|
28
|
|
Number of years since first contact mental health services
|
|
0.08
|
|
Less than 3 months
|
5.56%
|
2
|
18.67%
|
14
|
17.70%
|
20
|
|
3 months – 2 years
|
5.56%
|
2
|
22.67%
|
17
|
15.04%
|
17
|
|
2-10 years
|
41.67%
|
15
|
32.00%
|
24
|
32.74%
|
37
|
|
More than 10 years
|
47.22%
|
17
|
26.67%
|
20
|
34.51%
|
39
|
|
Current diagnosis
|
|
0.09
|
|
Psychosis or bipolar disordersc
|
19.44%
|
7
|
21.92%
|
16
|
39.09%
|
43
|
|
Depression or anxiety disordersd
|
36.11%
|
13
|
30.14%
|
22
|
21.82%
|
24
|
|
Personality disorderse
|
16.67%
|
6
|
13.70%
|
10
|
8.18%
|
9
|
|
Other diagnosis
|
27.78%
|
10
|
34.25%
|
25
|
30.91%
|
34
|
|
Baseline BPRS total score
|
51.19 (12.62)
|
36
|
44.77 (9.33)
|
75
|
39.79 (9.23)
|
112
|
Group 1 vs. Group 3: <.001
Group 2 vs. Group 3: 0.0004
Group 1 vs. Group 2: 0.003
|
Group 1 (46.93, 55.46)
Group 2 (42.63, 46.92)
Group 3 (38.06, 41.51)
|
Baseline QPR total score
|
35.06 (13.92)
|
36
|
49.59 (16.83)
|
75
|
57.43 (15.65)
|
113
|
Group 1 vs. Group 3: <.001
Group 2 vs. Group 3: 0.0013
Group 1 vs. Group 2: <.001
|
Group 1 (30.34, 39.77)
Group 2 (45.71, 53.46)
Group 3 (54.52, 60.35)
|
Abbreviations: SD = standard deviation; CI= confidence interval; N = number of participants; BPRS = the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; QPR = the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery
a. t-test and chi-square test were conducted to examine the differences in baseline characteristics between three loneliness groups
b. significant p-values are marked in bold.
c. Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder or bipolar affective disorder or other psychosis
d. Depression or Anxiety disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder
e. Borderline or emotionally unstable personality disorder or other personality disorder
Table 3. The comparison of baseline variables between three objective social isolation groupsa
Variables
|
Objective social isolation groups
|
|
|
Persistent social isolation group
(Group 1)
|
Intermittent social isolation group
(Group 2)
|
Never social isolation group
(Group 3)
|
|
|
Mean (SD) or %
|
N
|
Mean (SD) or %
|
N
|
Mean (SD) or %
|
N
|
P value
|
95% CI
|
Age
|
43.76 (10.06)
|
28
|
40.29 (11.9)
|
72
|
38.92 (13.26)
|
124
|
Group 1 vs. Group 3: 0.07
Group 2 vs. Group 3: 0.47
Group 1 vs. Group 2: 0.18
|
Group 1 (39.86, 47.66)
Group 2 (37.48, 43.10)
Group 3 (36.57, 41.28)
|
Gender
|
|
0.23
|
|
Male
|
25%
|
7
|
43.06%
|
31
|
41.13%
|
51
|
|
Female
|
75%
|
21
|
56.94%
|
41
|
58.87%
|
73
|
|
Ethnicity
|
|
0.75
|
|
White British/Irish/other
|
50%
|
14
|
59.15%
|
42
|
66.13%
|
82
|
|
Black, Black British/Caribbean/African/other
|
28.57%
|
8
|
22.54%
|
16
|
19.35%
|
24
|
|
Asian, Asian British/Indian/ Pakistani/Bangladeshi/ other, Chinese
|
7.14%
|
2
|
8.45%
|
6
|
7.26%
|
9
|
|
Mixed White/Black Caribbean, mixed White/Black African, mixed White/Asian, other mixed, other ethnic groups
|
14.29%
|
4
|
9.86%
|
7
|
7.26%
|
9
|
|
Marital status
|
|
0.06
|
|
Single/Separated/divorced/widowed
|
78.57%
|
22
|
83.33%
|
60
|
68.55%
|
85
|
|
Married/ Cohabiting
|
21.43%
|
6
|
16.67%
|
12
|
31.45%
|
39
|
|
UK born
|
|
0.02b
|
|
No
|
42.86%
|
12
|
28.17%
|
20
|
18.85%
|
23
|
|
Yes
|
57.14%
|
16
|
71.83%
|
51
|
81.25%
|
99
|
|
Housing
|
|
0.59
|
|
Permanent/supported accommodation
|
96.43%
|
27
|
98.61%
|
71
|
95.97%
|
119
|
|
Unstable accommodation
|
3.57%
|
1
|
1.39%
|
1
|
4.03%
|
5
|
|
Contact with children under 16
|
|
0.88
|
|
No contact
|
7.14%
|
2
|
5.56%
|
4
|
6.45%
|
8
|
|
Contact with dependent children
|
17.86%
|
5
|
26.39%
|
19
|
20.97%
|
26
|
|
Having no children
|
75.00%
|
21
|
68.06%
|
49
|
72.58%
|
90
|
|
Educational attainment
|
|
0.18
|
|
No qualification
|
28.57%
|
8
|
15.49%
|
11
|
12.10%
|
15
|
|
Other qualification
|
35.71%
|
10
|
47.89%
|
34
|
55.65%
|
69
|
|
Degree
|
35.71%
|
10
|
36.62%
|
26
|
32.26%
|
40
|
|
Employment/education status
|
|
0.01
|
|
Not in employment/education/full time caring role
|
67.86%
|
19
|
47.14%
|
33
|
36.59%
|
45
|
|
Yes
|
32.14%
|
9
|
52.86%
|
37
|
63.41%
|
78
|
|
Baseline loneliness score
|
26.07 (3.78)
|
28
|
22.65 (4.31)
|
72
|
20.82 (4.19)
|
124
|
Group 1 vs. Group 3: <.001
Group 2 vs. Group 3: 0.004
Group 1 vs. Group 2: 0.0004
|
Group 1 (24.61, 27.54)
Group 2 (21.64, 23.66)
Group 3 (20.08, 21.57)
|
Baseline social network size
|
1.75 (0.97)
|
28
|
3.76 (1.78)
|
72
|
6.40 (1.50)
|
124
|
Group 1 vs. Group 3: <.001
Group 2 vs. Group 3: <.001
Group 1 vs. Group 2: <.001
|
Group 1 (1.38, 2.12)
Group 2 (3.35, 4.18)
Group 3 (6.13, 6.66)
|
Numbers of psychiatric inpatient hospitalisations
|
|
0.001
|
|
Never
|
82.14%
|
23
|
45.83%
|
33
|
67.74%
|
84
|
|
Once
|
14.29%
|
4
|
16.67%
|
12
|
15.32%
|
19
|
|
More than 2 times
|
3.57%
|
1
|
37.50%
|
27
|
16.94%
|
21
|
|
Number of years since first contact mental health services
|
|
0.08
|
|
Less than 3 months
|
17.86%
|
5
|
13.89%
|
10
|
16.94%
|
21
|
|
3 months – 2 years
|
17.86%
|
5
|
13.89%
|
10
|
16.94%
|
21
|
|
2-10 years
|
32.14%
|
9
|
23.61%
|
17
|
40.32%
|
50
|
|
More than 10 years
|
32.14%
|
9
|
48.61%
|
35
|
25.81%
|
32
|
|
Current diagnosis
|
|
0.03
|
|
Psychosis or bipolar disorder c
|
14.81%
|
4
|
39.44%
|
28
|
28.10%
|
34
|
|
Depression or anxiety disordersd
|
37.04%
|
10
|
25.35%
|
18
|
25.62%
|
31
|
|
Personality disorderse
|
25.93%
|
7
|
9.86%
|
7
|
9.09%
|
11
|
|
Other diagnosis
|
22.22%
|
6
|
25.35%
|
18
|
37.19%
|
45
|
|
Baseline BPRS total score
|
49.21 (10.82)
|
28
|
44.68 (11.48)
|
71
|
41.19 (9.54)
|
124
|
Group 1 vs. Group 3: 0.0001
Group 2 vs. Group 3: 0.02
Group 1 vs. Group 2: 0.08
|
Group 1 (45.02, 53.41)
Group 2 (41.96, 47.39)
Group 3 (39.49, 42.88)
|
Baseline QPR total score
|
41.54 (15.74)
|
28
|
50.71 (17.44)
|
72
|
53.69 (17.46)
|
124
|
Group 1 vs. Group 3: 0.001
Group 2 vs. Group 3: 0.25
Group 1 vs. Group 2: 0.02
|
Group 1 (45.02, 53.41)
Group 2 (50.58, 56.79)
Group 3 (41.96, 47.39)
|
Abbreviations: SD = standard deviation; CI= confidence interval; N = number of participants; BPRS = the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; QPR = the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery
a. t-test and chi-square test were conducted to examine the differences in baseline characteristics between three objective social isolation groups
b. significant p-values are marked in bold.
c. Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder or bipolar affective disorder or other psychosis
d. Depression or Anxiety disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder
e. Borderline or emotionally unstable personality disorder or other personality disorder
Table 4. Linear regression between three loneliness groups and 18-month QPR, controlling for baseline variablesa
Variables
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 3
|
Model 4
|
Model 5
|
|
Coef.
(95% CI)
|
P- value
|
Coef.
(95% CI)
|
P-value
|
Coef.
(95% CI)
|
p-value
|
Coef.
(95% CI)
|
P-value
|
Coef.
(95% CI)
|
p-value
|
Loneliness group
|
|
Never severely lonely group
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
Intermittently
severely lonely
group
|
-9.80
(-13.59, -6.02)
|
<.001b
|
-9.69
(-13.57, -5.81)
|
<.001
|
-9.73
(-13.88, -5.59)
|
<.001
|
-8.73
(-12.85, -4.61)
|
<.001
|
-7.78
(-11.80, -3.75)
|
<.001
|
Persistently
severely lonely
group
|
-21.75
(-26.58, -16.93)
|
<.001
|
-21.46
(-26.70, -16.22)
|
<.001
|
-19.83
(-25.55, -14.12)
|
<.001
|
-16.27
(-22.16, -10.37)
|
<.001
|
-12.83
(-18.83, -6.83)
|
<.001
|
Psychosocial variable
|
Social network size
|
|
|
0.12
(-.69, .93)
|
0.77
|
0.05
(-.82, .91)
|
0.92
|
0.14
(-.72, 1.01)
|
0.75
|
0.05
(-.79, .89)
|
0.91
|
Sociodemographic variables
|
|
Age (years)
|
|
|
|
|
-0.3
(-.18, .13)
|
0.75
|
-0.06
(-.22, .10)
|
0.47
|
-.12
(-.28, .038)
|
0.14
|
Gender
(Reference - male)
|
|
|
|
|
0.03
(-3.69, 3.75)
|
0.99
|
0.81
(-2.86, 4.48)
|
0.67
|
1.24
(-2.33, 4.81)
|
0.49
|
Ethnicity
|
White British/Irish/other
|
|
|
|
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
Black, Black British/Caribbean/African/other
|
|
|
|
|
2.09
(-2.33, 6.51)
|
0.35
|
2.09
(-2.29, 6.47)
|
0.35
|
0.53
(-3.80, 4.85)
|
0.81
|
Asian, Asian British/Indian/ Pakistani/Bangladeshi/ other, Chinese
|
|
|
|
|
1.23
(-5.70, 8.17)
|
0.73
|
-0.76
(-7.65, 6.14)
|
0.83
|
-.65
(-7.34, 6.03)
|
0.85
|
Mixed White/Black Caribbean, mixed White/Black African, mixed White/Asian, other mixed, other ethnic groups
|
|
|
|
|
-3.26
(-9.57, 3.06)
|
0.31
|
-2.92
(-9.25, 3.41)
|
0.36
|
-4.28
(-10.46, 1.90)
|
0.17
|
Employment/
education status
(Reference - not in employment/ education)
|
|
|
|
|
2.69
(-1.39, 6.76)
|
0.20
|
2.62
(-1.44, 6.69)
|
0.21
|
2.18
(-1.77, 6.13)
|
0.28
|
Educational attainment
|
No qualification
|
|
|
|
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
Other qualifications
|
|
|
|
|
1.52
(-3.94, 6.98)
|
0.58
|
1.03
(-4.40, 6.46)
|
0.71
|
.91
(-4.35, 6.18)
|
0.73
|
Degree
|
|
|
|
|
1.64
(-4.21, 7.49)
|
0.58
|
1.16
(-4.63, 6.96)
|
0.69
|
1.40
(-4.21, 7.02)
|
0.62
|
Psychiatric variables
|
Number of psychiatric inpatient hospitalisations
|
Never
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
Once
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1.87
(-2.97, 6.71)
|
0.45
|
2.16
(-2.53, 6.86)
|
0.36
|
2 or more
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5.21
(.56, 9.86)
|
0.03
|
4.37
(-.17, 8.90)
|
0.059
|
Number of years since first contact with mental health services
|
Less than 3 months
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
3 months - 2 years
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-3.60
(-9.87, 2.67)
|
0.26
|
-4.48
(-10.57, 1.61)
|
0.15
|
2-10 years
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-8.06
(-13.51, -2.60)
|
0.004
|
-8.20
(-13.49, -2.91)
|
0.003
|
More than 10 years
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-3.79
(-9.51, 1.92)
|
0.19
|
-4.84
(-10.41, .72)
|
0.09
|
Baseline BPRS total score
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-.19
(-.38, .0002)
|
0.05
|
-0.13
(-.31, .06)
|
0.17
|
Baseline QPR total score
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.22
(.10, .33)
|
<.001
|
R2 adjusted
|
0.273
|
0.270
|
0.244
|
0.286
|
0.329
|
Abbreviation: CI= confidence interval; N = number of participants; BPRS = the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; QPR = the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery; R2 adjusted = adjusted- R2
a. multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted with QPR at 18-month follow-up as dependent variable and other factors as independent variables
b. significant p-values are marked in bold.
Table 5. Linear regression between objective social isolation groups and 18-month QPR, controlling for baseline variables
Variables
|
Model 1
|
Model 2
|
Model 3
|
Model 4
|
Model 5
|
|
Coef.
(95% CI)
|
P- value
|
Coef.
(95% CI)
|
P-value
|
Coef.
(95% CI)
|
p-value
|
Coef.
(95% CI)
|
P-value
|
Coef.
(95% CI)
|
p-value
|
Social isolation group
|
|
Never socially
isolated group
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
Intermittently
socially
isolated group
|
-3.53
(-7.68, .62)
|
0.10
|
-1.75
(-5.80, 2.30)
|
0.40
|
-0.64
(-4.77, 3.48)
|
0.76
|
-2.13
(-6.37, 2.12)
|
0.33
|
-2.23
(-6.32, 1.85)
|
0.28
|
Persistently socially
isolated group
|
-16.35
(-22.18, -10.53)
|
<.001b
|
-11.17
(-17.19, -5.16)
|
<.001
|
-10.63
(-4.77, 3.48)
|
0.001
|
-10.75
(-16.93, -4.57)
|
0.001
|
-9.75
(-15.71, -3.79)
|
0.001
|
Psychosocial variable
|
Loneliness score
|
|
|
|
|
-.878
(-1.33, -.43)
|
<.001
|
-0.52
(-1.01, -.04)
|
0.04
|
-0.12
(-.63, .38)
|
0.63
|
Sociodemographic variables
|
|
Age (years)
|
|
|
|
|
0.06
(-.10, .22)
|
0.45
|
0.02
(-.14, .18)
|
0.80
|
-.05
(-.22, .11)
|
0.51
|
Gender
(Reference – male)
|
|
|
|
|
-.37
(-4.22, 3.48)
|
0.85
|
0.52
(-3.29, 4.34)
|
0.79
|
1.23
(-2.46, 4.92)
|
0.51
|
Ethnicity
|
White British/Irish/other
|
|
|
|
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
Black, Black British/Caribbean/African/other
|
|
|
|
|
2.51
(-2.08, 7.09)
|
0.28
|
2.55
(-1.99, 7.09)
|
0.27
|
0.73
(-3.73, .18)
|
0.75
|
Asian, Asian British/Indian/ Pakistani/Bangladeshi/ other, Chinese
|
|
|
|
|
0.89
(-6.33, 8.11)
|
0.81
|
-1.60
(-8.81, 5.61)
|
0.66
|
-1.92
(-8.85, 5.02)
|
0.59
|
Mixed White/Black Caribbean, mixed White/Black African, mixed White/Asian, other mixed, other ethnic groups
|
|
|
|
|
-1.62
(-8.22, 4.97)
|
0.63
|
-1.55
(-8.18, 5.08)
|
0.65
|
-3.47
(-9.91, 2.98)
|
0.29
|
Employment/
education status
(Reference - not in employment/ education)
|
|
|
|
|
4.09
(-.08, 8.25)
|
0.054
|
3.86
(-.31, 8.04)
|
0.07
|
3.08
(-.95, 7.11)
|
0.13
|
Educational attainment
|
No qualification
|
|
|
|
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
Other qualifications
|
|
|
|
|
1.30
(-4.37, 6.97)
|
0.65
|
0.59
(-5.04, 6.22)
|
0.84
|
.30
(-5.12, 5.71)
|
0.91
|
Degree
|
|
|
|
|
1.89
(-4.19, 7.98)
|
0.54
|
1.26
(-4.78, 7.29)
|
0.68
|
1.36
(-4.45, 7.16)
|
0.65
|
Psychiatric variables
|
Number of psychiatric inpatient hospitalisations
|
Never
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
Once
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.06
(-3.00, 7.12)
|
0.42
|
2.31
(-2.57, 7.18)
|
0.35
|
More than 2 times
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.92
(-.13, 9.96)
|
0.056
|
4.50
(-.36, 9.35)
|
0.07
|
Number of years since first contact with mental health services
|
Less than 3 months
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Reference
|
|
Reference
|
|
3 months - 2 years
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-3.77
(-10.29, 2.75)
|
0.26
|
-4.86
(-11.14, 1.43)
|
0.13
|
2-10 years
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-9.31
(-14.97, -3.64)
|
0.001
|
-9.56
(-15.01, -4.12)
|
0.001
|
More than 10 years
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-4.56
(-10.49, 1.38)
|
0.13
|
-5.90
(-11.64, -.15)
|
0.04
|
Baseline BPRS total score
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
-0.20
(-.41, .0002)
|
0.050
|
-0.17
(-.36, .03)
|
0.10
|
Baseline QPR total score
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.26
(.14, .38)
|
<.001
|
R2 adjusted
|
0.115
|
0.188
|
0.182
|
0.227
|
0.285
|
Abbreviations: CI= confidence interval; N = number of participants; BPRS = the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; QPR = the Questionnaire about the Process of Recovery; R2 adjusted = adjusted- R2
a. multivariable linear regression analyses were conducted with QPR at 18-month follow-up as dependent variable and other factors as independent variables
b. significant p-values are marked in b