High in-hospital mortality due to COVID-19 in a community hospital in Spain: a prospective observational study

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-39421/v1

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High in-hospital mortality due to COVID-19 in a community hospital in Spain: a prospective observational study

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-39421/v1

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Background To describe the clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with COVID-19 in a community hospital in Spain

Methods Prospective, single-centre case series of the first 100 consecutive hospitalized patients with COVID-19 at a community hospital in Spain, from March 16 to April 20, 2020. Demographics, comorbidities, clinical presentation, radiologic and laboratory findings, treatment and clinical outcome were collected.

Results Of the 100 patients included in the study, the median age (IQR; range) was 75 years (20; 28–96) and 52% were men. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (63%), diabetes (22%) and cardiovascular diseases (28%). The most common symptoms were fever (80%), cough (69%), fatigue (59%) and dyspnea (52%) and 64% had respiratory insufficiency. Bilateral interstitial infiltrates (65/100, 65%) and bilateral vertical “B-kerley” lines (38/46, 82.6%) were the most common imaging manifestations in chest radiographs and lung ultrasound, respectively. All patients received supplementary oxygen, 69 (69%) received medical treatment (the most common regimen being hydroxychloroquine plus azithromycin in 66 patients) and 12% were treated with glucocorticoids. During hospitalization, 26 patients (26%) died, 10 (10%) were transferred to ICU and 64 (64%) were discharged at home. Mortality or ICU admission was more frequent in advanced age and with comorbidities.

Conclusions This case series provides clinical characteristics and outcome of consecutively hospitalized patients with COVID-19 admitted to a community hospital in Spain. The majority were old patients, with comorbidities and in-hospital mortality was high (26%).

Infectious Diseases

COVID-19

SARS virus

severe acute respiratory syndrome

coronavirus

community hospital

hospital mortality

A cluster of pneumonia of unknown origin was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. The disease named coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was caused by a novel coronavirus termed SARS-CoV-2 and was declared an international public health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO). In the WHO European Region, COVID-19 surveillance was implemented on January 2020 and nine European countries reported 47 cases, being France and Germany the countries with more confirmed cases. At that time only two cases from Spain were reported [1]. Since then, larger series of cases from different countries (China, United States and Italy) and different settings (from long-term care facilities to ICU) have been reported with some differences in demographics, comorbidities and mortality rates [2–4].

In this study, we describe the clinical features and outcome of the first 100 sequentially admitted patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 to the Hospital de Olot i comarcal de la Garrotxa (HOCG), a community hospital in Spain.

Study design

Prospective and observational study of the first patients with COVID-19 diagnosed in a community hospital in Spain.

Scope and study population

The study was performed in “La Garrotxa” a rural region that belongs to the province of Girona (Spain) and has a total population of 57,590 inhabitants with remarkable aging (20% have an age equal to or more than 65 years old). The HOCG regional hospital has 136 hospital beds (64 for acute patient care and 72 for chronic care). Under normal conditions, no Intensive Care Unit (ICU) beds are available, but exceptionally, operating room resuscitation has been enabled to attend to a maximum of 4 critical patients.

Study period

The study started on March 16, 2020 after the admission of the first case of COVID-19 in our hospital. The study will end once the pandemic is over (to be defined) but for the present analysis we included the first 100 cases.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

This study included all consecutive patients admitted to our hospital with a diagnosis of COVID-19. Only those patients who do not consent to participate in the study were excluded.

COVID-19 definition

In order to diagnose a COVID-19 case, the criteria defined by the “Spanish Ministry of Health” on March 2020 were followed. For the present study, only those cases with laboratory confirmation (PCR positive to any of the SARS-CoV-2 genes) were included.

Data collection and study variables

The following variables were collected: demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, comorbidities, clinical presentation, analytical and radiological abnormalities (chest radiography, computed tomography -CT- and/or lung ultrasound -LUS-) and treatment. The comorbidities and one-year risk of death was calculated using the PROFUND score, that includes demographic, clinical, laboratory, social and functional variables, and establishes 4 levels of risk of death: low, intermediate, high and very high [5]. LUS abnormalities were classified using a score similar to that of Soldati et al [6]. Finally, we collected information about the outcome after admission (discharge, death, or transfer to the ICU).

Statistical analysis

Categorical variables are expressed as number and percentage and quantitative variables as median and interquartile range [IQR]. The Chi-square (χ2) or the Fisher exact tests were used to compare qualitative variables, and the Student’s T test to compare quantitative variables (the Mann-Whitney U test for non-normally distributed variables). A 2-sided α of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed with the software SPSS version 20.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, Illinois, USA).

Ethical considerations

The Ethics Committee of the “Hospital Universitari Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona (Spain)” approved the study protocol and informed consent was obtained from all participating subjects.

As of April 20, 2020, there were 100 patients consecutively hospitalized with COVID-19 whose age distribution and baseline characteristics are summarized in Fig. 1 and Table 1, respectively. Most patients had advanced age with a median (range) of 75 (28–96) years old. There was a high burden of comorbidities (the most frequent being hypertension (63%), diabetes mellitus (22%) and cardiovascular diseases (28%)) and a high risk for mortality according to the PROFUND score. In contrast, few patients were active smokers or had chronic respiratory diseases and only one patient had HIV infection. Table 2 shows clinical, radiological and laboratory findings. The most frequent symptoms were fever (80%), cough (69%), fatigue (59%) and dyspnea (52%) but other symptoms such as anorexia (36%) or diarrhea (21%) were not uncommon. The most common findings on chest radiographs were bilateral interstitial infiltrates (65%) and no radiographic abnormality was found in 11 patients (11%). Only two chest CT were performed showing pulmonary thromboembolism in both cases. Lung ultrasound (LUS) was performed in 46 patients and only 3 patients (6.5%) had no abnormalities. The most frequent LUS abnormalities were bilateral vertical “B-kerley” lines in 38 patients (82.6%). Treatment during hospital admission is shown in Table 3. All patients received oxygen and one third required high concentrations. One third of patients received only symptomatic treatment and 69% received medical treatment, the most frequent being the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin (66 cases). No medication-related adverse event was observed.

Table 1

Demographics and baseline characteristics of 100 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the HOCG
	Total	Alive and discharged	Death or ICU	p value
Number of patients	100	64	36	-
Age (years)	75 [20]; 28–96	73 [27]; 28–96	79 [19]; 46–93	0.003
< 50 years 50–69 years 70–79 years 80–89 years ≥ 90 years	9 (9%) 30 (30%) 23 (23%) 31 (31%) 7 (7%)	8 (13%) 21 (33%) 15 (23%) 17 (27%) 3 (5%)	1 (3%) 9 (25%) 8 (22%) 14 (39%) 4 (11%)	0.02
Male gender	52 (52%)	31 (48%)	21 (58%)	0.41
Place of residence on admission
Home Long-term care facility	83 (83%) 17 (17%)	54 (84%) 10 (16%)	29 (81%) 7 (19%)	0.56
Medical history
Smoking history Never smoked Former smoker Active smoker	80 (80%) 16 (16%) 4 (4%)	52 (81%) 8 (13%) 4 (6%)	28 (78%) 8 (22%) 0 (0%)	0.17
Hypertension	63 (63%)	38 (59%)	25 (69%)	0.32
Diabetes mellitus	22 (22%)	10 (16%)	12 (33%)	0.04
Obesity	16 (16%)	12 (19%)	4 (11%)	0.32
Cardiovascular disease	28 (28%)	13 (20%)	15 (42%)	0.02
Chronic respiratory disease^a	12 (12%)	4 (6%)	8 (22%)	0.02
Chronic kidney disease	15 (15%)	7 (11%)	8 (22%)	0.13
Cirrhosis	2 (2%)	1 (2%)	1 (3%)	0.68
Malignancy	14 (14%)	7 (11%)	7 (19%)	0.50
HIV infection	1 (1%)	1 (2%)	0 (0%)	0.45
Dementia	11 (11%)	6 (10%)	5 (14%)	0.49
PROFUND score^b 0–2 3–6 7–10 11–30	56 (56%) 22 (22%) 9 (9%) 13 (13%)	43 (67%) 11 (17%) 4 (6%) 6 (10%)	13 (36%) 11 (31%) 5 (14%) 7 (19%)	0.03
Treatment before admission
ACEI	30 (30%)	21 (33%)	9 (25%)	0.41
ARB	8 (8%)	6 (9%)	2 (6%)	0.50
Immunosuppressive drugs	3 (3%)	2 (3%)	1 (3%)	0.92
Corticosteroids	6 (6%)	4 (6%)	2 (6%)	0.88
Anticoagulants	28 (28%)	12 (19%)	16 (44%)	0.006
Quantitative variables are expressed as median [interquartile range]; range. Qualitative variables are expressed as number and percentage. ^aIncluding COPD and asthma. ^bPROFUND score predicts one-year mortality for a patient based on demographic, clinical, laboratory, social and functional variables, scores between 0 and 30 points and establishes 4 levels of risk of death: low (0–2 points), intermediate (3–6 points), high (7–10 points) and very high (11–30 points). Abbreviations: HOCG: Hospital d'Olot i Comarcal de la Garrotxa; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ACEI: Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors; ARB: Angiotensin II receptor blockers

Table 2

Clinical characteristics, radiological and laboratory findings among 100 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the HOCG
	Total	Alive	Death or ICU	p value
Number of patients	100	64	36	-
Signs and symptoms on admission
Asymptomatic	4 (4%)	4 (6%)	0 (0%)	0.13
Cough	69 (69%)	44 (72%)	23 (64%)	0.41
Fever	80 (80%)	50 (78%)	30 (83%)	0.67
Dyspnea	52 (52%)	29 (45%)	23 (64%)	0.07
Fatigue	59 (59%)	38 (59%)	21 (58%)	0.92
Anorexia	36 (36%)	26 (41%)	10 (28%)	0.20
Diarrhea	21 (21%)	14 (22%)	7 (19%)	0.78
Headache	8 (8%)	7 (11%)	1 (3%)	0.15
Alterations in Smell or Taste	3 (3%)	3 (5%)	0 (0%)	0.19
Respiratory insufficiency	64 (64%)	30 (47%)	34 (94%)	< 0.001
Chest radiograph on admission
Normal	11 (11%)	10 (16%)	1 (3%)	0.04
Bilateral interstitial infiltrates	65 (65%)	39 (61%)	26 (72%)	0.59
Alveolar unilateral infiltrate	12 (12%)	8 (12%)	4 (11%)
Other findings	12 (12%)	7 (11%)	5 (14%)
Pleural effusion	4 (4%)	3 (5%)	1 (3%)	0.64
Thromboembolic disease^a	3 (3%)	1 (2%)	2 (6%)	0.27
Lung ultrasound (N = 46)
Score 0	3 (6.5%)	3 (9%)	0 (0%)	0.52
Score 1	38 (82.6%)	27 (79%)	11 (92%)
Score 2	5 (10.9%)	4 (12%)	1 (8%)
Score 3	0 (0%)	-	-
Laboratory findings on admission
Hemoglobin (g/dl)	13 [2]	13 [2]	13 [3]	0.52
White-cell count (per mm³)	7625 [4430]	6870 [3640]	9090 [6650]	0.05
Lymphocyte count (per mm³)	850 [610]	1000 [560]	815 [715]	0.24
Platelet count (per mm³)	209,000 [111,250]	215,500 [106,750]	191,000 [121,500]	0.27
D-Dimer (ng/ml)	1138 [1184]	1186 [1027]	1035 [1664]	0.64
Creatinine (mg/dl)	0.9 [0,6]	0.8 [0.4]	1.1 [0.6]	0.001
C-reactive protein (mg/dl)	9.4 [12.5]	7.5 [9.9]	15.8 [20.9]	0.004
Procalcitonin (ng/ml)	0.1 [0.3]	0.08 [0.2]	0.36 [0.8]	< 0.001
Creatine kinase (U/L)	86 [160]	68 [67]	179 [394]	0.03
Aspartate aminotransferase (U/L)	38 [25]	33 [24]	46 [67]	0.003
Lactate dehydrogenase (U/L)	402 [264]	366 [196]	526 [306]	< 0.001
Quantitative variables are expressed as median [interquartile range]. Qualitative variables are expressed as number and percentage. ^aTwo pulmonary thromboembolism and one low extremity deep vein thrombosis. Lung ultrasound Scores: Score 0: normal findings. Score 1: The pleura line is continuous and bilateral vertical “B Kerley” lines are visible; Score 2: The pleura line is not continuous and appears thick and irregular; Score 3: Consolidated areas are visible. Abbreviations: HOCG: Hospital d'Olot i Comarcal de la Garrotxa; ICU: intensive care unit.

Table 3

Prescribed treatment to 100 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the HOCG
	Total	Alive	Death or ICU	p value
Number of patients	100	64	36	-
Oxygen therapy FiO2
FiO2 on admission 21% 30% 40% 50% 100%	54 (54%) 29 (29%) 7 (7%) 4 (4%) 6 (6%)	42 (66%) 14 (22%) 6 (9%) 1 (2%) 1 (2%)	12 (33%) 15 (42%) 1 (3%) 3 (8%) 5 (14%)	0.001
Highest FiO2 during admission 21% 30% 40% 50% 100% High flow oxygen	32 (32%) 26 (27%) 10 (10%) 5 (5%) 21 (21%) 4 (4%)	28 (44%) 20 (31%) 8 (12%) 2 (3%) 4 (6%) 2 (3%)	4 (12%) 6 (18%) 2 (6%) 3 (9%) 17 (50%) 2 (6%)	< 0.001
Prone positioning	5 (5%)	0 (0%)	5 (14%)	0.002
Medical treatment
Only symptomatic	31 (31%)	18 (28%)	13 (36%)	0.41
Medication^a	69 (69%)	46 (72%)	23 (64%)	0.41
Azithromycin HCQ + azithromycin HCQ + azithromycin + Lopinavir/r	2 (3%) 66 (96%) 1 (1%)	0 (0%) 46 (100%) 0 (0%)	2 (9%) 20 (87%) 1 (4%)	0.04
Days from the onset of symptoms to start of treatment	9 [4]	9 [4]	7 [7]	0.08
Intravenous antibiotics	26 (26%)	13 (20%)	13 (36%)	0.08
Glucocorticoids	12 (12%)	6 (9%)	6 (17%)	0.28
Quantitative variables are expressed as median [interquartile range]. Qualitative variables are expressed as number and percentage. ^aDose regimen: Azithromycin 500 mg QD for one day followed by 250 mg QD for four days; HQC 400 mg BID for one day followed by 200 mg BID for four days. Abbreviations: FiO2: Fraction of inspired oxygen; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; Lopinavir/r: lopinavir/ritonavir; QD: once a day; BID: two times a day.

During hospitalization, 26 patients (26%) died and 10 (10%) were transferred to the ICU. The outcome in the UCI was as follows: 3 patients died, 4 were discharged at home and 4 remain admitted. After a median length of stay of 7 days, the remaining 64 patients (64%) were discharged at home with no readmissions during the study period. Patients with more advanced age, with more comorbidities (diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and respiratory chronic diseases) and a higher PROFUND score at baseline, presenting with respiratory insufficiency or radiographic abnormalities or more prominent laboratory abnormalities, and those requiring higher oxygen concentrations, had more severe disease (including death or ICU admission).

To our knowledge, this study represents the first case series of sequentially hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 from a community hospital and also from Spain.

In comparison with other series of hospitalized patients, our study includes and represents older patients, with a median age of 75 years and more than a third over 80 years old. Series from China, United States and Italy included younger patients ranging from 47 to 55 in China [2] and from 61 to 64 in United States and Italy [7–11].

Similar to these previous series, our patients had many comorbidities (specially arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases) and a low proportion of smokers, chronic respiratory diseases or HIV infection [2, 7–11]. The clinical and laboratory presentation were also similar to the already described, and, unlike other centres, we performed few chest CT scans (in part, to avoid transferring patients outside the isolation area) and more LUS. In our opinion, LUS can be very useful in characterizing lung involvement of COVID-19 even when chest radiograph is normal [6].

Finally, we found a high in-hospital mortality rate (26%). This is clearly higher than those reported at the start of the pandemic in China (1.4–11%) [2] and the first communications from the United States (10–21% in New York and 15.6% in California) [8–9]. The old population and high comorbidity of our patients may explain, in part, this high mortality. We believe that mortality could have been even higher if more patients had been admitted from long-term care facilities (17% in the present study) were mortality rates are even higher [3].

Apart from age and comorbidities we have found other variables associated with more severe disease: respiratory insufficiency or radiographic abnormalities at presentation, more prominent laboratory abnormalities, and requiring higher oxygen concentrations. We have also found that those patients treated with hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin had a better prognosis, but this finding should be interpreted with caution. Treatment assignation was not randomized, and it was prescribed according to regional protocols and at treating physician discretion and after consent of the patient.

The main strength of this study is that it is prospective (including all consecutively hospitalized patients) and that it offers unpublished information so far, including older patients, from a community (non-university) hospital and from Spain. The main limitation of this study is that the data only represent a single centre in a rural region of Spain, so the findings cannot be generalized. More studies from Spain and other European countries are necessary to verify the clinical characteristics, in-hospital mortality rates and prognostic factors of COVID-19.

In this case series of patients with laboratory confirmed COVID-19 admitted to a community hospital in Spain, the majority were old patients with comorbidities and in-hospital mortality was high (26%).

COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; CT: computed tomography; HOCG: Hospital de Olot i comarcal de la Garrotxa; ICU: Intensive Care Unit; IQR: interquartile range; LUS: lung ultrasound; WHO: World Health Organization

Ethics approval:

the Ethics Committee of the “Hospital Universitari Dr. Josep Trueta, Girona (Spain)” approved the study protocol.

Consent to participate

informed consent was obtained from all participating subjects

Availability of data and material:

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article. In addition, the datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Conflicts of interest:

the authors report no conflict of interest

Funding:

no funding was received

Authors' contributions:

all authors made substantial contributions to this work: 1.- Conception and design of the study: all authors; 2.- Acquisition of data: JCT, ER, CW, AS and GB; 3.- Statistical analysis: JCT; 4.- Analysis and interpretation of data: all authors; 5.- Article draft: JCT; 6.- Article revising and final approval: all authors.

Acknowledgments:

we thank Mercè Espejo and Montse Invernó for their administrative support and also Dr. Jose Mª Miró for his always wise advice.

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You are reading this latest preprint version

High in-hospital mortality due to COVID-19 in a community hospital in Spain: a prospective observational study

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Background

Methods

Study design

Scope and study population

Study period

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

COVID-19 definition

Data collection and study variables

Statistical analysis

Ethical considerations

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

Abbreviations

Declarations

Ethics approval:

Funding:

Authors' contributions:

Acknowledgments:

References

Status:

Version 1