Oxygen concentrators are medical devices that extract air form the room, separate the oxygen from other gases present, and deliver oxygen to the patient. It is efficient and reliable, providing a oxygen for many individuals. Oxygen concentrators can provide a continuous supply of oxygen without the need for refills or replacement tanks, making them convenient for long term use. Oxygen tanks, which require storage space and regular replacement, eliminate the need for the storage and handling of compressed oxygen gas. These systems require minimum maintenance compared to oxygen delivery systems, regular cleaning and filter replacement.
[1]Lithium-based 13Xzeolite and sodium-based13Xzeolite are utilized in various sizes to create oxygen. The oxygen purity, flow rate, and pressure were confirmed analytically and quantitatively. [2] This study used an oxygen concentrator to meet patients' oxygen therapy needs by determining the appropriate timing of gate valve opening/closing. [3] Nanotechnology enables efficient synthesis of oxygen through oxygen concentrators. Np’s, which are typically under 100 nm in size, have a high surface area-to-volume ratio, making them effective oxygen adsorbents. [4] Nanozeolites replaced molecular zeolites in oxygen concentrators to improve oxygen delivery efficiency. [5] This article examined green-resilient-responsive elements, including economic, environmental, and resilience aspects, to construct an oxygen concentrator supply chain network.[6] This work investigated a medical oxygen concentrator device using rapid pressure swing adsorption for continuous oxygen supply. LiLSX zeolite was utilized to separate oxygen from compressed ambient air. The device's performance was also evaluated utilizing a medium-sized air compressor on its own. An oxygen product purity of 90% was produced. [7] This paper discusses the synthesis of zeolite from waste materials for the medical field of oxygen concentrators.This study evaluated low-cost waste materials, including aluminum and silicon, for the manufacture of zeolitesX (NaX) used in medical oxygen concentrator design. [8] This research demonstrated that using silica gel in oxygen concentrators results in greater purity. [9] This paper examined thermodynamic models for optimizing PSA oxygen generator mass, energy, momentum, and adsorption equilibrium. The LDF equation mathematical model was evaluated. [10] This study demonstrated that integrating oxygen concentrators with an IoT system enables monitoring between device users. [11] This research demonstrated the use of CPAP machines for non-invasive lung ventilation with full-face masks.A portable pressure chamber and oxygen concentrator were used and evaluated. [12] Comparison and analysis of portable oxygen concentrators and inspired oxygen levels using a COPD patient simulation model. [13] This work presents a mathematical model of the rapid-cycle PSA process that was investigated. An optimal performance with high oxygen productivity is attained. [14] An innovative technique for remotely controlling the flow rate is proposed. Patient control and safety were improved. [15] This research suggests the use of pressure swing absorption technology to identify probable risks and breakdowns in medical oxygen delivery systems, combining the strengths of HAZOP and intuitive fuzzy logic. [16] A portable oxygen concentrator with continuous and pulse-flow oxygen was used for analysis.The volume-averaged FIO2 recorded at the trachea was also examined. [17] This work proposes quantifying the efficiency and purity of pressure swing adsorption in producing oxygen vs alternative approaches. [18] A study was conducted on an intelligent system that automatically adjusts oxygen delivery based on patient needs and respiratory conditions. [19] Respiratory support treatment involves the use of a bubble-like mask to provide mild positive pressure to the airway, resulting in improved lung expansion and oxygenation. [20] Increased oxygenation, reduced hospital re admissions, and increased patient satisfaction were reported. [21] A novel approach for affordable respiratory support using a blower-powered mechanical ventilation system was examined. [22] A study employed natural zeolites as an alternative to synthetic adsorbents to assess the efficiency and purity of oxygen generation from air using PVSA technology. [23] In term of the flow rates and oxygen concentration capabilities of oxygen concentrators, ventilator capabilities, and three-way connector types were examined. [24] The quadrupolar interaction of zeolite with nitrogen molecules allows for pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technology in portable medical oxygen concentrators. [25] To evaluate the possibility of an electrochemical oxygen pump using a solid polymer electrolyte.(SPE) is a potential device for efficient and portable oxygen synthesis, as stated. [26] This study provides crucial evidence for enhancing health systems in low- and middle-income nations experiencing oxygen shortages. A probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling survey was performed on 450 health facilities across 21 Indian states.[27] Oxygen concentrators (OCs) may be a viable alternative to traditional oxygen cylinders for improving access to oxygen in poor and middle-income countries. [28] Although portable oxygen concentrators (POCs) are effective under many conditions, there are questions about their efficacy during sleep (shallow breathing) and exercise (rapid respiration rates).[29] This study compared the effects of two zeolite adsorbents, 13Xzeolite and a combination of 13X and Bayah zeolite (13X + ZAB), on the quality of oxygen produced using Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA). [30] Designing and optimizing adaptable single-bed MOC systems with simulation-based optimization for PSA and PVSA technologies. [31] Developing portable oxygen concentrator’s for individuals with respiratory problems that are practical and efficient.The usage of a simplified PVSA cycle and nano sized zeolite adsorbent was explored.[32] This research aims to enhance the performance of tiny adsorption-type oxygen concentrator’s using two zeolites. Develop and validate an analytical method for gas flow and temperature distribution in columns ranging from 15 to 30 cm in length was developed and validated.[33] This article explores the design of a portable medical device oxygen concentrator employing pressure swing adsorption (PSA) technology. Using LiXzeolite in the PSA system provides a viable solution for efficient oxygen production in a compact and portable architecture. [34] This research aims to promote the use of portable and hospital oxygen concentrator’s that use Na-Xzeolites to deliver continuous oxygen flow to patients with respiratory demands. [35] The PSA equipment and procedures should be optimized to increase the efficiency and use zeolite to maximize oxygen production capability. [36] Study the impact of zeolite size, mass, and type on oxygen purity in an oxygen concentrator using the Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) method.Analyze and analyze data to identify optimal settings for maximizing oxygen purity. [37] The goal is to develop and analyzed 3D printed zeolite monoliths as an acceptable replacement for topelletized zeolite in oxygen concentrator’s in low-resource environments. [38] Assess the feasibility of employing waste materials, specifically coal fly ash, for low-cost, sustainable zeoliteX (NaX) synthesis in African countries. The goal is to enable the development of affordable and accessible oxygen concentrators for practical application. [39] Evaluate the possibility of nano zeolites as a replacement for conventional molecules.Zeolites can improve oxygen yield and efficiency in oxygen concentrators, leading to better patient care and access to medical-grade oxygen. [40] Investigate the use of silica gel as an alternate filtration medium in portable oxygen concentrators to increase oxygen purity compared to regular synthetic zeolite. [41] Examine the effectiveness of the Excavation process in enhancing oxygen concentrator performance versus the commonly used pressure swing adsorption technology. [42] This research attempts to find the ideal flow rate for maximizing oxygen purity for both Zeolite13X and a combination of Zeolite13X and Zeolite Alam Bayah adsorbents.
The component of air is shown in Fig. 1.The Earth's atmosphere is made up of a gas mixture known as air. Nitrogen comprises 78% of this gas, and includes oxygen (21%), water vapor (variable), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%), and trace gases. Air pressure refers to the force that air exerts on objects. All the air in the atmosphere presses on the ground due to its magnetic attraction force.
A pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) oxygen concentrator is a device that increases the oxygen concentration in the surrounding air by selectively adsorbing nitrogen molecules using zeolite, a particular material that has a strong affinity for nitrogen. A summary of the schematics and descriptions is shown in Fig. 2.
1.1 Compressed air
The system first draws in ambient air, which is compressed by a pump.This raises the pressure of all the gas components in the air, including oxygen and nitrogen.
1.2 Zeolite beds
Compressed air moves through two compartments containing zeolite.Zeolite serves as a molecular sieve, selectively adsorbing gas molecules based on size and affinity.Zeolite has a high affinity for nitrogen molecules, trapping them on its surface.
1.3 Pressure swing
The "swing" portion involves reducing pressure in one of the zeolite beds.This allows previously adsorbed nitrogen molecules to desorb (re-release) from the zeolite, while oxygen molecules, which are not strongly attracted to the zeolite, remain unaffected.
1.4 Enriched oxygen
The remaining gas exiting this initial chamber is now much more oxygen than ambient air.After that, the enriched oxygen was collected and provided to the patient.
1.5 Regeneration
While one zeolite bed releases nitrogen, the other is still under high pressure, adsorbing nitrogen from the entering compressed air.This cycle of adsorption and desorption rotates between the two beds indefinitely, guaranteeing a steady supply of enriched oxygen.