Alam, K., Khan, R., Blaschke, T. & Mukhtiar, A.: Variability of aerosol optical depth and their impact on cloud properties in Pakistan, J. Atmos. Solar-Terrestrial Phys., 107, 104–112, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2013.11.012, 2014.
Ali, M., Tariq, S., Mahmood, K., Daud, A., Batool, A., & ul-Haq, Z.: A study of aerosol properties over Lahore (Pakistan) by using AERONET data, Asia-Pacific J. Atmos. Sci., 50, 153–162, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-014-0004-y, 2014.
ÅngstrÖm, A.: Techniques of Determining the Turbidity of the Atmosphere, Tellus, 13, 214–223, https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusa.v13i2.9493, 1961.
Bergstrom, R.W., Russell, P.B., & Hignett, P.: Wavelength dependence of the absorption of black carbon particles: predictions and results from the tarfox experiment and implications for the aerosol single scattering albedo., J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 567–577, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059{\textless}0567:WDOTAO{\textgreater}2.0.CO;2, 2002.
Bibi, S., Alam, K., Chishtie, F., & Bibi, H.: Characterization of absorbing aerosol types using ground and satellite-based observations over an urban environment, Atmos. Environ., 150, 126–135, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.11.052, 2017.
Bilal, M., Ali, MD. A., Nichol, J. E., Bleiweiss, M. P., & de Leeuw, G.: AEROsol generic classification using a novel Satellite remote sensing Approach (AEROSA), Front. Environ. Sci., https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.981522., 2022.
Bilal, M., Nichol, J.E., & Nazeer, M.: Validation of Aqua-MODIS C051 and C006 Operational Aerosol Products Using AERONET Measurements over Pakistan, IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens., 9, 2074–2080, https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2015.2481460, 2016.
Bohren, C., & Huffman, D.: Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles., in Wiley Science Series, 2008.
Bond, T. C., & Bergstrom, R. W.: Light Absorption by Carbonaceous Particles: An Investigative Review, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40, 27–67, https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820500421521, 2007.
Burton, S. P., Hair, J. W., Kahnert, M., Ferrare, R. A., Hostetler, C. A., Cook, A. L., Harper, D. B., Berkoff, T. A., Seaman, S. T., Collins, J. E., Fenn, M. A., & Rogers, R. R.: Observations of the spectral dependence of linear particle depolarization ratio of aerosols using NASA Langley airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 13453–13473, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-13453-2015., 2015.
Burton, S.P., Ferrare, R.A., Hostetler, C.A., Hair, J.W., Rogers, R.R., Obland, M. D. and Butler, C.F., Cook, A.L., Harper, D.B., & Froyd, K. D.: Aerosol classification using airborne high spectral resolution lidar measurements – methodology and examples, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 73–98, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-5-73-2012, 2012.
Chin, M.: Atmospheric Aerosol Properties and Climate Impacts, 2009.
Derimian, Y., Karnieli, A., Kaufman, Y.J., Andreae, M.O., Andreae, T.W., Dubovik, O. Maenhaut, W., & Koren, I.: The role of iron and black carbon in aerosol light absorption., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3623–3637, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-3623-2008, 2008.
Dubovik, O., Sinyuk, A., Lapyonok, T., Holben, B. N., Mishchenko, M., Yang, P., Eck, T.F., Volten, H., Munoz, O., Veihelmann, B., van der Zande, W. J., Leon, J.F., Sorokin, M., & Slutsker, I.: Application of spheroid models to account for aerosol particle nonsphericity in remote sensing of desert dust, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 111, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006619., 2006.
Dubovik, O., Smirnov, A., Holben, B. N., King, M.D., Kaufman, Y.J., Eck, T.F., & Slutsker, I.: Accuracy assessments of aerosol optical properties retrieved from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) sun and sky radiance measurements, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 105, 9791–9806, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900040, 2000.
Dubovik, O., Holben, B., Eck, T. F., Smirnov, A., Kaufman, Y. J., King, M. D., Tanré, D., and Slutsker, I.: Variability of absorption and optical properties of key aerosol types observed in worldwide locations, J. Atmos. Sci., 59, 590–608, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059%3C0590%3AVOAAOP%3E2.0.C, 2002.
Eck, T. F., Holben, B. N., Reid, J. S., Dubovik, O., Smirnov, A., O’Neill, N. T., Slutsker, I., & Kinne, S.: Wavelength dependence of the optical depth of biomass burning, urban, and desert dust aerosols, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 104, 30853–31809, https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900923, 1999.
Gharibzadeh, M., Alam, K., Abedini, Y., Bidokhti, A. A., Masoumi, A.: Monthly and seasonal variations of aerosol optical properties and direct radiative forcing over Zanjan, Iran, J. Atmos. Solar-Terrestrial Phys., 164, 268–275, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2017.09.006, 2017.
Giles, D. M., Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Sinyuk, A., Smirnov, A., Slutsker, I., Dickerson, R. R., Thompson, A. M., & Schafer, J. S.: An analysis of AERONETaerosol absorption properties and classifications representative of aerosol source regions., J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 117, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JD018127., 2012.
Giles, D.M., Sinyuk, A., Sorokin, M.G., Schafer, J.S., Smirnov, A., Slutsker, I., Eck, T.F., Holben, B.N., Lewis, J.R., Campbell, J.R., Welton, E.J., Korkin, S.V., & Lyapustin, A. I.: Advancements in the aerosol robotic network (aeronet) version 3 database – automated near-real-time quality control algorithm with improved cloud screening for sun photometer aerosol optical depth (AOD) measurements., Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 169–209, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-169-2019, 2019.
Goudie, A. S., and Middleton, N. J.: Desert dust in the global system, Springer Science & Business Media, New York, 288 pp., 2006.
Groß, S., Tesche, M., Freudenthaler, V., Toledano, C., Wiegner, M., Ansmann, A., Althausen, D., & Seefeldner, M.: Characterization of Saharan dust, marine aerosols and mixtures of biomass-burning aerosols and dust by means of multiwavelength depolarization and Raman lidar measurements during samum 2, Tellus, Ser. B, 63, 706–724, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0889.2011.00556.x, 2011.
Gupta, P., Khan, M. N., da Silva, A., & Patadia, F.: MODIS aerosol optical depth observations over urban areas in Pakistan: quantity and quality of the data for air quality monitoring, Atmos. Pollut. Res., 4, 43–52, https://doi.org/10.5094/APR.2013.005, 2013.
Han, S., Bian, H., Zhang, Y., Wu, J., Wang, Y., Tie, X., Li, Y., Li, X., & Yao, Q.: Effect of Aerosols on Visibility and Radiation in Spring 2009 in Tianjin, China, Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 12, 211–217, https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.2011.05.0073, 2012.
Holben, B. N., Eck, T. F., Slutsker, I., Tanré, D., Buis, J., Setzer, A., Vermote, E., Reagan, J., Kaufman, Y. J., & Nakajima, T.: AERONET – A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization, Remote Sens. Environ., 66, 1–16, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(98)00031-5, 1998.
Karim, I., & Rappenglück, B.: Impact of COVID-19 lockdown regulations on PM2.5 and trace gases (NO2, SO2, CH4, HCHO, C2H2O2 and O3) over Lahore, Pakistan, Atmos. Environ., 303, 11974, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119746, 2023.
Khademi, F., & Bayat, A.: Classification of aerosol types using AERONET version 3 data over Kuwait City, Atmos. Environ., 265, 118716, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118716, 2021.
Khan, K., R., Kumar, K. R., & Zhao, T.: The climatology of aerosol optical thickness and radiative effects in Southeast Asia from 18-years of ground-based observations, Environ. Pollut., 254, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113025, 2019.
Khan, R., Kumar, K.R., Zhao, T., & Ali, G.: The contribution of different aerosol types to direct radiative forcing over distinct environments of Pakistan inferred from the AERONET data, Environ. Res. Lett., 15, 2020.
Khokhar, M.F., Yasmin, N., Chishtie, F., & Shahid, I.: Temporal variability and characterization of aerosols across the Pakistan region during the winter fog periods, Atmosphere (Basel)., 7, https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos7050067, 2016.
Kumar, K. R., Kang, N., Sivakumar, V., & Griffith, D.: Temporal characteristics of columnar aerosol optical properties and radiative forcing (2011–2015) measured at AERONET’s Pretoria_CSIR_DPSS site in South Africa, Atmos. Environ., 165, 274–289, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2017.06.048, 2017.
Lee, J., Kim, J., Song, C., Kim, S., Chun, Y., Sohn, B., Holben, B. N.: Characteristics of aerosol types from AERONET sunphotometer measurements, Atmos. Environ., 44, 3110–3117, https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.05.035, 2010.
Logothetis, S.A., Salamalikis, V., & Kazantzidis, A.: Aerosol classification in Europe, Middle East, North Africa, and Arabian peninsula based on AERONET version 3, Atmos. Res., 239, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2020.104893, 2020.
Murayama, T., Müller, D., Wada, K., Shimizu, A., Sekiguchi, M., & Tsukamoto, T.: Characterization of Asian Dust and Siberian Smoke with Multi-Wavelength Raman Lidar over Tokyo, japan in Spring 2003., Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021105., 2004.
Noh, Y.M., Shin, S.K., Lee, K., Müller, D., & Kim, K.: Utilization of the depolarization ratio derived by AERONET sun/sky radiometer data for type confirmation of a mixed aerosol plume over east Asia, Int. J. Remote Sens., 37, 2180–2197, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2016.1176274., 2016.
Patel, N. R., & A.: Oxidative potential of ambient aerosols: an Indian perspective, Curr. Sci., 112, 35–39, 2017.
Satheesh, S. K., & Moorthy, K. K.: Radiative effects of natural aerosols: A review, Atmos. Environ., 39, 2089–2110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.12.029, 2005.
Schuster, G. L., Dubovik, O., & Holben, B. N.: Angstrom exponent and bimodal aerosol size distributions., J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 111, 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1029/ 2005JD006328, 2006.
Seinfeld, J. H., Bretherton, C., Carslaw, K. S., Coe, H., DeMott, P. J., Dunlea, E.J., Feingold, G., Ghan, S., Guenther, A. B., Kraucunas, I., Kreidenweis, S. M., Molina, M. J., Nenes, A., Penner J. E., Kimberly, A., & Wood, R.: Improving our fundamental understanding of the role of aerosol−cloud interactions in the climate system, EARTH, Atmos. Planet. Sci., 113, 5781–5790, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1514043113, 2016.
Shimizu, A., Sugimoto, N., Matsui, I., Arao, K., Uno, I., Murayama, T., Kagawa, N. Aoki, K., Uchiyama, A., & Yamazaki, A.: Continuous observations of Asian dust and other aerosols by polarization lidars in China and Japan during Ace-Asia., J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 109, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD003253, 2016.
Shin, S.K., Müller, D., Lee, C., Lee, K.H., Shin, D., Kim, Y.J., & Noh, Y. M.: Vertical variation of optical properties of mixed Asian dust/pollution plumes according to the pathway of air mass transport over east Asia, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 15, 6707–6720, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6707-2015, 2015.
Shin, S.K., Tesche, M., Kim, K., Kezoudi, M., Tatarov, B., Müller, D., & Noh, Y.: On the spectral depolarization and lidar ratio of mineral dust provided in the AERONT version 3 inversion product, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 18, 12735–12746, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-12735-2018, 2018.
Shin, S.K., Tesche, M., Noh, Y., & Müller, D.: Aerosol-type classification based on AERONET version 3 inversion products, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 12, 3789–3803, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3789-2019, 2019.
Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., G. K. Plattner, G.K. T., Allen, M., Boschung, S.K., Nauels, J., Xia, A., Bex, Y., & Midgley, P. M. V.: IPCC, 2013: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, 1535, 2013.
Stocker, T.F., Qin, D., Plattner, G. K. T., Allen, M., Boschung, S. K., Nauels, J., Xia, A., Bex, Y., & Midgley, P. M. V.: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of IPCC the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 1535 pp., https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324, 2014.
Tariq, S., & ul-Haq, Z.: Ground-Based Remote Sensing of Aerosol Properties over a Coastal Megacity of Pakistan, Adv. Meteorol., https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3582191, 2018.
Tariq, S., Qayyum, F., ul-Haq, Z., & Mehmood, U.: Remote sensing of nighttime air quality over the megacity of Lahore, Pakistan, Urban Clim., 49, 101498, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101498, 2023.
Tariq, S., ul-Haq, Z., & Ali, M.: Satellite and Ground-Based Remote Sensing of Aerosols during Intense Haze Event of October 2013 over Lahore, Pakistan, Asia-Pacific J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 25–33, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13143-015-0084-3, 2016.
Tesche, M., Ansmann, A., Müller, D., Althausen, D., Engelmann, R., Freudenthaler, V., & Groß, S.: Vertically resolved separation of dust and smoke over Cape Verde using multiwavelength Raman and polarization lidars during Saharan mineral dust experiment 2008, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 114, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD011862, 2009.
Twomey, S.: Pollution and the planetary albedo, Atmos. Environ., 8, 1251–1256, https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(74)90004-3, 1974.
Volten, H., Munoz, ˜ O., Rol, E., de Haan, J.F., Vassen, W., Hovenier, J.W., Muinonen, K., & Nousiainen, T.: Scattering matrices of mineral aerosol particles at 441.6 nm and 632.8 nm., J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 17375–1740, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900068, 2001.
Yu, X., Kumar, K.R., Lü, R., & Ma, J.: Changes in column aerosol optical properties during extreme haze-fog episodes in January 2013 over urban Beijing., Environ. Pollut., 210, 217–226, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.021, 2016.
Yu, X., Zhu, B., & Zhang, B.: Seasonal variability of aerosol optical properties over Beijing, Atmos. Environ., 43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.03.061, 2009.
Zhang, M., Su, B., Bilal, M., Atique, L., Usman, M., Qiu, Z., Ali, Md. A., & Han, G.: An Investigation of Vertically Distributed Aerosol Optical Properties over Pakistan Using CALIPSO Satellite Data, Remote Sens., 12, 2183, https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12142183, 2020.
Zheng, C., Zhao, C., Zhu, Y., Wang, Y., Shi, X., Wu, X., Chen, T., Wu, F., & Qiu, Y.: Analysis of influential factors for the relationship between PM2.5 and AOD in Beijing, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 17, 13473–13489, https://doi.org/10. 5194/acp-17-13473-2017., 2017.