1. Effects of vitamin D supplementation as adjuvant therapy in coronary artery disease patients, Wu, Z. et al., 2015 [41]. | RCT, double-blind, Evaluated by CAG in 90 stable coronary artery disease patients after 6-month intervention, Beijing, China, | Oral 0.5 µg vitamin D3 per day | The positive effects of vitamin D supplementation were approved, and they concluded that it should be given to patients with CAD as an adjuvant therapy. |
2. The effects of vitamin D repletion on endothelial function and inflammation in patients with coronary artery disease, Sokol S. et al., 2012 [42]. | Double-masked placebo wait-list control design, 90 subjects, Endothelial function, circulating adhesion molecules, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured at baseline and after 12 weeks, | 50,000 IU of oral ergocalciferol or placebo weekly for 12 weeks | No beneficial effects of repleting vitamin D levels were observed. They concluded that the role of vitamin D in modifying CAD is under question. |
3. Vitamin D3 supplementation does not modify the cardiovascular risk profile of adults with inadequate vitamin D status, Seibert E. et al., 2017 [43]. | Double-blinded RCT, blood pressure, heart rate, renin concentrations, aldosterone, serum lipids, vascular calcification markers, and hematologic variables such as pro-inflammatory monocytes were measured after six weeks in Germany. | Daily 20-µg vitamin D3 dose, oral. | The cardiovascular profile has not been affected by oral 20-µg dose during winter. |
4. Effect of Monthly High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Cardiovascular Disease in the Vitamin D Assessment Study, Scragg R. et al., 2107 [44]. | RCT, with 5108 participants (community-dwelling adults 50–84 years). The cumulative incidence of cardiovascular disease for a median follow-up period of 3.3 years was measured. New Zealand, | The patients were given vitamin D3 in an initial dose of 200 000 IU orally for one month and then 100 000 IU monthly or placebo for a median of 3.3 years (2.5–4.2 years). | They concluded that high-dose monthly vitamin D is not beneficial for modifying cardiovascular disease risk and is not recommended for this goal. |
5. Vitamin D supplementation, cardiovascular disease, and cancer prevention in the Finnish Vitamin D Trial: a randomized controlled trial, Virtanen J. et al., 2022 [45]. | RCT, 2495 males age ≥ 60 years and post-menopausal females age ≥ 65 years from a general population who did not have CVD or Cancer. Cardiovascular and cancer events evaluated for a 5-year follow-up. | Three subgroups, one receiving, the second one receiving 1600 IU/d, and the third arm receiving 3200 IU/d vitamin D orally. | Vitamin D supplementation was not effective in decreasing the incidence of cardiovascular events. It can be due to the appropriate baseline vitamin D level in participants. |
6. Calcium/Vitamin D Supplementation and Coronary Artery Calcification, Manson J, 2011, [46]. | RCT, 754 women with estrogen after hysterectomy, aged 50–59 years, coronary artery calcium was measured after 7-year intervention. | calcium carbonate (1000 mg of elemental calcium daily) plus vitamin D3 (400 IU daily) versus placebo | They concluded that calcium and vitamin D supplementations have not significantly affected coronary artery calcified plaque burden among post-menopausal women. |
7. Effects of vitamin D2 or D3 supplementation on glycemic control and cardiometabolic risk among people at risk of type 2 diabetes: results of a randomized double-blind placebo‐controlled trial, Foroughi N. et al., 2016 [47]. | Double-blind placebo‐controlled RCT, 340 adults who had an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes (non‐diabetic hyperglycemia or positive diabetes risk score). HbA1c Blood pressure, lipid levels, apolipoprotein levels, CRP, PWV, anthropometric measures, and supplementation safety were evaluated before and after intervention (4 months). | Participants were divided into three groups. Each received a placebo, 100 000 IU vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) or 100 000 IU vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), orally for four months. | Although both interventions were ineffective in improving HgbA1C levels. Declined PWV revealed arterial stiffness had declined in both intervention groups. It might be effective in modifying cardiovascular disease risk factors. |
8. A randomized controlled trial evaluating the impact of targeted vitamin D supplementation on endothelial function in type 2 diabetes mellitus: The DIMENSION trial, Dalan R. et al., 2016 [48]. | RCT, 64 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with low vitamin-D blood levels. Endothelial function was assessed by peripheral tonometry E-selectin, von-Willebrand factor, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. CVD risk factors such as BP, lipid profile, and blood glucose levels were measured before and after intervention (16 weeks). | The participants were divided into three groups: Received either 1. cholecalciferol 4000 IU or 2. 2000 IU daily for 16 weeks with a down titration at eight weeks if 25(OH)D > 30 ng/mL, both groups were matched with placebo. | They concluded that cholecalciferol supplementation in T2DM patients did not significantly improve vascular function parameters or primary CVD risk factors, including BP, lipid profile, and glycemic control. However, a significant change in vitamin D status and increased 25(OH)D concentrations was observed. |
9. Vitamin D Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease Risks in More Than 83 000 Individuals in 21 Randomized Clinical Trials, Barbarawi M. et al., 2019 [49]. | A meta-analysis of RCTs that included approximately 83 000 participants, (Sources were PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Embase) | None | Vitamin D supplementation did not significantly modify the risks of MACE, MI, stroke, CVD- mortality, or all-cause mortality compared with placebo. |
10. Calcium/vitamin D supplementation and cardiovascular events, Hsia J. et al., 2007 [50] | RCT, 36,282 postmenopausal women 50–79 years old, CVDs such as MI or CHD-related deaths, and Stroke were measured during a 7-year follow-up. | The patients were divided into two groups: 1. calcium carbonate 500 mg with vitamin D 200 IU twice daily 2. Placebo. | Calcium/vitamin D supplementation neither increased nor decreased coronary or cerebrovascular risk in generally healthy postmenopausal women over seven years. |