Screening in rice (Oryza sativa L.) for multiple biotic stress resistance under sodic soil of North Eastern plain zone of India

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3973267/v1

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Screening in rice (Oryza sativa L.) for multiple biotic stress resistance under sodic soil of North Eastern plain zone of India

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3973267/v1

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Rice is one of the most important cereal crops in developing countries and the staple food of about 65% of the world’s population. The dependence of such a large population to meet their daily dietary requirements on this tropical crop causes different insect-pests of rice that significantly reduce crop yield, and quality as well as affect marketability in different parts of the world. Traditionally, several pesticides have been utilized to prevent the insect-pest, but this approach has various drawbacks, including the development of pesticide resistance, and negative effects on the environment and human health. Therefore, it was essential to screen the bacterial leaf blight (BLB), blast, brown spot, narrow brown leaf spot (NBLS), sheath rot, yellow stem borer (YSB) and leaf folder resistant rice genotypes under sodic soil conditions at Main Experimental Station of ANDUAT, Ayodhya, (U.P.), during 2016 to 2018. The present investigation reveals that the genotype Sushk Samrat showed high resistance for brown spot, NBLS, sheath rot, YSB, and leaf folder as well as resistance for Blast followed by CSR 10 showed high resistance for BLB, sheath rot, YSB and resistance for brown spot & Sarjoo 52 showed highly resistant for brown spot, sheath rot, leaf folder and resistant BLB, NBLS, YSB, respectively. The majority of cross combinations of the highly resistant parents showed high resistance and resistance in F₁s, the best heterotic combination is Narendra Usar Dhan 2 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3 showed highly resistant for blast, brown spot, sheath rot, YSB, and resistance for BLB, NBLS, leaf folder; IR-85897x Narendra Usar Dhan 3 showed highly resistant for NBLS, sheath rot, YSB, and resistant for BLB, blast, leaf folder; Sushk Samrat x Narendra Usar Dhan 3 showed highly resistant for brown spot, YSB, and resistant for BLB, blast, NBLS, sheath rot, leaf folder; Sarjoo 52 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3 showed highly resistant for sheath rot, YSM, and resistant for BLB, blast, brown spot, NBLS and leaf folder. It reflects that Sushk Samrat and Sarjoo 52 have strong genetic backgrounds responsible for resisting these elite genetic stocks against various diseases prevalent in this northeast plainagro-climatic zone. Hence, these varieties can be utilized as donors in hybridization programmes to pyramid various biotic and abiotic stresses in widely adopted cultivars to increase productivity in sodic soil areas.

Rice

bacterial leaf blight

blast

brown spot

narrow brown leaf spot

sheath rot

yellow stem borer and leaf folder

Rice (Oryza sativa L.), belongs to the family Gramineae (Poaceae), chromosome number 2n = 24 (n = 12) and basic chromosome number x = 5, which is due to a meiotic irregularity in chromosome number 2. The genome (AA) of rice comprises a total length of 430 Mb (megabase, a nucleotide length of 1000 000 base pairs) corresponding to about 1500 cM (centiMorgan, a genetic unit of length measured by the crossing-over frequency in genetic recombinations at meiosis) (Kurata et al., 1994b; Harushima et al., 1998). Thus, in rice, each cM corresponds to a mean of 290 kb and 15 meiotic recombinations. This statistic varies amongst species and with genome size; rice has a relatively small genome (430 Mb) compared with that of other common cereals [maize, 3000 Mb; barley, 3500 Mb; wheat (a hexaploid species with A, B and D genomes), 7000 Mb]. However, in contrast to genome size, the genetic distance of these plants is very similar and lies between 1200 and 1500 cM. Thus, recombination occurs at much the same frequency in meiosis in each cereal, even though the genome sizes differ by more than eight‐fold. The genus Oryza comprises 24 species, only two of which are widely cultivated, O. sativa (Asian rice) and O. glaberrima (African rice). Oryza sativa is widely cultivated from tropical to temperate zones, whereas O. glaberrima is traditionally grown in West Africa, although O. sativa cultivation is becoming steadily more dominant in Africa due to superior grain quality features, ease of grain processing, and higher yield. The three subspecies or races of cultivated Asian rice (O. sativa) are Indica (India), Japonica (Japan), and Javanica (Indonesia). Rice is one of the oldest cereal grains in the world, and people have grown it ii 5,000 BC. It is the major source of calories for more than half of the global population, and 90% of the world’s rice comes from Asia. Rice provides more than 15 essential vitamins and minerals including, folic acid, B vitamins, potassium, magnesium, selenium, fibre, iron, and zinc. It is gluten-free, highly digestible, and the least allergenic of all grains, making it an important grain option for those with celiac disease, gluten intolerance, or other food sensitivities. Asia is the leader in rice production accounting for about 90% of the world’s production. In Asia, China is the largest producer of rice with 149 million metric tons in 2021-22 followed by India (129.47 million metric tons) and Bangladesh (35.85 million metric tons). In India, Uttar Pradesh is the largest rice producer state with 16.76 million metric tons in 2021-22 followed by West Bengal (15.27 million metric tons) and Punjab (12.88 million metric tons). About 75% of the world’s supply is consumed by people in Asian countries and thus, rice is of immense importance to food security of Asia. The demand for rice is expected to increase with a continuous increase in global population. Rice, being the staple food for more than 70 per cent of our national population and a source of livelihood for 120–125 million rural households, is the backbone of Indian Agriculture. Although, the average productivity of rice is much lower in India than the average productivity at the world level. Therefore, the development of high-yielding, widely adapted pure line rice varieties coupled with advances in production technology in past four decades has enabled us to cope with the demand of rice to a satisfactory level. Thus, development of improved high yielding pure line and hybrid rice varieties suitable for adverse conditions (salt affected soil) and having multiple resistance would be an important strategy to meet this challenge. In India, rice productivity is very low as compared to other developed nations due to several biotic and abiotic factors. Generally, rice crop is affected by more than 20 diseases and certain diseases are more common in rice varieties. Among the different diseases, bacterial leaf blight, blast, brown spot, narrow brown spot, sheath blight, and stem rot are considered important in various parts of rice growing areas of the world. Bacterial leaf blight (BLB), caused by Xanthomonas oryzae. pv. oryzae, which belongs to Domain-Bacteria, Phylum- Pseudomonadata, Class- Gammaproteobacteria, Order- Xanthomonadales, Family- Xanthomonadaceae, Genus- Xanthomonas and Species- oryzae. The Xanthomonas bacteria are single-celled, rod-shaped gram-negative bacteria with dimensions of 1.2 x 0.3–0.5 µm. They lack capsules and do not generate spores. On nutrient agar, their colonies are round, smooth, and pale yellow with an entire border. The gene Xa21 is sufficient to confers resistance to multiple X. oryzae pv.oryzae isolates in rice plants. There are three phases of BLB disease viz., Leaf blight, Kresek (the seedling blight or wilt phase) and Pale-yellow leaf. It occurs mostly during the rainy season and in some Asian regions, reducing crop production by up to 50%. (Latif et al., 2011). Rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) is one of the most severe diseases, particularly where rice crop is irrigated or receives high amounts of rainfall (RH 90% or higher) and affects the leaves, causes diamond-shaped white to grey or reddish-brown lesions with reddish to brown borders; the lesions may enlarge, coalesce, and kill entire leaves. It also attacks on the panicle neck node and is called the neck rot, neck blast, or panicle blast stage of the disease. If infection of the panicle neck occurs early, the grains do not fill and the panicle remains erect. If the panicle neck is infected late, the grains become partially filled, and because of the weight of the grains, the base of the panicle breaks and the panicle droops. Rice seedlings and young leaf and stem tissues are more susceptible than older plants and tissues. Rice blast is favoured greatly by high nitrogen fertilization, prolonged leaf wetness, and night temperatures around 20°C. The teleomorph stage (Magnaporthe grisea), has not been found in nature, but it has been produced after crossing appropriate compatible isolates in the laboratory. It has seven chromosomes and a genome size of 40Mb, with approximately 9,000 genes. The pathogen is a haploid ascomycete that produces conidia on aerial conidiophores emerging from the center of lesions. The conidia consist of three cells. Each conidium contains an adhesive glycoprotein. When rice leaf or stem surfaces are wet, the conidia germinate and the germ tube produces an appressorium through which the fungus penetrates plant surfaces or enters through stomata. New disease lesions become apparent about 4 days after inoculation. The fungus also produces several toxins, e.g., pyricularin and a-picolinic acid that seem to contribute to the development of rice blast. The production and accumulation of melanins in the appressorium cell wall seem to be necessary for successful penetration. The presence of glycerol increases the turgor pressure of the appressorium allowing the penetration peg to puncture the plant epidermal cells and the cell wall and enter the cell. Appressorial walls of Magnaporthe grisea contain melanin that prevents glycerol from leaking out, while Melanin-deficient mutants are unable to generate turgor pressure and are, therefore, non-pathogenic. In M. grisea, several genes have been shown to control appressorial development. One such gene, hydrophobin (MPG1), is essential for appressorial formation and, when disrupted, the fungus not only has reduced pathogenicity, it produces 100 times fewer conidia. Transcription of the mpg1 gene is controlled by three regulatory genes, two of which are also involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism. Another gene expressed in spores of M. grisea resembles transcription factors, but its disruption leads to the production of defective conidia and impaired appressorium formation, both of which cause loss of pathogenicity. A still different gene, pth11, encodes a protein that is embedded in the cell membrane and apparently enables the fungus to recognize the host surface and to form normal appressoria; disruption of that gene makes the fungus unable to infect the host. Mutants missing Pth11 do not form appressoria and cannot infect plants. The rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe grisea) also carries the avirulence gene avr-Pi-ta effective on rice cultivars carrying the resistance gene Pi-ta. Pi-ta encodes a cytoplasmic protein that contains an NBS domain and a leucine-rich carboxyl terminus. Brown spot of rice caused by Helminthosporium oryzae (Sexual stage: Cochliobolus miyabeanus), which belongs to Domain- Eukarya, Kingdom- Fungi, Phylum- Ascomycota, Class- Dothideomycetes, Order- Pleosporales, Family- Pleosporaceae, Genus- Cochliobolus, and Species- miyabeanus. It reduces crop production by up to 40%. However, rice genotypes may vary in their response to disease tolerance. The fungus is reported to survive in soil and infected plant parts including stubbles, straw and grains for 2–3 years, which act as a primary source of inoculums. The primary infection is usually initiated by the infected seed as necrotic lesions on the coleoptile and sheath of first leaves appear. The subsequent lesion on leaves mostly arise from secondary infection by air-borne spores produced on primary lesions. The spores of H. oryzae were found present throughout the year in the air but their quantities were greater during the cooler months with higher humidity. Sheath blight is an important soil-borne disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani (Sexual stage: Thanetophorus cucumeris), which belongs to Domain- Eukarya, Kingdom- Fungi, Phylum- Basidiomycota, Class- Agaricomycetes, Order- Cantharellales, Family- Ceratobasidiaceae, Genus- Rhizoctonia and Species- solani. The crop is affected by the fungus from the tillering to the heading stages. On leaf sheaths close to the water's surface, the first signs are observed. Oval, elliptical, or irregular greenish-gray dots develop on the leaf sheath. When a leaf sheath has numerous big lesions, the entire leaf usually dies, and in extreme circumstances, the entire plant's leaves may be blighted.The infection extends to the inner sheaths resulting in death of the entire plant. It causes up to 25% yield loss (Kumar et al., 2009). Sheath rot of rice is caused by Sarocladium oryzae, which belongs to Kingdom: Fungi, Phylum: Ascomycota, Order: Hypocreales, Family: Sarocladiaceae, Genus: Sarocladium and Species: oryzae. It was originally described as Acrocylindrium oryzae, the first organism to be associated with rice sheath rot symptoms isolated in Taiwan in 1922 (Mew and Gonzales, 2002). The genus Sarocladium was established in 1975 (Gams and Hawksworth, 1975) and currently encompasses 16 species including plant pathogens, saprobes, mycoparasites, endophytes, and potential human pathogens (Giraldo et al., 2015). The fungus produces white mycelium which is sparsely branched and septate. Conidiophores that form from the mycelium are branched once or twice, with 3–4 branches in each whorl, and are significantly thicker than vegetative hyphae. The ultimate branches are phialides and produce conidia that are smooth, single-celled, hyaline, cylindrical to slightly fusiform, usually moderately curved, and 4–9 x 1-2.5 m in size. The fungus enters the rice plant by its stomata and wounds and spreads intercellularly in the mesophyll and vascular bundle tissues. Mycelium from the sheath rot fungus can be found on seeds and infected debris. The fungus usually causes the uppermost leaf sheaths that surround newborn panicles begins to rot, which delays or prevents the emergence of the panicles. The disease is significant when the rice crop is getting ready to mature. Sheath rot lesions are sometimes confused with sheath blight lesions. However, sheath rot occurs higher on the plant than sheath blight normally does and interferes with the panicle exsertion and reduces grain yield by retarding or aborting panicle emergence, and producing unfilled seeds and sterile panicles causing panicles to rot and grains to become discolored. Sheath blight occurs on leaves and lower portions of the plant and will not interfere with panicle exsertion. Rainfed lowland rice is the second most important rice ecosystem, representing about 25% of the total rice production area. Rainfed lowland ecosystem is always prone to drought stress and most traditional as well as high yielding varieties of the present time are susceptible to drought (Kumar et al., 2012). Yet, the response of rice genotypes to disease tolerance may differ. Keeping in view the above facts, the present study was undertaken to identify the rice genotypes against five major rice diseases (bacterial leaf blight, blast, brown spot, narrow brown spot and sheath rot) and two insect-pests (rice stem borer and leaf folder) under sodic stress condition. Dramatic changes in climatic conditions that supplement the biotic and abiotic stresses pose severe threat to the sustainable rice production and have made it a difficult task for rice breeders to enhance production and productivity under these stress factors. The impact of soil sodicity on the growth and yield of crop plant is a most serious issue worldwide. Soil salinity is an also major abiotic stresses that adversely affect the growth and yields. Given the foregoing, the current study was designed to discover rice genotypes resistant to multiple important rice diseases under sodic soil conditions.

This experiment was conducted at the Main Experimental Station of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture & Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Ayodhya (U. P.) India. The experimental material was based on a line x tester set of 63 hybrids (F₁’s) developed by crossing 21diverse lines (females) viz., NDRK 5004, NDRK 5093, NDRK 5040, NDRK 5062, NDRK 5037, NDRK5025, NDRK 50059, NDRK 5081, NDRK 50047, NDRK 5039, IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478), Sushk Samrat, IR 85897, Pant 10, CSR 10, Sarjoo 52, Narendra 2064, Narendra Usar Dhan 2, Deepak, Sundri and Pusa Basamati 1 with 3 testers (males) viz Narendra Usar Dhan 3, CSR 23 and IR 28. An attempt was made to make a sixty three cross combinations during wet season 2016 and 2017 to generate F₁ and F₂. The 63 F₁’s along with their parents including two checks, Jaya and CSR 43 (total set of 89 genotypes) were conducted to work out the bacterial leaf blight, blast, brown spot, narrow brown leaf spot, sheath rot, yellow stem borer and leaf folder in rice under the sodic soil in randomized complete block design with three replications during Kharif 2018. The seeds of each entry were sown on 25th June, 2018 in separate plots and 30 days (25th July 2018) old seedlings were transplanted single seedling per hill in single row plots of 3 m length with inter- and intra- row spacing of 20 cm and 15 cm, respectively.

Experimental Details

Crop	Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
Experimental Design	RBD
Matting Design	Line x Tester
Genotypes	21 Lines, 3 Tester, 63 F₁s and 63 F₂s
Experimental Year	2016, 2017 and 2018
Spacing	20 x15cm

The pH, EC and ESP of were 9.5, 3.2dSm-1 and 45% respectively for sodic soil. The recommended cultural practices were followed to raise a good crop.

Physico-chemical characteristics of Experimental soil

Sr. No.	Soil Characteristics (Sodic Soil)	Values
1	Soil texture	Silty loam
a	Clay	13.25
b	Silt	58.30
c	Sand	28.45
2	pH	9.5
3	EC (dSm-1)	3.2
4	ESP (%)	45
5	Organic Carbon (%)	0.21

Screening of genotypes against diseases and insects

All the genotypes were scored as per the 0–9 scale following the Standard Evaluation System (SES), IRRI, Manila, Philippines (2002).

SES Scale of IRRI, Manila, Philippines

Damage Score	Damaged leaves (%)	Varital reaction	Damage Score	Damaged leaves (%)	Varital reaction
0	No damage	Highly resistant	5	21–35%	Moderately susceptible
1	1–10%	Resistant	7	36–50%	Susceptible
3	11–20%	Moderately resistant	9	51–100%	Highly susceptible

Screening for diseases and insects

All together eighty nine genotypes (twenty one lines, three testers, sixty three F₁s crosses and two checks viz., Jaya and CSR 43) were screened for their reaction to bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae), blast (Pyricularia oryzae), brown spot (Dreschlera oryzae), narrow brown leaf spot (Cercospora janseana/ oryzae), sheath rot (Sarocladium oryzae/attenuatum), yellow stem sorer (Scirpophaga incertulas) and leaf folder (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis) in the field. In total, 152 genotypes (21 lines, 3 testers, 63 F₁ and two checks, Jaya and CSR 43) were tested for resistance to bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae), blast (Pyricularia oryzae), brown spot (Dreschlera oryzae), narrow brown leaf spot (Cercospora janseana/oryzae).

1. Bacterial leaf blight ( Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae)

Results revealed that three parent i.e., FL 478, CSR 10, Narendra 2064 and only one F₁s i.e., NDRK 5062 x CSR 23, were found highly resistant for BLB (Table 1 and Fig. 2). Twelve parent i.e., NDRK 5093,IR 85897,NDRK 5040,Sarjoo 52,NDRK 5062, NDRK 5037, NDRK 5047,NDRK 5039, Deepak, Pusa Basmati 1, Narendra UsarDhan 3, IR 28, Fourty five F₁s i.e., NDRK 5004 x IR 28, FL 478 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, FL 478 x CSR 23, FL 478 x IR 28, NDRK 5093 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, NDRK 5093 x IR 28, Sushk Samrat x Narendra UsarDhan 3, Sushk Samrat x IR 28, IR 85897 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, IR 85897 x IR 28, Pant 10 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, Pant 10 x IR 28, CSR 10 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, CSR 10 x IR 28, NDRK 5040 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, NDRK 5040 x CSR 23, NDRK 5040 x IR 28, Sarjoo 52 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, Sarjoo 52 x CSR 23, Sarjoo 52 x IR 28, NDRK 5062 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, NDRK 5062 x IR 28, Narendra 2064 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Narendra 2064 x CSR 23, Narendra 2064 x IR 28, NDRK 5037 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5037 x CSR 23, NDRK 5037 x IR 28, NDRK 5025 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, NDRK 5025 x IR 28, NDRK 5059 x IR 28, NDRK 5081 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, NDRK 5081 x IR 28, NDRK 5047 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, NDRK 5047 x IR 28, NDRK 5039 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, NDRK 5039 x IR 28, Narendra UsarDhan 2 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, Narendra UsarDhan 2 x IR 28, Deepak x Narendra UsarDhan 3, Deepak x CSR 23, Deepak x IR 28, Sundri x IR 28, Pusa Basmati 1 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, Pusa Basmati 1 x IR 28, and one Check i.e.,Jaya were noted resistant against BLB. The eight parent i.e., Sushk Samrat, Pant 10, NDRK 5025, NDRK 5059, NDRK 5081, Narendra Usar Dhan 2, Sundri, CSR 23, sixteen F₁s i.e, NDRK 5004 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, NDRK 5004 x CSR 23, NDRK 5093 x CSR 23, Sushk Samrat x CSR 23, IR 85897 x CSR 23, Pant 10 x CSR 23, CSR 10 x CSR 23, NDRK 5025 x CSR 23, NDRK 5059 x Narendra UsarDhan 3,NDRK 5059 x CSR 23, NDRK 5081 x CSR 23, NDRK 5047 x CSR 23, NDRK 5039 x CSR 23, Narendra UsarDhan 2 X CSR 23, Sundri x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Pusa Basmati 1 x CSR 23, and one Check i.e., CSR 43 recorded moderate resistance against BLB. The one parent i.e., NDRK 5004, one F₁s i.e., Sundri x CSR 23 were observed moderately susceptible. None of genotype was found susceptible and highly susceptible for BLB.

Table 1

Screening of different breeding population in rice (*Oryza sativa* L.) for multiple biotic stress
Genotypes	Biotic stress
1. Parents	Bacterial leaf blight	Blast	Brown spot	Narrow brown leaf spot	Sheath rot	Yellow stem borer	Leaf folder
a- Line	Bacterial leaf blight	Blast	Brown spot	Narrow brown leaf spot	Sheath rot	Yellow stem borer	Leaf folder
NDRK 5004	Moderately susceptible	Moderately susceptible	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
FL 478	Highly resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5093	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant
Sushk Samrat	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant
IR 85897	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Resistant
Pant 10	Moderately Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Resistant
CSR 10	Highly resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant	Moderately Resistant
NDRK 5040	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Resistant
Sarjoo 52	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant
NDRK 5062	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately susceptible	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant
Narendra 2064	Highly resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5037	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant
NDRK 5025	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5059	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant
NDRK 5081	Moderately Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant
NDRK 5047	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Moderately susceptible	Highly resistant	Moderately Resistant
NDRK 5039	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant
Narendra Usar Dhan 2	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Moderately Resistant
Deepak	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
Sundri	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Moderately Resistant
Pusa Basmati 1	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant
b- Tester
Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
CSR 23	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
IR 28	Moderately susceptible	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant
2. Hybrids (F₁s)
NDRK 5004*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Moderately Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant
NDRK 5004*CSR 23	Moderately Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5004*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant
FL478* Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately susceptible
FL 478*CSR 23	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
FL 478*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Moderately Resistant
NDRK 5093*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Moderately susceptible
NDRK 5093*CSR 23	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5093*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant
Sushk Samrat*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant
Sushk Samrat*CSR 23	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
Sushk Samrat*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant
IR 85897*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant
IR 85897*CSR 23	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
IR 85897*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant
Pant 10*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Resistant
Pant 10*CSR 23	Moderately Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately susceptible
Pant 10*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant
CSR 10*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant
CSR 10*CSR 23	Moderately Resistant	Highly resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
CSR 10*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5040*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5040*CSR 23	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5040*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant
Sarjoo 52*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant
Sarjoo 52*CSR 23	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
Sarjoo 52*IR 28	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5062*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5062*CSR 23	Highly resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant		Resistant
NDRK 5062*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant		Resistant
Narendra 2064*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Resistant
Narendra 2064*CSR 23	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
Narendra 2064*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant
NDRK 5037*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5037*CSR 23	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant
NDRK 5037*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5025*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant
NDRK 5025*CSR 23	Moderately susceptible	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5025*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5059*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5059*CSR 23	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant
NDRK 5059*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5081*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5081*CSR 23	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant
NDRK 5081*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately susceptible	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5047*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5047*CSR 23	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5047*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5039*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
NDRK 5039*CSR 23	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant
NDRK 5039*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant
Narendra Usar Dhan 2*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant
Narendra Usar Dhan 2*CSR 23	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Resistant
Narendra Usar Dhan 2*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
Deepak*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant
Deepak*CSR 23	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately susceptible	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Moderately susceptible
Deepak*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Moderately Resistant
Sundri*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
Sundri*CSR 23	Moderately susceptible	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
Sundri*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately susceptible	Resistant
Pusa Basmati 1*Narendra Usar Dhan 3	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Highly resistant	Resistant	Resistant
Pusa Basmati 1*CSR 23	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant
Pusa Basmati 1*IR 28	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant
3 Check
Jaya	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant
CSR 43	Moderately Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Moderately Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant	Resistant

2. Blast ( Pyricularia oryzae)

Results revealed that three F₁s i.e., CSR 10 X CSR 23, Narendra Usar Dhan 2 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Deepak x Narendra Usar Dhan 3 were found highly resistant for blast (Table 1 and Fig. 3). The nineteen parent i.e., IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478), NDRK 5093,Sushk Samrat,IR 85897,NDRK 5040,NDRK 5062,Narendra 2064, NDRK 5037, NDRK 5025, NDRK 5059, NDRK 5047, NDRK 5039, Narendra Usar Dhan 2, Deepak, Sundri, Pusa Basmati 1, Narendra Usar Dhan 3, CSR 23, IR 28, Fifty one F₁s i.e., NDRK 5004 x IR 28, IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478) x CSR 23, IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478) x IR 28, NDRK 5093 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5093 x CSR 23, NDRK 5093 x IR 28, Sushk Samrat x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Sushk Samrat x CSR 23, Sushk Samrat x IR 28, IR 85897 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, IR 85897 x CSR 23, IR 85897 x IR 28, Pant 10 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Pant 10 x IR 28, CSR 10 x IR 28, NDRK 5040 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5040 x CSR 23, NDRK 5040 x IR 28, Sarjoo 52 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5062 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5062 x CSR 23, NDRK 5062 x IR 28, Narendra 2064 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Narendra 2064 x CSR 23, Narendra 2064 x IR 28, NDRK 5037 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5037 x IR 28, NDRK 5025 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5025 x CSR 23, NDRK 5025 x IR 28, NDRK 5059 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5059 x CSR 23, NDRK 5059 x IR 28, NDRK 5081 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5081 x CSR 23, NDRK 5081 x IR 28, NDRK 5047 x CSR 23, NDRK 5047 x IR 28, NDRK 5039 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5039 x CSR 23, NDRK 5039 x IR 28, Narendra Usar Dhan 2 x CSR 23, Narendra Usar Dhan 2 x IR 28, Deepak x CSR 23, Deepak x IR 28, Sundri x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Sundri x CSR 23, Sundri x IR 28, Pusa Basmati 1 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Pusa Basmati 1 x CSR 23, Pusa Basmati 1 x IR 28, and one Check i.e.,Jaya, were noted resistant against Blast. The four parent i.e., Pant 10, CSR 10, Sarjoo 52, NDRK 5081, nine F₁s i.e, NDRK 5004 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5004 x CSR 23, IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478) x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Pant 10 x CSR 23, CSR 10 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Sarjoo 52 x CSR 23, Sarjoo 52 x IR 28, NDRK 5037 x CSR 23, NDRK 5047 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, and one Check i.e., CSR 43 recorded moderate resistance against blast. One perent i.e., NDRK 5004, were observed moderately susceptible. None of genotype was found susceptible and highly susceptible for blast.

3. Brown spot ( Dreschlera oryzae)

Results revealed that three parent i.e., Sushk Samrat, Sarjoo 52, Narendra UsarDhan 2, three F₁s i.e., Sushk Samrat x Narendra UsarDhan 3, Sarjoo 52 x CSR 23, Narendra UsarDhan 2 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3 were found highly resistant for brown spot (Table 1 and Fig. 4). Eleven parent i.e.,IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478), NDRK 5093, CSR 10, Narendra 2064, NDRK 5037, NDRK 5081, NDRK 5039, Deepak, Pusa Basmati 1, Narendra UsarDhan 3, IR 28, Thirty seven F₁s i.e., NDRK 5004 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5004 x IR 28, IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478) x Narendra UsarDhan 3, IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478) x IR 28, NDRK 5093 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5037 x CSR 23, NDRK 5037 x IR 28, NDRK 5093 x CSR 23, NDRK 5093 x IR 28, Sushk Samrat x IR 28, IR 85897 x IR 28, Pant 10 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, CSR 10 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, CSR 10 x IR 28, NDRK 5040 x IR 28, Sarjoo 52 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Sarjoo 52 x IR 28, NDRK 5062 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5062 x IR 28, Narendra 2064 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Narendra 2064 x IR 28, NDRK 5037 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5037 x CSR 23, NDRK 5037 x IR 28, NDRK 5025 x CSR 23, NDRK 5025 x IR 28, NDRK 5059 x IR 28, NDRK 5081 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5047 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5047 x IR 28, NDRK 5039 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5039 x IR 28, Narendra Usar Dhan 2 x CSR 23, Narendra UsarDhan 2 x IR 28, Deepak x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Deepak x IR 28, Sundri x IR 28, Pusa Basmati 1 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Pusa Basmati 1 x IR 28 were noted resistant against Brown spot. The nine parent i.e., NDRK 5004, IR 85897, Pant 10, NDRK 5040, NDRK 5025, NDRK 5059, NDRK 5047, Sundri, CSR 23, twenty one F₁s i.e., NDRK 5004 x CSR 23, IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478) x CSR 23, Sushk Samrat x CSR 23, IR 85897 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, IR 85897 x CSR 23, Pant 10 x CSR 23, Pant 10 x IR 28, CSR 10 x CSR 23, NDRK 5040 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5040 x CSR 23, NDRK 5062 x CSR 23, Narendra 2064 x CSR 23, NDRK 5025 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5059 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, NDRK 5059 x CSR 23, NDRK 5081 x CSR 23, NDRK 5047 x CSR 23, NDRK 5039 x CSR 23, Sundri x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Sundri x CSR 23, Pusa Basmati 1 x CSR 23, and two Check i.e., Jaya, CSR 43 recorded moderate resistance against Brown spot. One perent i.e., NDRK 5062, two F₁s i.e., NDRK 5081 x IR 28, Deepak x CSR 23, were observed moderately susceptible. None of genotype was found susceptible and highly susceptible for brown spot.

4. Narrow brown leaf spot (C ercospora janseana/ oryzae )

Results (Table 1) revealed that two parent i.e., Sushk Samrat, NDRK 5037, two F₁s i.e., IR 85897 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5025 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3 were found highly resistant for narrow brown leaf spot (Table 1 and Fig. 5). The nineteen parent i.e., NDRK 5004, IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478), NDRK 5093, IR 85897, Pant 10, NDRK 5040, Sarjoo 52, Narendra 2064, NDRK 5025, NDRK 5059, NDRK 5047, NDRK 5039, Narendra UsarDhan 2, Deepak, Sundri, Pusa Basmati 1, Narendra UsarDhan 3, CSR 23, IR 28, Fifty seven F₁s i.e., NDRK 5004 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5004 x CSR 23, NDRK 5004 x IR 28,IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478) x Narendra UsarDhan 3, IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478) x IR 28, NDRK 5093 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5093 x CSR 23,NDRK 5093 x IR 28, Sushk Samrat x Narendra Usar Dhan 3,Sushk Samrat x CSR 23, Sushk Samrat x IR 28, IR 85897 x IR 28, Pant 10 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Pant 10 x CSR 23,Pant 10 x IR 28, CSR 10 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, CSR 10 x CSR 23, CSR 10 x IR 28, NDRK 5040 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, NDRK 5040 x CSR 23, NDRK 5040 x IR 28, Sarjoo 52 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, Sarjoo 52 x CSR 23, Sarjoo 52 x IR 28, NDRK 5062 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, NDRK 5062 x CSR 23, NDRK 5062 x IR 28, Narendra 2064 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Narendra 2064 x CSR 23, Narendra 2064 x IR 28, NDRK 5037 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5037 x IR 28, NDRK 5025 x CSR 23, NDRK 5025 x IR 28, NDRK 5059 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5059 x CSR 23, NDRK 5059 x IR 28, NDRK 5081 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5081 x IR 28, NDRK 5047 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5047 x CSR 23, NDRK 5047 x IR 28, NDRK 5039 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5039 x CSR 23, NDRK 5039 x IR 28, Narendra Usar Dhan 2 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Narendra Usar Dhan 2 x CSR 23, Narendra Usar Dhan 2 x IR 28, Deepak x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Deepak x CSR 23, Deepak x IR 28, Sundri x Narendra UsarDhan 3, Sundri x CSR 23, Sundri x IR 28, Pusa Basmati 1 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Pusa Basmati 1 x CSR 23, Pusa Basmati 1 x IR 28, and two Check i.e., Jaya, CSR 43 were noted resistant against Narrow brown leaf spot. The three parent i.e., CSR 10, NDRK 5062, NDRK 5081, four F₁s i.e., IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478) x CSR 23, IR 85897 x CSR 23, NDRK 5037 x CSR 23, NDRK 5081 x CSR 23 recorded moderate resistance against narrow brown leaf spot. None of genotype was found susceptible and highly susceptible for narrow brown leaf spot.

5. Sheath rot ( Sarocladium oryzae/attenuatum )

Results revealed that ten parent i.e., Sushk Samrat, IR 85897, Pant 10, CSR 10, NDRK 5040, Sarjoo 52, Narendra 2064, NDRK 5037, NDRK 5025, NDRK 5081, Twenty three F₁s i.e., NDRK 5004 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5004 x CSR 23, NDRK 5004 x IR 28, Sushk Samrat x IR 28, IR 85897 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Pant 10 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Pant 10 x IR 28, CSR 10 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, CSR 10 x IR 28, NDRK 5040 x IR 28, Sarjoo 52 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Sarjoo 52 x IR 28, NDRK 5062 x IR 28, Narendra 2064 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5037 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5025 x IR 28, NDRK 5059 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5081 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5047 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Narendra UsarDhan 2 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Narendra Usar Dhan 2 x CSR 23, Deepak x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Pusa Basmati 1 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3 were found highly resistant for sheath rot (Table 1 and Fig. 6). Eleven parent i.e., NDRK 5004, IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478), NDRK 5062, NDRK 5059, NDRK 5039, Narendra UsarDhan 2, Sundri, Pusa Basmati 1, Narendra UsarDhan 3, CSR 23, IR 28, fourty F₁s i.e., IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478) x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478) x CSR 23, IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478) x IR 28, NDRK 5093 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5093 x CSR 23, NDRK 5093 x IR 28, Sushk Samrat x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Sushk Samrat x CSR 23, IR 85897 x CSR 23, IR 85897 x IR 28, Pant 10 x CSR 23, CSR 10 x CSR 23, NDRK 5040 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5040 x CSR 23, Sarjoo 52 x CSR 23, NDRK 5062 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5062 x CSR 23, Narendra 2064 x CSR 23, Narendra 2064 x IR 28, NDRK 5037 x CSR 23, NDRK 5037 x IR 28, NDRK 5025 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, NDRK 5025 x CSR 23, NDRK 5059 x CSR 23, NDRK 5059 x IR 28, NDRK 5081 x CSR 23, NDRK 5081 x IR 28, NDRK 5047 x CSR 23, NDRK 5047 x IR 28, NDRK 5039 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5039 x CSR 23, NDRK 5039 x IR 28, Narendra Usar Dhan 2 x IR 28, Deepak x CSR 23, Deepak x IR 28, Sundri x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Sundri x CSR 23, Sundri x IR 28, Pusa Basmati 1 x CSR 23, Pusa Basmati 1 x IR 28 and two Check i.e., Jaya, CSR 43 were noted resistant for Sheath rot. The two parent i.e., NDRK 5093, Deepak recorded moderate resistance against Sheath rot. Only one parent i.e., NDRK 5047 were observed moderately susceptible.None of the genotype was found susceptible and highly susceptible for sheath rot.

6. Yellow stem borer ( Scirpophaga incertulas )

Results revealed that eight parent i.e., IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478) NDRK 5093, Sushk Samrat, CSR 10, NDRK 5047, NDRK 5039, Narendra UsarDhan 2, Sundri, twenty F₁s i.e., NDRK 5004 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478) x IR 28, NDRK 5093 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Sushk Samrat x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, IR 85897 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Pant 10 x IR 28, CSR 10 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5040 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5040 x IR 28, Sarjoo 52 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5037 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5025 x CSR 23, NDRK 5025 x IR 28, NDRK 5059 x CSR 23, NDRK 5059 x IR 28, NDRK 5081 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5081 x CSR 23, NDRK 5047 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Narendra UsarDhan 2 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Deepak x Narendra Usar Dhan 3 and were found highly resistant for yellow stem borer(Table 1 and Fig. 7). Twelve parent i.e., NDRK 5004, IR 85897, Pant 10, NDRK 5040, Sarjoo 52, NDRK 5037, NDRK 5059, NDRK 5081, Pusa Basmati 1, Narendra Usar Dhan 3, CSR 23, IR 28, Fourty one F₁s i.e., NDRK 5004 x CSR 23, NDRK 5004 x IR 28, IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478) x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478) x CSR 23, NDRK 5093 x CSR 23, NDRK 5093 x IR 28, Sushk Samrat x CSR 23, Sushk Samrat x IR 28, IR 85897 x CSR 23, IR 85897 x IR 28, Pant 10 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Pant 10 x CSR 23, CSR 10 x CSR 23, CSR 10 x IR 28, NDRK 5040 x CSR 23, Sarjoo 52 x CSR 23, Sarjoo 52 x IR 28, NDRK 5062 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Narendra 2064 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Narendra 2064 x CSR 23, Narendra 2064 x IR 28, NDRK 5037 x CSR 23, NDRK 5037 x IR 28, NDRK 5025 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5059 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5081 x IR 28, NDRK 5047 x CSR 23, NDRK 5047 x IR 28, NDRK 5039 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5039 x CSR 23, NDRK 5039 x IR 28, Narendra Usar Dhan 2 x CSR 23, Narendra Usar Dhan 2 x IR 28, Deepak x CSR 23, Sundri x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Sundri x CSR 23, Pusa Basmati 1 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Pusa Basmati 1 x CSR 23, Pusa Basmati 1 x IR 28 and one Check i.e.,CSR 43 were noted resistant for yellow stem borer. The four parent i.e., NDRK 5062, Narendra 2064, NDRK 5025, Deepak, one F₁s i.e., Deepak x IR 28 and one Check i.e., Jaya recorded moderate resistance against yellow stem borer. The only one F₁s i.e., Sundri x IR 28 were observed moderately susceptible. None of the genotype was found susceptible and highly susceptible for yellow stem borer.

7. Leaf folder (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis)

Results revealed that three parent i.e., Sushk Samrat, Sarjoo 52, NDRK 5059, seven F₁s i.e, NDRK 5004 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5037 x CSR 23, NDRK 5025 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5059 x CSR 23, NDRK 5081 x CSR 23, NDRK 5039 x CSR 23, NDRK 5039 x IR 28 were found highly resistant for leaf folder (Table 1 and Fig. 8). The thirteen parent i.e., NDRK 5004, IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478), NDRK 5093, IR 85897, Pant 10, NDRK 5040, NDRK 5062, Narendra 2064, NDRK 5025, NDRK 5039, Deepak, Narendra Usar Dhan 3, CSR 23, Fourty four F₁s i.e., NDRK 5004 x CSR 23, IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478) x CSR 23, NDRK 5093 x CSR 23, Sushk Samrat x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Sushk Samrat x CSR 23, IR 85897 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, IR 85897 x CSR 23, Pant 10 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Pant 10 x IR 28, CSR 10 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, CSR 10 x CSR 23, CSR 10 x IR 28, NDRK 5040 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5040 x CSR 23, NDRK 5040 x IR 28, Sarjoo 52 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Sarjoo 52 x CSR 23, Sarjoo 52 x IR 28, NDRK 5062 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5062 x CSR 23, NDRK 5062 x IR 28, Narendra 2064 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Narendra 2064 x CSR 23, NDRK 5037 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5037 x IR 28, NDRK 5025 x CSR 23, NDRK 5025 x IR 28, NDRK 5059 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5059 x IR 28, NDRK 5081 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5081 x IR 28, NDRK 5047 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5047 x CSR 23, NDRK 5047 x IR 28, NDRK 5039 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Narendra Usar Dhan 2 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Narendra Usar Dhan 2 x CSR 23, Narendra Usar Dhan 2 x IR 28, Deepak x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Sundri x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Sundri x CSR 23, Sundri x IR 28, Pusa Basmati 1 x Narendra UsarDhan 3, Pusa Basmati 1 x CSR 23, and two Check i.e., Jaya, CSR 43 were noted resistant for leaf folder. The eight parent i.e., CSR 10, NDRK 5037, NDRK 5081, NDRK 5047, Narendra UsarDhan 2, Sundri, Pusa Basmati 1, IR 28, eight F₁s i.e.,NDRK 5004 x IR 28, IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478) x IR 28, NDRK 5093 x IR 28, Sushk Samrat x IR 28, IR 85897 x IR 28, Narendra 2064 x IR 28, Deepak x IR 28, Pusa Basmati 1 x IR 28 recorded moderate resistance against leaf folder. The four F₁s i.e., IR 66946-3R-178-1-1 (FL 478) x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5093 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Pant 10 x CSR 23, Deepak x CSR 23 were observed moderately susceptible. None of the genotype was found susceptible and highly susceptible for leaf folder.

Screening of genotypes against diseases and insects

The use of resistant varieties is the best option of disease control. Therefore, studies were planned to search out the resistant genotypes of rice under sodic soil. In India, not much emphasis has been given to search on resistant genotypes of rice. All together eighty nine genotypes (twenty one lines, three testers, sixty three F₁s crosses, and two checks) were screened for their reaction to Bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae), Blast (Pyricularia oryzae), Brown spot (Dreschlera oryzae), Narrow brown leaf spot (Cercospora janseana/ oryzae), Sheath rot (Sarocladium oryzae/attenuatum), Yellow stem sorer (Scirpophaga incertulas) and Leaf folder (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis) in the field. Disease management is best accomplished by the adoption of resistant cultivars. As a result, experiments were planned to identify resistant genotypes of rice in sodic soil. The hunt for resistant rice genotypes has received little attention in India. All together eighty nine genotypes (twenty one lines, three testers, sixty three F₁s and two checks) were screened for their reaction to Bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae), Blast (Pyricularia oryzae), Brown spot (Dreschlera oryzae), Narrow brown leaf spot (Cercospora janseana/ oryzae), Sheath rot (Sarocladium oryzae/attenuatum), Yellow stem sorer (Scirpophaga incertulas) and Leaf folder (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis) in the field.

1. Bacterial leaf blight ( Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae)

Results revealed that three parent i.e., FL 478, CSR 10, Narendra 2064 and one F₁s i.e., NDRK 5062 x CSR 23, were found highly resistant for BLB.These results are inconcurance with those of Chandrashekara et al. (2008) and Rajpoot et al. (2018).

2. Blast ( Pyricularia oryzae)

Results revealed that three F₁s i.e., CSR 10 X CSR 23, Narendra Usar Dhan 2 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Deepak x Narendra Usar Dhan 3 were found highly resistant for blast. The similar results have also been reported by Chandrashekara et al. (2008) and Rajpoot et al. (2018). Three F₁s, CSR 10 X CSR 23, Narendra Usar Dhan 2 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, Deepak x Narendra Usar Dhan 3 were found to be blast highly resistant. Similar findings have been reported by Chandrashekara et al. (2008) and Rajpoot et al. (2018).

3. Brown spot ( Dreschlera oryzae)

4. Narrow brown leaf spot (C ercospora janseana/ oryzae )

Results revealed that two parent i.e., Sushk Samrat, NDRK 5037, two F₁s i.e.,IR 85897 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3, NDRK 5025 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3 were found highly resistant for narrow brown leaf spot (Shi et al.2021 and Iqbal et al. 2022).

5. Sheath rot ( Sarocladium oryzae/attenuatum )

6. Yellow stem borer ( Scirpophaga incertulas )

7. Leaf folder (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis)

The present investigation reveal that the genotype Sushk Samrat showed highly resistant for brown spot, narrow brown leaf spot, sheath rot, yellow stem borer, leaf folder and resistant for Blast and moderate resistant for BLB followed by CSR 10 showed highly resistant for bacterial leaf blight, sheath rot, yellow stem borer and resistant for brown spot and moderate resistant for blast, narrow brown leaf spot and leaf folder and Sarjoo 52 showed highly resistant for brown spot, sheath rot, leaf folder and resistant bacterial leaf blight, narrow brown leaf spot, yellow stem borer and moderate resistant for blast. The majority of cross combinations of the highly resistant parents were showed highly resistant/resistant/moderate resistant in F₁s, the best heterotic combination are Narendra Usar Dhan 2 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3 showed highly resistant for blast, brown spot, sheath rot, yellow stem borer and resistant for bacterial leaf blight, narrow brown leaf spot and leaf folder; IR-85897x Narendra Usar Dhan 3 showed highly resistant for narrow brown leaf spot, sheath rot, yellow stem borer and resistant for bacterial leaf blight, blast, leaf folder and moderate resistant for brown spot; Sushk Samrat x Narendra Usar Dhan 3 showed highly resistant for brown spot, yellow stem borer and resistant for bacterial leaf blight, blast,, narrow brown leaf spot, sheath rot and leaf folder; Sarjoo 52 x Narendra Usar Dhan 3 showed highly resistant for sheath rot, yellow stem borer and resistant for bacterial leaf blight, blast, brown spot, narrow brown leaf spot and leaf folder. It refelects that Sushk Samrat and Sarjoo 52 have stronge genetic background responsible to resist these elite genetic stock against various diseases prevalent in this agro-climatic zone. Hence, these varieties can be utilized as donor in hybridization programme to pyramid various biotic and abiotic stresses in widally adopted cultivar to increase the productivity in sodic soil areas.

Authors’ contributions

SPS and OPV: conceptualization, methodology, data analysis and writing of original draft. SK, MKC, DP, KS, JNS and VDR: supervised the research work and reviewed and edited the manuscript and provided inputs for framing of the manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Data availability

The original contributions presented in the study are includedin the article/supplementary materials. Further inquiries can bedirected to the corresponding author.

Funding

This research doesn’t recived any type of funding.

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No competing interests reported.

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Screening in rice (Oryza sativa L.) for multiple biotic stress resistance under sodic soil of North Eastern plain zone of India

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Abstract

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Introduction

Materials and Methods

Experimental Details

Physico-chemical characteristics of Experimental soil

Screening of genotypes against diseases and insects

SES Scale of IRRI, Manila, Philippines

Results

Screening for diseases and insects

Discussion

Screening of genotypes against diseases and insects

Conclusion

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