Table 1 Characteristic information of healthy children and tetralogy of Fallot children.
Variables
|
TOF (n=36)
|
HC (n=29)
|
p-value
|
Age at MRI, year
|
3.98±1.23
|
4.41±0.91
|
0.104
|
Sex, male%
|
20 (55.56%)
|
19 (65.52%)
|
0.415
|
Family income, ten thousand yuan per year
|
8.93±6.78
|
11.97±5.58
|
0.057
|
BMI, kg/m2
|
15.87±1.84
|
17.71±1.74
|
<0.001
|
Age of surgery, month (n=31)
|
12.45±8.89
|
/
|
|
Stay in hospital, day (n=31)
|
25.90±7.53
|
/
|
|
Stay in ICU, day (n=31)
|
5.48±2.08
|
/
|
|
Preoperative RVOT pressure, mmHg (n=31)
|
66.39±14.78
|
/
|
|
VSD, mm (n=31)
|
14.44±3.06
|
/
|
|
Overriding aorta, % (n=31)
|
48.55±7.09
|
/
|
|
McGoon (n=31)
|
1.71±0.33
|
/
|
|
Time of surgery, min (n=31)
|
201.77±59.03
|
/
|
|
Time of CPB, min (n=31)
|
77.48±18.69
|
/
|
|
Time of ACC, min (n=31)
|
54.54±18.00
|
/
|
|
Verbal comprehension index (n=31)
|
87.32±13.90
|
/
|
|
Visual spaces index (n=31)
|
95.32±12.41
|
/
|
|
Working memory index (n=31)
|
93.13±11.81
|
/
|
|
Verbal acceptive index (n=31)
|
91.13±15.07
|
/
|
|
Non-verbal index (n=31)
|
92.87±12.31
|
/
|
|
General ability index (n=31)
|
90.10±12.35
|
/
|
|
Fully scale intelligence quotient (n=31)
|
90.35±12.68
|
/
|
|
Mean± standard deviation (SD); n (percentage). Bold value represents data having statistical significance.
Healthy children, HC; tetralogy of Fallot, TOF; magnetic resonance imaging, MRI; body mass index, BMI; intensive care unit, ICU; right ventricular outflow tract, RVOT; ventricular septal defect, VSD; cardiopulmonary bypass, CPB; aortic crossclamp, ACC; systolic blood pressure, SBP; diastolic blood pressure, DBP.
Table 2 Volume of subcortical nuclei in patients of TOF and HC.
Variables
|
TOF (n=36)
|
HC (n=29)
|
FDR
|
LTHA (mm3)
|
6771.54±666.03
|
7435.36±532.84
|
<0.001
|
LCAU (mm3)
|
3433.84±454.68
|
3668.40±444.28
|
0.057
|
LPU (mm3)
|
4837.86±676.95
|
5137.60±551.15
|
0.073
|
LPA (mm3)
|
1725.89±273.54
|
1876.21±276.71
|
0.052
|
LAM (mm3)
|
1292.60±155.57
|
1436.27±140.62
|
<0.001
|
RTHA (mm3)
|
6514.61±715.23
|
7162.94±554.60
|
<0.001
|
RCAU (mm3)
|
3455.57±478.70
|
3777.89±394.71
|
0.015
|
RPU (mm3)
|
4846.28±643.00
|
5215.91±473.41
|
0.023
|
RPA (mm3)
|
1651.15±230.35
|
1794.82±194.04
|
0.023
|
RAM (mm3)
|
1469.20±172.47
|
1601.27±185.08
|
0.015
|
Mean±standard deviation (SD). Bold value represents data having statistical significance. Data were adjusted for age and sex using FDR.
Healthy children, HC; tetralogy of Fallot, TOF; left thalamus proper nucleus, LTHA; left caudate nucleus, LCAU; left putamen nucleus, LPU; left pallidum nucleus, LPA; left amygdala nucleus LAM; right thalamus proper nucleus, RTHA; right caudate nucleus, RCAU; right putamen nucleus, RPU; right pallidum nucleus, RPA; right amygdala nucleus RAM.
Table 3 Multiple linear regression of volume of subcortical nuclei changes and cognitions in children with TOF.
Variables
|
VCI
|
VSI
|
WMI
|
VAI
|
NVI
|
GAI
|
FSIQ
|
LTHA
|
0.006 (-0.004, 0.015)
|
0.008 (-0.001, 0.016)
|
0.007 (0.000, 0.014)
|
0.003 (-0.007, 0.013)
|
0.007 (-0.001, 0.015)
|
0.007 (-0.002, 0.015)
|
0.008 (-0.000, 0.016)
|
LAM
|
0.013 (-0.030, 0.055)
|
0.004 (-0.035 0.044)
|
0.033 (0.004, 0.062)
|
0.024 (-0.018, 0.065)
|
0.020 (-0.016, 0.056)
|
0.006 (-0.033, 0.045)
|
0.009 (-0.029, 0.048)
|
RTHA
|
0.005 (-0.004, 0.014)
|
0.008 (0.000, 0.016)
|
0.008 (0.002, 0.014)
|
0.002 (-0.007, 0.011)
|
0.009 (0.002, 0.016)
|
0.007 (-0.001, 0.015)
|
0.008 (0.001, 0.016)
|
RCAU
|
-0.010 (-0.026, 0.007)
|
-0.001 (-0.017, 0.014)
|
-0.000 (-0.014, 0.013)
|
-0.009 (-0.026, 0.007)
|
0.003 (-0.012 0.017)
|
-0.002 (-0.017, 0.013)
|
-0.001 (-0.017, 0.014)
|
RPU
|
0.009 (-0.002, 0.019)
|
0.005 (-0.005, 0.016)
|
0.007 (-0.001, 0.015)
|
0.007 (-0.004, 0.018)
|
0.006 (-0.003, 0.016)
|
0.007 (-0.003, 0.017)
|
0.007 (-0.002, 0.017)
|
RPA
|
0.015 (-0.014, 0.043)
|
0.011 (-0.016, 0.037)
|
0.021 (0.000, 0.041)
|
0.007 (-0.023, 0.036)
|
0.016 (-0.009, 0.040)
|
0.019 (-0.006, 0.044)
|
0.023 (-0.001, 0.047)
|
RAM
|
0.004 (-0.036, 0.044)
|
0.018 (-0.018, 0.054)
|
0.020 (-0.010, 0.049)
|
0.011 (-0.029, 0.051)
|
0.023 (-0.010 0.056)
|
0.006 (-0.030, 0.042)
|
0.008 (-0.027, 0.044)
|
Data are shown in beta (95% CI). Bold value represents data having statistical significance. Adjusted for sex BMI, age at MRI, family income, age of surgery, stay in ICU, stay in hospital, time of surgery, time of CPB and time of ACC.
Tetralogy of Fallot, TOF; confidence interval, CI; verbal comprehension index, VCI; visual-spatial index, VSI; working memory index, WMI; verbal acceptive index, VAI; non-verbal index, NVI; general ability index, GAI; full-scale intelligence quotient, FSIQ; left thalamus proper nucleus, LTHA; left amygdala nucleus LAM; right thalamus proper nucleus, RTHA; right caudate nucleus, RCAU; right putamen nucleus, RPU; right pallidum nucleus, RPA; right amygdala nucleus RAM; body mass index, BMI; magnetic resonance imaging, MRI; cardiopulmonary bypass, CPB; aortic crossclamp, ACC.
Table 4 Multiple linear regression of preoperative cardiac structural changes and volume of subcortical nuclei changes in children with TOF.
Variables
|
Preoperative RVOT pressure, mmHg
|
VSD, mm
|
Overriding aorta, %
|
McGoon
|
LTHA
|
3.761 (-14.613, 22.136)
|
-27.101 (-111.221, 57.020)
|
-165.584 (-4214.907, 3883.740)
|
153.166 (-636.425, 942.758)
|
LAM
|
2.562 (-1.324, 6.448)
|
-19.828 (-36.462, -3.193)
|
-407.568 (879.865, 2499.070)
|
101.039 (-66.857, 268.936)
|
RTHA
|
2.474 (-17.560 22.509)
|
-3.903 (-96.202, 88.397)
|
503.240 (-3897.615, 4904.096)
|
88.791 (-772.137, 949.720)
|
RCAU
|
-3.257 (-14.464, 7.950)
|
2.421 (-49.509, 54.351)
|
2379.803 (102.990, 4656.617)
|
71.275 (-412.670, 555.220)
|
RPU
|
-13.859 (-29.533 1.814)
|
-50.245 (-124.165, 23.675)
|
-2074.080 (-5635.641, 1488.482)
|
693.992 (36.936, 1351.048)
|
RPA
|
-0.977 (-6.999, 5.045)
|
-20.129 (-46.637, 6.380)
|
-212.272 (-1534.953, 1110.408)
|
157.500 (-93.515 408.516)
|
RAM
|
2.027 (-2.423, 6.476)
|
-16.816 (-36.463, 2.830)
|
226.416 (-763.434, 1216.266)
|
161.462 (-21.271, 344.194)
|
Data are shown in beta (95% CI). Bold value represents data having statistical significance. Adjusted for sex, BMI, age at MRI and family income.
Tetralogy of Fallot, TOF; confidence interval, CI; right ventricular outflow tract, RVOT; ventricular septal defect, VSD; left thalamus proper nucleus, LTHA; left amygdala nucleus LAM; right thalamus proper nucleus, RTHA; right caudate nucleus, RCAU; right putamen nucleus, RPU; right pallidum nucleus, RPA; right amygdala nucleus RAM; body mass index, BMI; magnetic resonance imaging, MRI.