This study was carried out to evaluate the grain nutrient concentration in sixty wheat varieties which carries different genetically makeup, collected from various research institutes across Pakistan, including the National Agriculture Research Center (NARC) in Islamabad and the Nuclear Institute of Agriculture(NIA), Hyderabad, Wheat Research Institute (WRI), Sakrand and few from local progressive growers, grown for two years at multi agro ecological zones (Fig. 1).
3.3. Genetic diversity for grain nutrient content among wheat varieties and their stability at different locations
Great availability and variability for grain Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Se content were noticed in sixty wheat varieties (Table 4) for both studied years (2017-18 and 2018-19) at different agro-ecological zones. According to the results of local agro ecological monitoring, grain Fe, Zn and Mn concentration in sixty wheat varieties at Hyderabad zone during 2018 were ranged from 30.6 to 51.2 mg kg− 1, from 16.41 to 54.75 mg kg− 1 and from 20.6 to 45.9 mg kg− 1 with average mean value of 42.2, 37.8 and 37.4.6 mg kg− 1 respectively. While the range during 2019, was from 30.0 to 51.3 mg kg− 1, from 16.4 to 54.6 mg kg− 1 and 19.9 to 45.9 mg kg− 1 with average mean value 41.7, 37.9 and 37.2 mg kg− 1 respectively. The coefficient of variation of sixty wheat varieties for grain Fe, Zn and Mn nutrient concentration was 44%, 55% and 63% respectively in 2018 and during 2019 was 42%, 54% and 60% respectively (Table 4).
Table 4
Grain nutrient concentration of sixty wheat varieties during 2017-18 and 2018-19 at different locations
Locations
|
Samples
/
Varieties
|
Fe (mg kg− 1) Content
|
Mean ± SD
|
Range
|
CV%
|
ANOVA
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
2017
-
18
|
2018
-
19
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
P value
|
F value
|
P value
|
F value
|
Hyderabad
|
60
|
42.24 ± 5.45
|
41.74 ± 6.01
|
51.25–30.67
|
51.39–30.04
|
44.3
|
42.8
|
5.1
|
***
|
6.8
|
***
|
Mirpurkhas
|
60
|
42.13 ± 5.45
|
41.83 ± 5.97
|
51.78–30.92
|
51.96–30.33
|
23.1
|
24.5
|
10.3
|
***
|
11.4
|
***
|
Thatta
|
60
|
30.33 ± 5.84
|
30.36 ± 5.94
|
40.68–13.99
|
40.82–13.80
|
53.6
|
55.8
|
7.5
|
**
|
46.8
|
**
|
Zn (mg kg− 1) Content
|
Hyderabad
|
60
|
37.85 ± 9.80
|
37.9 ± 10.12
|
54.75–16.41
|
54.60-16.43
|
55.3
|
54.2
|
15.8
|
***
|
11.9
|
***
|
Mirpurkhas
|
60
|
37.96 ± 9.80
|
37.96 ± 9.86
|
54.93–16.03
|
54.60–16.1
|
37.3
|
38.4
|
20.4
|
***
|
15.0
|
***
|
Thatta
|
60
|
29.68 ± 7.40
|
29.65 ± 7.70
|
40.84-11.00
|
40.36–11.13
|
44.2
|
50.5
|
40.7
|
**
|
41.3
|
**
|
Mn (mg kg− 1) Content
|
Hyderabad
|
60
|
37.46 ± 6.23
|
37.22 ± 6.19
|
45.97–20.26
|
45.96–19.95
|
63.3
|
60.8
|
19.7
|
***
|
19.8
|
***
|
Mirpurkhas
|
60
|
37.12 ± 6.17
|
37.10 ± 5.97
|
45.93–20.80
|
45.96–20.08
|
64.7
|
65.9
|
15.6
|
***
|
15.3
|
***
|
Thatta
|
60
|
26.29 ± 6.65
|
26.08 ± 6.73
|
36.63–10.49
|
36.20-10.19
|
47.8
|
50.9
|
10.2
|
**
|
11.8
|
**
|
Cu (mg kg− 1) Content
|
Hyderabad
|
60
|
6.63 ± 2.43
|
6.68 ± 3.8
|
8.89–3.62
|
8.88–3.88
|
60.1
|
55.7
|
11.7
|
***
|
14.4
|
***
|
Mirpurkhas
|
60
|
6.64 ± 2.7
|
6.62 ± 2.8
|
8.96–3.79
|
8.98–3.16
|
47.9
|
48.3
|
11.6
|
***
|
32.7
|
***
|
Thatta
|
60
|
1.98 ± 3.4
|
1.97 ± 2.1
|
3.80 − 0.31
|
3.78 − 0.09
|
55.3
|
60.2
|
22.9
|
NS
|
2.6
|
NS
|
Se (µg kg− 1) Content
|
Hyderabad
|
60
|
144.7 ± 39.3
|
143.2 ± 35.3
|
307.42-46.0
|
304.8–46.3
|
54.5
|
52.3
|
12.8
|
***
|
10.7
|
***
|
Mirpurkhas
|
60
|
145.0 ± 41.2
|
144.6 ± 27.7
|
306.04–45.4
|
303.7–46.7
|
25.4
|
25.3
|
13.7
|
***
|
18.7
|
***
|
Thatta
|
60
|
67.8 ± 25.8
|
67.3 ± 45.8
|
200.13–6.13
|
203.4–6.56
|
40.2
|
40.1
|
3.0
|
NS
|
2.9
|
NS
|
Cu and Se concentration, in the grain of these varieties ranged from 3.62–8.89 mg kg− 1 with average mean value 6.63 mg kg− 1 during 2018 and 8.88–3.88 mg kg− 1 with average mean value 6.68 mg kg− 1 during 2019, while Se concentration was 46.0- 465.62 µg kg− 1 and 46.3-463.8 µg kg− 1 with average mean value 154.9 and 153.1 µg kg− 1 during 2018 and 2019 respectively under Hyderabad locations. The Coefficient of variation for grain Cu content was 60% and 55% during 2018 and 2019 respectively. The Coefficient of variation for Se nutrient concentration was 54% and 52% during 2018 and 2019 respectively. Notable strides have been taken to enhance productivity, although advancements in addressing micronutrient deficiencies have been relatively limited in both Pakistan and other regions.
Under Mirpurkhas ecological conditions, Fe concentration ranged from + 30.33 to + 51.78 mg kg-1 with average mean value + 41.83 mg kg-1 during 2018 and 2019. Variety-57 had minimum + 16.0 mg kg-1 Zn concentration during both years while as, Rabi-2017-18 variety was with maximum + 54.6 mg kg-1 Zn concentration during 2018 and 2019 years. The mean average value for Mn concentration of sixty wheat varieties under Mirpurkhas locations was 37.1 mg kg-1 while range was from 20.8 to 45.9 mg kg-1 for both growing years. Variation for grain Cu concentration among sixty wheat varieties in both studied years 2018 and 2019 was ranged between from 3.79–8.96 mg kg-1 to 3.16–8.98 mg kg-1 respectively with mean average 6.6 mg kg-1 for both years. Benazir Variety showed minimum (45.4–46.7 µg kg-1) Se concentration while as Variety-54 was with maximum (471.5µg kg-1) concentration among sixty wheat varieties under Mirpurkhas climatic conditions with average mean value was 154.9 µg kg-1 during both years. Grain Fe, Zn, Mn concentration was highly significant at (P < 0.001) (Fig. 3) in both experiments while as grain Cu and Se concentration were significant at the level of P < 0.05. This type of studies has provided the range of commonly occurring concentrations of grain nutrients. Such types of variation in accumulation of nutrients in grain depend on genetic makeup of a cultivar, on physical character of soil and climatically conditions, where these crops grown [32,33]. The soil of Hyderabad and Mirpurkhas locations was slightly too moderately alkaline in reaction and moderately calcareous in nature having low organic matter. The content of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and organic matter (OM) is elevated in the upper soil profile and decreases linearly as the soil depth increases [34], but the soil was generally adequate in Cu, Fe and Mn. While in the case of Thatta soil, which was heavy to light in texture, moderate saline with highly low calcareous in nature, and low in organic matter. The climate of Hyderabad Mirpurkhas and Thatta is arid. In case of humidity, Thatta experiences extreme seasonal variation in the perceived humidity.
In the case of Thatta location, result indicates minimum availability for grain Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and Se concentration in both studied years (2017-18 and 2018-19) as compared to other two locations. Grain Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and Se were ranged from + 13.5 to + 40.5 mg kg-1 with mean average 30.3 mg kg-1, from + 11.0 to + 40.0 mg kg-1 with average of 29.6 mg kg-1, from + 10.0 to + 36.0 mg kg-1 with average of + 26.0 mg kg-1, from + 0.09 to + 3.7 mg kg-1 with average of 1.9 mg kg-1 and from + 6.1 to + 203.0 µg kg-1 with average of + 70.4 µg kg-1 during both studied years respectively. One-way ANOWA indicated that sixty wheat varieties were non-significant for grain Cu and Se during the year of 2018 and 2019, but were significant for grain Fe, Se and Mn at the level of P < 0.05 during 2018 and 2019. Previous studies have firmly established a pattern of consistent progress in enhancing grain yield (GY) and ensuring the stability of yield in modern cultivars [35,36,37]. The concentration of trace elements in plants represents a crucial ecological characteristic of agro ecosystems, as indicated by the findings of the background environmental monitoring, our study result indicates a wide range with high grain nutrient concentration along with stable varieties for grain nutrient content at three locations among wheat varieties. The availability of nutrient concentration among tested varieties under different locations was to enclose both deficient and sufficient levels. Noticeable difference was observed for all five trace elements in wheat varieties (Table 4). Different varieties of wheat showed different performance for different nutrients at different locations (Table 5, 6, 7). Most varieties showed stability for grain nutrients under different agrological zones during both studies years which indicated the progress in improving yield and nutritional value of cereals.
Table 5
Grain Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and Se concentration of sixty wheat varieties at Hyderabad location during 2017-18 and 2018-19
|
Hyderabad
|
Varieties
|
Fe (mg kg− 1)
|
Zn (mg kg− 1)
|
Mn (mg kg− 1)
|
Cu (mg kg− 1)
|
Se (µg kg− 1)
|
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
NARC-011
|
30.67
|
31.19
|
30.90
|
30.43
|
35.21
|
34.89
|
6.05
|
6.07
|
169.34
|
164.74
|
NARC-09
|
44.19
|
43.42
|
43.13
|
44.07
|
40.18
|
39.49
|
6.64
|
7.04
|
128.22
|
130.30
|
NARC-013
|
40.23
|
39.39
|
41.41
|
41.43
|
42.96
|
43.21
|
7.09
|
7.84
|
123.75
|
122.43
|
Bhittie
|
30.99
|
30.53
|
30.45
|
30.07
|
34.75
|
35.19
|
8.89
|
8.75
|
120.36
|
121.71
|
Marvi
|
42.56
|
42.73
|
43.72
|
44.17
|
33.80
|
34.43
|
7.63
|
7.11
|
47.45
|
48.33
|
Kohinoor-83
|
39.76
|
30.38
|
40.87
|
40.11
|
40.05
|
40.89
|
7.88
|
7.05
|
141.26
|
141.07
|
Sundar
|
32.73
|
32.37
|
31.13
|
31.01
|
36.82
|
35.49
|
7.65
|
7.34
|
238.05
|
233.62
|
Sarsabz
|
42.62
|
41.83
|
16.41
|
16.43
|
34.70
|
34.69
|
7.26
|
7.86
|
184.78
|
182.06
|
Sarang
|
33.38
|
32.79
|
35.10
|
35.07
|
37.61
|
38.47
|
6.65
|
6.74
|
229.90
|
228.73
|
Sunhari
|
39.61
|
40.86
|
43.45
|
40.57
|
43.53
|
44.34
|
6.98
|
6.25
|
148.81
|
147.18
|
Cioncol-16
|
51.13
|
51.93
|
52.27
|
52.07
|
45.86
|
45.65
|
8.16
|
8.01
|
455.69
|
454.89
|
Kiran-95
|
40.56
|
40.16
|
40.94
|
40.89
|
40.61
|
40.52
|
6.99
|
6.12
|
126.39
|
125.27
|
Borluag-016
|
51.13
|
50.39
|
53.43
|
54.03
|
44.46
|
44.38
|
8.70
|
8.88
|
350.30
|
347.05
|
Amber
|
36.14
|
37.94
|
38.99
|
38.84
|
40.60
|
40.26
|
6.90
|
7.16
|
122.39
|
128.07
|
Sassui
|
48.50
|
47.55
|
50.00
|
50.57
|
43.61
|
42.66
|
7.78
|
7.00
|
119.79
|
119.77
|
F-17
|
35.69
|
35.25
|
33.05
|
32.9
|
33.53
|
34.3
|
6.11
|
5.97
|
73.45
|
74.08
|
T.J-14
|
44.16
|
43.21
|
40.80
|
39.91
|
34.35
|
35.18
|
6.28
|
6.76
|
220.39
|
224.83
|
Hero
|
38.04
|
37.27
|
30.93
|
40.98
|
38.70
|
39.14
|
7.90
|
7.31
|
58.34
|
55.25
|
IV-03
|
51.25
|
51.71
|
51.92
|
51.91
|
45.97
|
45.69
|
8.30
|
8.32
|
334.19
|
331.79
|
V-27
|
41.30
|
43.36
|
36.29
|
45.89
|
35.33
|
33.92
|
6.51
|
7.11
|
50.24
|
54.32
|
ZVT-2017-18
|
45.68
|
45.85
|
53.06
|
53.82
|
30.58
|
33.43
|
6.28
|
6.51
|
144.01
|
144.71
|
R-2017-18
|
35.77
|
34.61
|
54.12
|
53.53
|
31.85
|
32.69
|
6.27
|
6.29
|
57.87
|
59.03
|
Benazair
|
48.94
|
48.92
|
40.62
|
41.07
|
43.83
|
41.53
|
6.72
|
6.93
|
46.04
|
46.32
|
Rabi-2017-18
|
51.14
|
51.88
|
54.72
|
54.60
|
44.59
|
45.27
|
8.51
|
8.85
|
390.57
|
391.70
|
Hamal
|
46.66
|
44.76
|
30.66
|
31.07
|
30.81
|
33.94
|
6.02
|
6.11
|
80.59
|
79.65
|
IV-1105
|
40.13
|
41.74
|
20.81
|
21.19
|
40.06
|
39.97
|
6.81
|
6.94
|
97.13
|
94.53
|
Yecora
|
35.99
|
36.09
|
40.58
|
43.71
|
37.53
|
36.97
|
6.26
|
6.86
|
95.06
|
96.64
|
KKK
|
43.33
|
44.73
|
40.11
|
40.27
|
39.89
|
40.65
|
6.97
|
6.02
|
74.56
|
76.74
|
TD-II
|
42.08
|
41.71
|
40.27
|
41.37
|
40.88
|
38.13
|
6.42
|
6.37
|
197.17
|
193.99
|
SKD-I
|
45.25
|
43.12
|
45.74
|
45.63
|
31.07
|
32.34
|
6.05
|
6.39
|
118.46
|
119.54
|
Sindhu
|
39.10
|
39.86
|
47.66
|
47.94
|
40.91
|
40.82
|
4.74
|
4.61
|
111.45
|
109.03
|
Imdad
|
41.55
|
40.07
|
45.41
|
46.61
|
40.42
|
39.52
|
5.85
|
5.59
|
242.54
|
248.33
|
Aabadgar-93
|
45.03
|
44.40
|
50.00
|
50.57
|
44.22
|
44.46
|
5.53
|
5.70
|
151.95
|
153.88
|
IV-2
|
47.03
|
46.08
|
40.03
|
41.11
|
40.63
|
39.89
|
6.03
|
6.19
|
51.64
|
54.56
|
Moomal
|
40.06
|
42.33
|
34.02
|
33.82
|
40.99
|
39.05
|
7.35
|
7.49
|
164.69
|
164.66
|
Mehran
|
40.84
|
41.18
|
37.76
|
38.34
|
40.83
|
39.11
|
6.31
|
6.27
|
256.24
|
256.96
|
Anmol-91
|
44.72
|
43.70
|
24.41
|
24.25
|
40.23
|
40.86
|
8.08
|
8.42
|
179.70
|
176.46
|
T.J-83
|
47.42
|
46.82
|
25.15
|
24.97
|
40.31
|
38.13
|
5.34
|
5.87
|
121.41
|
123.64
|
Panjab
|
44.02
|
45.01
|
35.31
|
35.61
|
40.66
|
39.15
|
6.14
|
6.58
|
151.83
|
151.95
|
Red Wheat
|
40.82
|
41.86
|
50.27
|
51.27
|
43.02
|
43.6
|
5.72
|
5.85
|
195.49
|
193.58
|
Sahar
|
34.92
|
35.80
|
19.97
|
18.69
|
24.67
|
23.86
|
5.63
|
5.22
|
107.58
|
107.61
|
White wheat
|
48.55
|
49.90
|
30.57
|
30.27
|
40.95
|
40.02
|
5.27
|
6.55
|
76.11
|
79.69
|
Sattar
|
45.08
|
45.40
|
30.41
|
34.85
|
35.04
|
34.79
|
6.23
|
6.11
|
70.23
|
76.06
|
Fasilabad
|
41.57
|
31.63
|
41.17
|
40.97
|
20.26
|
19.95
|
5.09
|
6.83
|
260.85
|
256.96
|
Aalia
|
40.88
|
40.25
|
31.84
|
31.45
|
20.36
|
20.88
|
6.11
|
6.05
|
181.59
|
179.46
|
Zardana
|
40.71
|
41.81
|
41.07
|
40.77
|
32.65
|
32.66
|
7.62
|
7.73
|
127.43
|
123.68
|
Zardana
|
49.02
|
49.56
|
28.87
|
28.28
|
22.43
|
21.84
|
5.79
|
5.10
|
151.26
|
151.95
|
V48
|
30.91
|
30.61
|
30.63
|
30.63
|
40.24
|
40.74
|
3.98
|
4.00
|
173.12
|
173.58
|
Khirman
|
50.33
|
50.61
|
53.27
|
52.75
|
45.33
|
45.96
|
8.08
|
8.08
|
367.42
|
260.38
|
V-7005
|
41.02
|
30.04
|
29.46
|
29.31
|
30.70
|
31.09
|
6.69
|
7.00
|
98.77
|
100.03
|
AZRC-1
|
40.03
|
40.15
|
23.05
|
20.08
|
37.49
|
27.76
|
6.22
|
6.64
|
87.39
|
86.20
|
Diamond
|
47.05
|
46.79
|
37.02
|
37.96
|
36.49
|
36.09
|
7.74
|
8.10
|
110.30
|
109.30
|
SKD-1
|
42.83
|
42.07
|
31.92
|
30.63
|
23.60
|
23.74
|
6.04
|
6.83
|
59.43
|
60.62
|
TD-I
|
50.93
|
50.30
|
54.75
|
54.56
|
45.42
|
45.89
|
8.60
|
8.54
|
469.62
|
463.88
|
WL-711
|
41.97
|
40.24
|
33.13
|
30.23
|
40.93
|
40.74
|
5.90
|
5.29
|
111.09
|
111.60
|
LYP-73
|
47.79
|
48.14
|
28.90
|
28.03
|
37.49
|
37.73
|
5.70
|
5.89
|
78.62
|
79.50
|
SA-75
|
38.37
|
38.73
|
17.24
|
17.11
|
30.82
|
31.47
|
7.14
|
6.88
|
89.78
|
87.28
|
Indus-79
|
47.25
|
47.33
|
39.72
|
35.04
|
39.52
|
39.58
|
7.51
|
7.61
|
61.06
|
65.84
|
MH-97
|
34.68
|
35.60
|
38.30
|
35.14
|
37.80
|
38.08
|
4.88
|
4.08
|
157.59
|
157.62
|
Galaxy
|
40.52
|
40.58
|
33.74
|
30.06
|
39.72
|
38.2
|
3.62
|
3.88
|
98.54
|
94.88
|
Table 6
Grain Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and Se concentration of sixty wheat varieties at MirpurKhas location during 2017-18 and 2018-19.
|
MirpurKhas
|
|
|
|
|
Varieties
|
Fe (mg kg− 1)
|
Zn (mg kg− 1)
|
Mn (mg kg− 1)
|
Cu (mg kg− 1)
|
Se (µg kg− 1)
|
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
NARC-011
|
31.10
|
30.39
|
29.97
|
30.43
|
36.01
|
35.89
|
6.27
|
6.60
|
169.25
|
165.23
|
NARC-09
|
44.29
|
42.37
|
44.42
|
43.07
|
40.80
|
38.49
|
7.00
|
7.17
|
130.47
|
126.50
|
NARC-013
|
40.64
|
40.08
|
39.64
|
40.43
|
43.33
|
43.21
|
7.51
|
7.69
|
130.02
|
130.98
|
Bhittie
|
31.81
|
30.63
|
31.17
|
30.07
|
35.22
|
36.19
|
8.08
|
8.12
|
123.70
|
124.35
|
Marvi
|
42.25
|
41.33
|
43.56
|
43.87
|
32.97
|
33.43
|
7.62
|
7.79
|
45.77
|
46.60
|
Kohinoor-83
|
38.67
|
30.42
|
39.92
|
41.11
|
39.66
|
38.89
|
7.35
|
7.37
|
150.93
|
144.81
|
Sundar
|
32.05
|
32.15
|
30.85
|
30.61
|
37.92
|
38.49
|
7.90
|
7.04
|
240.37
|
239.69
|
Sarsabz
|
42.16
|
43.50
|
19.54
|
16.34
|
33.40
|
32.69
|
7.77
|
7.94
|
182.79
|
180.94
|
Sarang
|
33.39
|
32.91
|
33.96
|
34.07
|
37.51
|
37.47
|
6.20
|
6.22
|
228.39
|
222.23
|
Sunhari
|
39.49
|
39.63
|
39.46
|
39.57
|
44.04
|
44.34
|
6.87
|
6.16
|
144.62
|
144.62
|
Cioncol-16
|
51.78
|
50.53
|
51.92
|
52.87
|
45.72
|
45.83
|
8.64
|
8.88
|
450.86
|
451.02
|
Kiran-95
|
39.76
|
41.49
|
41.06
|
42.29
|
38.36
|
39.52
|
6.84
|
7.00
|
131.17
|
130.17
|
Borluag-016
|
50.31
|
50.41
|
51.04
|
51.03
|
44.65
|
43.38
|
8.96
|
8.98
|
348.43
|
345.88
|
Amber
|
35.50
|
37.33
|
37.43
|
38.84
|
39.33
|
40.26
|
7.01
|
6.68
|
125.67
|
122.10
|
Sassui
|
48.66
|
47.55
|
50.72
|
50.87
|
44.19
|
44.66
|
7.43
|
7.86
|
118.79
|
120.66
|
F-17
|
34.06
|
36.64
|
31.97
|
32.9
|
34.33
|
35.3
|
6.95
|
6.75
|
70.60
|
70.54
|
T.J-14
|
44.39
|
43.68
|
40.05
|
39.91
|
35.70
|
36.18
|
6.66
|
6.47
|
226.15
|
221.80
|
Hero
|
38.29
|
37.21
|
41.04
|
40.98
|
36.11
|
35.84
|
7.79
|
7.03
|
54.17
|
55.95
|
IV-03
|
51.58
|
51.55
|
50.91
|
50.85
|
45.29
|
44.69
|
8.04
|
8.16
|
330.75
|
328.24
|
V-27
|
41.71
|
42.42
|
45.98
|
44.89
|
33.43
|
34.12
|
6.50
|
6.84
|
52.89
|
51.25
|
ZVT-2017-18
|
44.00
|
45.21
|
54.20
|
53.82
|
31.33
|
32.43
|
5.90
|
5.92
|
140.40
|
145.76
|
R-2017-18
|
35.56
|
35.60
|
53.24
|
53.53
|
33.99
|
34.69
|
5.99
|
6.05
|
58.25
|
59.50
|
Benazair
|
49.45
|
49.83
|
41.20
|
40.67
|
41.84
|
43.03
|
7.10
|
7.05
|
45.42
|
46.57
|
Rabi-2017-18
|
50.33
|
50.55
|
54.93
|
54.60
|
45.60
|
45.27
|
8.19
|
8.29
|
400.40
|
400.98
|
Hamal
|
49.83
|
44.49
|
31.12
|
31.07
|
33.73
|
34.04
|
6.81
|
6.98
|
82.00
|
83.10
|
IV-1105
|
41.51
|
40.36
|
21.01
|
20.69
|
38.06
|
37.97
|
6.25
|
6.11
|
100.77
|
99.50
|
Yecora
|
35.97
|
37.75
|
42.64
|
41.51
|
36.77
|
36.67
|
6.09
|
6.02
|
91.62
|
91.11
|
KKK
|
44.64
|
45.96
|
41.88
|
40.27
|
39.09
|
40
|
6.98
|
6.63
|
75.35
|
75.48
|
TD-II
|
43.65
|
42.91
|
40.30
|
40.37
|
38.04
|
37.13
|
6.52
|
6.03
|
194.66
|
190.62
|
SKD-I
|
42.45
|
42.63
|
46.13
|
46.63
|
30.11
|
31.34
|
6.71
|
6.81
|
118.96
|
116.74
|
Sindhu
|
40.55
|
40.12
|
48.30
|
47.94
|
40.01
|
40.72
|
4.62
|
4.92
|
109.46
|
110.25
|
Imdad
|
43.19
|
43.25
|
45.43
|
46.61
|
40.59
|
37.52
|
5.37
|
5.51
|
240.68
|
242.57
|
Aabadgar-93
|
45.22
|
44.57
|
49.72
|
49.57
|
45.81
|
44.46
|
6.01
|
6.10
|
153.15
|
152.62
|
IV-2
|
44.80
|
45.91
|
39.99
|
41.03
|
39.19
|
38.64
|
5.66
|
5.89
|
53.58
|
53.78
|
Moomal
|
41.75
|
42.61
|
33.99
|
33.82
|
37.88
|
39.55
|
7.51
|
7.77
|
167.61
|
164.27
|
Mehran
|
40.78
|
40.68
|
36.98
|
37.34
|
38.77
|
36.11
|
6.05
|
6.87
|
252.52
|
256.66
|
Anmol-91
|
44.69
|
44.56
|
23.87
|
23.95
|
39.78
|
39.86
|
8.44
|
8.52
|
176.06
|
177.12
|
T.J-83
|
46.90
|
46.02
|
21.84
|
22.97
|
40.66
|
37.83
|
5.53
|
5.56
|
122.91
|
120.14
|
Panjab
|
44.26
|
44.37
|
35.27
|
35.61
|
39.49
|
40.15
|
6.62
|
6.37
|
150.71
|
151.44
|
Red Wheat
|
40.40
|
40.06
|
51.53
|
51.00
|
44.49
|
43.6
|
5.37
|
5.80
|
190.77
|
191.01
|
Sahar
|
34.80
|
35.68
|
18.93
|
18.69
|
25.56
|
25.86
|
5.52
|
5.09
|
105.23
|
103.04
|
White wheat
|
49.41
|
49.23
|
31.12
|
30.27
|
39.07
|
39.02
|
5.62
|
5.20
|
71.91
|
74.30
|
Sattar
|
44.42
|
45.72
|
35.07
|
34.85
|
34.59
|
34.79
|
5.94
|
5.60
|
76.12
|
78.32
|
Fasilabad
|
40.49
|
31.91
|
41.30
|
40.97
|
20.95
|
20.25
|
5.02
|
5.20
|
260.85
|
257.23
|
Aalia
|
40.87
|
39.99
|
29.96
|
30.85
|
20.83
|
20.08
|
5.88
|
5.76
|
182.03
|
185.21
|
Zardana
|
40.03
|
41.55
|
38.27
|
37.77
|
31.81
|
32.06
|
7.08
|
6.75
|
126.92
|
130.61
|
Pirsabak
|
48.22
|
50.40
|
28.27
|
28.28
|
20.80
|
21.84
|
5.90
|
5.30
|
150.71
|
151.81
|
AZRC-1
|
30.92
|
30.68
|
30.27
|
29.63
|
40.31
|
40.74
|
4.13
|
4.02
|
172.45
|
169.29
|
Khirman
|
50.41
|
50.74
|
52.03
|
52.53
|
44.63
|
45.96
|
8.50
|
8.91
|
366.04
|
363.76
|
V-7005
|
40.06
|
30.33
|
29.50
|
29.31
|
37.89
|
38.09
|
6.98
|
7.05
|
98.78
|
99.95
|
V-8004
|
40.66
|
40.49
|
24.72
|
24.68
|
28.33
|
29.76
|
6.80
|
6.79
|
84.84
|
82.51
|
Diamond
|
43.64
|
47.98
|
38.15
|
37.96
|
38.42
|
38.09
|
7.90
|
8.07
|
102.58
|
106.33
|
SKD-1
|
42.24
|
43.96
|
30.98
|
31.63
|
24.12
|
23.74
|
6.08
|
6.58
|
60.77
|
62.23
|
TD-I
|
51.64
|
51.96
|
54.63
|
54.56
|
45.93
|
44.02
|
8.53
|
8.00
|
471.54
|
470.09
|
WL-711
|
40.93
|
40.55
|
32.92
|
32.23
|
40.66
|
39.74
|
5.06
|
5.22
|
111.10
|
110.30
|
LYP-73
|
46.12
|
48.06
|
28.80
|
28.93
|
37.22
|
37.73
|
5.94
|
5.26
|
79.21
|
78.92
|
SA-75
|
37.49
|
38.72
|
16.03
|
17.1
|
29.23
|
30.47
|
6.90
|
7.40
|
96.14
|
95.43
|
Indus-79
|
47.23
|
46.42
|
39.94
|
40.04
|
38.19
|
37.58
|
7.51
|
7.83
|
63.93
|
63.58
|
MH-97
|
35.82
|
35.22
|
34.63
|
35.14
|
37.44
|
37.8
|
4.22
|
4.06
|
155.58
|
160.85
|
Galaxy
|
40.64
|
40.60
|
33.97
|
34.36
|
38.22
|
38.2
|
3.79
|
3.16
|
94.00
|
95.07
|
Table 7
Grain Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and Se concentration of sixty wheat varieties at Thatta location during 2017-18 and 2018-19.
|
Thatta
|
|
|
|
|
Varieties
|
Fe (mg kg− 1)
|
Zn (mg kg− 1)
|
Mn (mg kg− 1)
|
Cu (mg kg− 1)
|
Se (µg kg− 1)
|
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
2017-18
|
2018-19
|
NARC-011
|
29.61
|
30.46
|
14.28
|
13.79
|
23.18
|
22.88
|
3.08
|
3.11
|
101.12
|
100.23
|
NARC-09
|
30.73
|
31.03
|
29.68
|
28.56
|
28.99
|
29.09
|
3.54
|
3.63
|
77.26
|
76.50
|
NARC-013
|
30.42
|
31.46
|
29.13
|
30.38
|
24.15
|
23.75
|
3.61
|
3.11
|
70.27
|
69.98
|
Bhittie
|
20.16
|
21.12
|
15.94
|
16.46
|
25.33
|
26.00
|
2.45
|
3.65
|
65.74
|
69.35
|
Marvi
|
30.25
|
30.43
|
32.97
|
32.30
|
21.05
|
20.65
|
2.28
|
2.63
|
8.85
|
8.60
|
Kohinoor-83
|
27.15
|
27.13
|
30.80
|
29.77
|
30.83
|
21.23
|
3.12
|
2.92
|
54.97
|
60.81
|
Sundar
|
21.88
|
21.33
|
25.16
|
26.17
|
23.13
|
23.23
|
2.27
|
2.33
|
129.53
|
129.69
|
Sarsabz
|
30.04
|
32.03
|
34.13
|
33.60
|
13.63
|
14.11
|
2.00
|
1.99
|
100.97
|
106.94
|
Sarang
|
23.81
|
24.10
|
21.44
|
20.98
|
20.61
|
19.66
|
0.31
|
0.46
|
102.81
|
108.23
|
Sunhari
|
22.91
|
21.93
|
17.50
|
15.14
|
27.46
|
27.11
|
2.76
|
2.01
|
73.44
|
74.62
|
Cioncol-16
|
38.87
|
38.68
|
40.84
|
40.36
|
36.49
|
36.20
|
3.80
|
3.27
|
203.88
|
200.02
|
Kiran-95
|
23.99
|
23.69
|
22.30
|
22.23
|
23.61
|
24.21
|
3.54
|
3.51
|
53.39
|
53.17
|
Borluag-016
|
40.68
|
40.92
|
40.27
|
39.95
|
36.19
|
35.89
|
3.10
|
3.13
|
162.91
|
170.88
|
Amber
|
24.59
|
21.72
|
18.30
|
20.58
|
30.53
|
30.53
|
2.01
|
2.33
|
82.81
|
80.10
|
Sassui
|
31.82
|
30.48
|
29.31
|
30.31
|
30.09
|
30.89
|
2.37
|
2.71
|
101.03
|
105.66
|
F-17
|
30.21
|
29.98
|
35.08
|
35.14
|
29.72
|
30.12
|
0.42
|
0.53
|
6.13
|
6.56
|
T.J-14
|
34.93
|
33.49
|
32.90
|
33.06
|
29.95
|
30.05
|
2.11
|
2.83
|
162.49
|
170.80
|
Hero
|
24.23
|
25.27
|
33.70
|
33.50
|
30.67
|
30.67
|
2.56
|
2.63
|
18.21
|
15.95
|
IV-03
|
40.11
|
39.71
|
40.30
|
40.05
|
34.85
|
35.00
|
3.47
|
3.27
|
200.30
|
203.24
|
V-27
|
31.09
|
33.36
|
29.13
|
30.64
|
30.70
|
30.77
|
2.51
|
2.55
|
8.15
|
7.65
|
ZVT-2017-18
|
35.83
|
35.85
|
31.10
|
30.14
|
30.54
|
30.54
|
2.42
|
2.93
|
85.85
|
88.76
|
R-2017-18
|
24.11
|
24.61
|
29.74
|
30.70
|
30.25
|
30.85
|
0.35
|
0.32
|
7.13
|
7.50
|
Benazair
|
25.25
|
24.53
|
38.85
|
39.15
|
24.36
|
25.06
|
2.05
|
1.91
|
7.34
|
7.57
|
Rabi-2017-18
|
39.61
|
38.40
|
39.92
|
40.29
|
35.65
|
35.65
|
3.36
|
3.78
|
177.91
|
180.98
|
Hamal
|
35.03
|
34.76
|
37.18
|
36.95
|
27.66
|
28.06
|
2.75
|
2.14
|
8.84
|
8.11
|
IV-1105
|
24.21
|
23.74
|
36.34
|
35.15
|
26.59
|
26.59
|
2.62
|
2.20
|
22.37
|
23.50
|
Yecora
|
27.79
|
26.09
|
36.28
|
35.92
|
24.81
|
25.01
|
2.48
|
2.8
|
23.96
|
21.11
|
KKK
|
33.21
|
34.73
|
31.66
|
30.85
|
31.29
|
31.29
|
1.93
|
1.43
|
17.17
|
19.48
|
TD-II
|
33.41
|
35.71
|
20.67
|
21.20
|
30.88
|
30.08
|
0.74
|
0.86
|
71.28
|
73.62
|
SKD-I
|
30.10
|
33.12
|
28.72
|
27.68
|
21.07
|
19.77
|
0.42
|
0.52
|
52.12
|
56.74
|
Sindhu
|
28.94
|
29.86
|
37.71
|
38.71
|
32.49
|
32.00
|
2.93
|
2.32
|
42.47
|
44.27
|
Imdad
|
35.81
|
35.07
|
30.30
|
30.69
|
17.44
|
17.53
|
1.53
|
1.47
|
105.63
|
100.57
|
Aabadgar-93
|
30.61
|
31.13
|
39.97
|
39.87
|
34.42
|
35.12
|
1.00
|
1.3
|
65.07
|
60.62
|
IV-2
|
33.68
|
33.08
|
38.17
|
38.27
|
30.84
|
30.34
|
1.87
|
1.27
|
10.70
|
9.78
|
Moomal
|
20.77
|
21.33
|
33.50
|
34.60
|
30.07
|
30.77
|
1.14
|
1.41
|
29.43
|
26.81
|
Mehran
|
23.55
|
23.18
|
22.27
|
25.22
|
30.24
|
30.84
|
0.55
|
0.67
|
123.76
|
124.89
|
Anmol-91
|
30.49
|
30.70
|
27.66
|
26.10
|
29.68
|
30.18
|
2.04
|
2.44
|
58.39
|
57.12
|
T.J-83
|
35.13
|
35.82
|
33.45
|
30.58
|
25.04
|
25.44
|
1.75
|
1.91
|
89.79
|
90.14
|
Panjab
|
33.08
|
33.01
|
29.95
|
30.18
|
30.45
|
30.35
|
1.65
|
1.27
|
75.37
|
71.44
|
Red Wheat
|
35.66
|
35.86
|
40.54
|
39.99
|
24.19
|
25.00
|
2.63
|
2.28
|
91.77
|
90.01
|
Sahar
|
13.99
|
13.80
|
30.15
|
30.29
|
12.69
|
11.99
|
1.39
|
1.32
|
48.84
|
43.04
|
White wheat
|
36.15
|
35.90
|
25.98
|
24.29
|
24.61
|
23.81
|
1.26
|
1.16
|
8.58
|
7.30
|
Sattar
|
31.88
|
30.01
|
28.93
|
28.79
|
22.50
|
21.85
|
1.52
|
1.34
|
14.77
|
10.32
|
Fasilabad
|
28.49
|
28.53
|
30.92
|
29.64
|
10.49
|
10.19
|
2.27
|
2.54
|
150.09
|
149.63
|
Aalia
|
35.56
|
35.25
|
31.72
|
31.94
|
17.08
|
17.38
|
1.76
|
1.61
|
69.91
|
70.21
|
Zardana
|
35.50
|
35.19
|
22.80
|
23.34
|
22.65
|
23.15
|
1.50
|
1.66
|
90.75
|
93.61
|
Pirsabak
|
32.63
|
33.42
|
15.41
|
16.14
|
16.11
|
15.51
|
2.00
|
2.36
|
96.14
|
99.27
|
AZRC-1
|
28.53
|
27.39
|
18.99
|
18.27
|
30.80
|
30.08
|
1.89
|
1.87
|
103.93
|
101.29
|
Khirman
|
38.88
|
39.40
|
40.14
|
40.12
|
35.36
|
35.60
|
1.26
|
1.82
|
175.16
|
178.60
|
V-7005
|
25.04
|
23.73
|
30.49
|
31.97
|
20.68
|
21.18
|
0.77
|
0.09
|
11.34
|
19.99
|
V-8004
|
35.96
|
35.38
|
11.00
|
11.13
|
11.24
|
10.84
|
1.90
|
1.86
|
19.34
|
17.51
|
Diamond
|
32.60
|
32.37
|
23.49
|
24.38
|
25.52
|
24.92
|
1.78
|
1.26
|
67.33
|
66.33
|
SKD-1
|
31.25
|
31.83
|
23.05
|
22.41
|
14.26
|
14.86
|
1.00
|
1.30
|
13.10
|
12.23
|
TD-I
|
38.21
|
38.81
|
40.60
|
40.25
|
36.63
|
35.73
|
2.69
|
2.14
|
197.11
|
190.23
|
WL-711
|
30.30
|
31.56
|
34.13
|
34.17
|
30.22
|
30.22
|
2.49
|
2.19
|
73.10
|
70.31
|
LYP-73
|
33.33
|
32.61
|
31.92
|
32.32
|
30.03
|
30.00
|
0.74
|
0.45
|
22.19
|
23.92
|
SA-75
|
20.83
|
21.63
|
11.12
|
11.84
|
13.31
|
12.71
|
1.28
|
1.21
|
19.58
|
17.43
|
Indus-79
|
32.91
|
31.04
|
29.95
|
30.37
|
27.89
|
26.39
|
1.48
|
1.94
|
33.00
|
31.58
|
MH-97
|
19.21
|
19.15
|
29.54
|
29.12
|
25.72
|
25.12
|
1.62
|
1.35
|
72.20
|
71.85
|
Galaxy
|
34.94
|
35.55
|
33.27
|
33.06
|
30.34
|
30.84
|
0.70
|
0.8
|
29.23
|
25.07
|
According to this study, a wheat variety offers a wide range of genetic variability and availability for Selenium, Zinc, Copper, Iron and Manganese. Similarly, out of 60 analyzed varieties, 06 varieties (Cioncol-16, Borluag-016, IV-03, Rabi-2017-18, TD-I, Khirman) showed capability to accumulate maximum concentration of Fe (38.68–51.93), Zn (39.36–54.93), Mn (20.65–45.97), Cu (1.82–8.98) and Se (162.91–455.6) as compared to remaining, besides that these varieties have stability for trace element concentrations in both years at multi locations. Among all six supper varieties, variety IV-03 showed superiority over all by producing maximum trace element content not only at Hyderabad and Mirpurkhas but also at Thatta (Table 5,6,7). The trace element content in different wheat varieties, suppressed under climate change and stressed conditions in which plant survive for targeted growth [38]. However, the findings showed that the grain mineral concentration remained stable in wheat cultivars. However, there are contradictory reports to this trend, such as in the case of Siberian wheat cultivars, where no significant change in mineral concentrations was observed over a 110-year period [,39].
Overall, the mean squares from one-way ANOVA showed highly significant differences in wheat varieties for grain Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se concentration at P < 0.001 level (Table 4, Fig. 3) at Hyderabad and Mirpurkhas locations during two years of study. The availability of grain nutrient content in the cereal can vary, not only country to country but also region to region within a country and cultivar to cultivar [40]. The iron content in American, Chinese, Indian Mexico, S. Africa and turkey grown wheat varied from 29.0 to 62.7 mg Kg-1, 31.4–38.5, 24.4–33.9, 29.5–32.7, 27.5–35.5 and 32.6–39.3 mg Kg-1 [41,42]. Similar findings were found from our studies (Fe 13.8 mg Kg-1 to 51.96 mg Kg-1). Grain Zn concentration among sixty wheat varieties at three locations during both years was ranged 11.0 to 54.93 mg Kg-1 with 37.9 mg Kg-1 mean average. In this way, our established values did not exceed the maximum allowable levels of zinc in grain used food. The normal content of zinc in plants is varies from 20 to 60 mg kg-1, [43,44] The same range for grain Zn content was also observed in China, India, Mexico, S. Africa, and Turkey [45,46]. Usually, plants contain manganese in an amount of 20–300 mg kg-1 of dry matter [47, 48, 49, 50, 51]. This phenomenon of Mn accumulation among varieties during the study period was recorded. Wheat grain had the lowest (0.03–8.98 mg kg-1 average mean value 5.03 mg kg-1) content of the element is Cu [52,53,54]. The selenium (Se) concentration in plants is linked to the availability of Se in the soil, which is influenced by various factors including the level of extractable Se, the chemical properties of Se, pH, the presence of iron oxides, and sulfate concentration. In several reports, the Se content in cereal germplasm ranged from 5 to 720 µg kg-1, primarily attributed to variations in available soil Se levels [55]. Our findings reveal significant variability in selenium content in wheat for both years, suggesting that while genotypic differences may exist in modern wheat varieties, they are likely to be minor compared to the natural variations in soil Se availability. The grain selenium (Se) concentration in wheat cultivated in Mexico typically fell within the range of 30–200 µg kg-1, whereas wheat grown in South Australia commonly exhibited concentrations ranging from 70–280 µg kg-1. This South Australian range is higher than that observed in most wheat-producing countries but lower than North America [56]. In the recent South Australian survey, wheat grain selenium (Se) concentrations were generally higher compared to levels found in New Zealand, China, the United Kingdom (UK), India, Turkey, and Europe. However, these concentrations were lower when compared to those found in Canada and the United States (USA) and Pakistan [40,41,42, 57,58,59,60]. Our results (6.13- 307.42 µg kg-1 with average mean value 119.1µg kg-1) are in complete agreement with these studies.