3.1 AntiDiarrheal Activity Test
3.1.1 Castor Oil Induced Diarrheal Test
3.1.1.1 Liquid Stool Counts at First Hour of the Test
This group of animals only received vehicles. In case of a negative control group at the first hour of the experiment a total liquid stool count observed e.g. 0.167 ± 0.167 (Mean ± SEM). Positive control group of animals received the standard drug loperamide hydrochloride at dose 10 mg/Kg body. This group of animals showed no stool passing at all thus 0.00±0.0 (Mean ±SEM).
3.1.1.1.1 Group Results
Test group-1, for dose of 1200 mg/kg, it was observed a littleliquid stool count e.g. 0.833±0.477 (Mean ±SEM). The observed P value was P=0.266. In comparison to negative and positive control its fecal dropping output was much higher. This dose could not significantly decrease the number of liquid stool count in the test animals. Test group-2, for dose of 1400 mg/kg, there was also little liquid stool count with a value of 0.333±0.333 (Mean ±SEM). The observed P value was P = 0.978. In case of negative control the liquid stool count was 0.167±0.167 (Mean ±SEM). It was observed that 1400 mg/kg dose has no significant decreased in number of liquid stool count. Test group-3, there was over a significant decrease in the liquid stool count observed e.g. 0.000 ± 0.000 (Mean ± SEM) at the dose of 1600 mg/kg.But theobserved P value was P=0.978, which indicates that this result is also not significant.
3.1.1.2 Liquid Stool Counts at Second Hour of the Test
At second hour of observation, the liquid stool count observed was 0.167±0.167 (Mean ±SEM) in case of negative control group of animals. At this hour the positive control group of animals showed no stool pass.
3.1.1.2.1 Group Results
Test group-1, there was no liquid stool count, 0.000±0.000 (Mean ±SEM), in case of the mice who received a dose of 1200 mg/kg. The observed P value was 0.634. Test group-2, for dose of 1400 mg/kg, there was over static number of liquid stool count, 0.167±0.167 (Mean ±SEM), in comparison to negative control. The observed P value was 1.0.
Test group-3, there was no liquid stool count, 0.000±0.000 (Mean ±SEM), in case of the mice who received a dose of 1600 mg/kg. The observed P value was 0.634.
3.1.1.3 Liquid Stool Counts at Third Hour of the Test
For negative control of third hour of observation, the liquid stool count observed was 3.167±0.307 (Mean ±SEM). For positive control group of animals received the standard drug loperamide hydrochloride at dose 10 mg/kg body. This group of the animals showed no stool passing.
3.1.1.3.1 Group Results
Test group-1, there was no liquid stool count, 0.000±0.000 (Mean ± SEM), in case of the mice who received Extract 1200 mg/kg dose. The observed P value was 0.000***. It significantly decreased the number of liquid stool count. After comparison with negative control, it was observed that this dose showed a highly significant result of inhibiting the liquid stool count. Test group-2, there was over all decreased the liquid stool count, 0.333±0.211 (Mean ±SEM), in case of the mice who received Extract 1400 mg/kg dose. The observed P value was 0.000***. The 1400 mg/kg dose showed a highly significantly decreased the liquid stool count. Test group-3, there was again decreased the liquid stool count, 0.667±0.494 (Mean ±SEM), in case of the mice who received Extract 1600 mg/kg dose. The observed P value was 0.000***. The 1600 mg/kg dose showed a highly significantly decreased the liquid stool count.
3.1.1.4 Liquid Stool Counts at Fourth Hour of the Test
For negative control, at fourth hour of observation, the liquid stool count observed was 1.833±0.167 (Mean ±SEM). For positive control group of animals received the standard drug loperamide at dose 10 mg/kg body. This group of the animals showed no stool (solid+liquid) passing at the fourth hour.
3.1.1.4.1 Group Results
Test group-1, there was overall decrease liquid stool count, 0.167±0.167 (Mean ±SEM), in case of the mice who received Extract 1200 mg/kg dose. The observed P value was 0.000***. That dose was highly significantly decreasing the number of liquid stool count. Test group-2, at fourth hour observation, there was over all decreased the liquid stool count, 0.333±0.211 (Mean ±SEM), in case of the mice who received Extract 1400 mg/kg dose. The observed P value was 0.000***. The 1400 mg/kg dose showed a highly significantly decreased the liquid stool count. Test group-3, there was no liquid stool count, 0.000±0.000 (Mean ±SEM) observed in case of the mice who received Extract 1600 mg/kg dose at fourth hour observation. The observed P value was 0.000***. The 1600 mg/kg dose showed a highly significantly decreased the liquid stool count.
3.1.1.5 Semi-solid Stool Counts at First Hour of the Test
For negative control, at first hour of observation, the group which had given only vehicles showed semi solid stool count 0.500±0.342 (Mean ± SEM).
For positive control group of animals received the standard drug loperamide hydrochloride at dose 10 mg/kg body. This group of the animals showed no stool passing at the first hour.
3.1.1.5.1 Group Results
Test group-1, there was overall decreased number of semisolid stool count 0.167±0.167 (Mean ±SEM), where the observed p value was 0.456. The dose 1200 mg/kg did not show significantly decreased number of semisolid stool count. Test group-2, on the other hand semi-solid stool pellet count was not found in the 1st hour for the extract 1400 mg/kg and observed p value was 0.146. They did not significantly decrease the number of semisolid stool count. Test group-3, there was no semisolid stool pellet found for the dose group 1600 mg/kg and the observed p value was 0.146.
3.1.1.6 Semi-solid Stool Counts at Second Hour of the Test
For negative control, at second hour of observation, the group which had given only vehicles showed semi solid stool count 2.167±0.601 (Mean ±SEM).
For positive control group of animals received the standard drug loperamide hydrochloride at dose 10 mg/kg body. This group of the animals showed no stool passing at the first hour.
3.1.1.6.1 Group Results
Test group-1, there was decreased semi-solid stool count, 0.167±0.167 (Mean ±SEM), in case of the mice who received Extract 1200 mg/kg dose. The observed P value was (0.000) ***. The 1200 mg/kg dose showed a highly significantly decreased number of semi-solid stool count.
Test group-2, there was no semi-solid stool count, 0.000±0.000 (Mean ±SEM), in case of the mice who received Extract 1400 mg/kg dose. The observed P value was (0.000) ***. The 1400 mg/kg dose showed significantly decreased the semi-solid stool count.
Test group-3, there was also no semi-solid stool count, 0.000±0.000 (Mean ±SEM), in case of the mice who received Extract 1600 mg/kg dose. The observed P value was (0.000) ***. In case of negative control the semi-solid stool count was 2.167±0.601 (Mean ±SEM). The 1400 mg/kg dose showed significantly decreased the semi-solid stool count.
3.1.1.7 Semi-solid Stool Counts at Third Hour of the Test
For negative control, at third hour of observation, the group which had given only vehicles showed semi solid stool count 0.667±0.422 (Mean ±SEM). For positive control group of animals received the standard drug loperamide hydrochloride at dose 10 mg/kg body. This group of the animals showed no stool passing at the third hour.
3.1.1.7.1 Group Results
Test group-1, at 3rd hour, the semi-solid stool count, 0.167±0.167 (Mean ±SEM) in case of mice who received extract 1200 mg/kg. The observed p value was 0.167±0.167 (Mean ±SEM).This group did not significantly decrease the semisolid stool count. Test group-2, there was increased semisolid stool count, 0.167±0.167 (Mean ±SEM) with observed P value 0.719 in case of mice received 1400 mg/kg dose. Test group-3, there was again increased semisolid stool count, 1.000±0.632 (Mean ±SEM) with observed P value 0.908 in case of mice received 1600 mg/kg dose.
3.1.1.8 Semi-solid Stool Counts at Fourth Hour of the Test
The semi-solid stool count for the negative control group, 0.167± 0.157 was observed. No semi-solid stool pellets were found in the 4thhour for the Extract 1600 mg/kg and the observed p value was 0.820. But few were found for 0.167±0.167 (Mean ±SEM) and 0.333±0.211 (Mean ±SEM) with observed P value 1.000 and 0.820 for the doses 1200 and 1400 mg/kg respectively. (Table A.2 and Figure A.2). But none of results were statistically significant. Again there was no semisolid stool count found at 4th hour observation for standard drug loperamide hydrochloride.
3.1.1.8.1 Total Diarrheal feces (liquid+ semi-solid) & Percentage of Inhibition Counts
The total diarrheal feces (liquid + semi-solid) and Percentage of Inhibition Counts were counted was represented in the Table A.3, Figure A.3 and Figure A.4. For negative control, in case of negative control the total diarrheal feces were found 8.833±0.980 (Mean ± SEM). There was no stool found for positive control.
3.1.1.8.2 Group Results
Test group-1, the total diarrheal feces were found 1.667±0.667 (Mean ± SEM) in case of the mice who received 1200 mg/kg dose. The observed P value was 0.000***. The 1200 mg/kg dose showed a highly significantly decreased number of total diarrheal feces count. The percentage of inhibition the numbers of total diarrheal feces count was 81.13% found. Test group-2, the total diarrheal feces were found 1.333±0.615 (mean ± SEM) in case of the mice who received 1400 mg/kg dose. The observed P value was 0.000***. In case of negative control the total diarrheal feces were found 8.833±0.980 (Mean ± SEM). The 1400 mg/kg dose showed a highly significant decreased the number of total diarrheal feces count. The percentage of inhibition of the numbers of total diarrheal feces count was found 84.91%. Test group-2, the total diarrheal feces were found 2.000±1.000 (mean ± SEM) in case of the mice who received 1600 mg/kg dose. The observed P value was 0.000***. In case of negative control the total diarrheal feces were found 8.833±0.980 (Mean ± SEM). The 1600 mg/kg dose showed a highly significant decreased the number of total diarrheal feces count. The percentage of inhibition of the numbers of total diarrheal feces count was found 77.36% for the 1600 mg/kg dose.
Table A.1 represents the data of 3.1.1 which is visualized by figure A.1.
Table A.1: The Effect of Extract on Hourly Liquid Stool Counts in Castor Oil Induced Diarrhea Test
Group
|
Dose
|
1st Hour
|
2nd Hour
|
3rd Hour
|
4th Hour
|
Negative control
|
10 ml / kg
|
0.167±0.167
|
0.167±0.167
|
3.167±0.307
|
1.833±0.167
|
Test group 1
|
1200 mg / kg
|
0.833±0.477
P=0.266
|
0.000±0.000
P=0.634
|
0.000±0.000
P=(0.000)***
|
0.167±0.167
P=(0.000)***
|
Test group
2
|
1400 mg / kg
|
0.333±0.333
P=0.978
|
0.167±0.167
P=1.000
|
0.333±0.211
P=(0.000)***
|
0.000±0.000
P=(0.000)***
|
Test group
3
|
1600 mg/kg
|
0.000±0.000
P=0.978
|
0.000±0.000
P=0.634
|
0.667±0.494
P=(0.000)***
|
0.333±0.333
P=(0.000)***
|
Positive control
|
10 mg / kg
|
0.000±0.000
P=0.978
|
0.000±0.000
P=0.634
|
0.000±0.00
P=(0.000)***
|
0.000±0.000
P=(0.000)***
|
N.B: Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n=6); One-way ANOVA;
*(< 0.05) =Significant, ** (< 0.01) = Highly Significant, *** (< 0.001) = Very Highly Significant.
Table A.2: The Effects of Extract on Hourly Semi-Solid stool Counts in Castor Oil Induced Diarrhea Test
Group
|
Dose
|
Hour 1
|
Hour 2
|
Hour 3
|
Hour 4
|
Negative control
|
10 ml / kg
|
0.500±0.342
|
2.167±0.601
|
0.667±0.422
|
0.167±0.167
|
Test group1
|
1200 mg/ kg
|
0.167±0.167
P=0.456
|
0.167±0.167
(P=0.000)***
|
0.167±0.167
P=0.719
|
0.167±0.167
P=1.000
|
Test group 2
|
1400 mg/ kg
|
0.000±0.000
P=0.146
|
0.000±0.000
(P=0.000)***
|
0.167±0.167
P=0.719
|
0.333±0.211
P=0.820
|
Test group 3
|
1600 mg/kg
|
0.000±0.000
P=0.146
|
0.000±0.000
(P=0.000)***
|
1.000±0.632
P=0.908
|
0.000±0.000
P=0.820
|
Positive control
|
10 mg / kg
|
0.000±0.000
P=0.146
|
0.000±0.00
(P=0.000)***
|
0.000±0.000
P=0.495
|
0.000±0.000
P=0.820
|
N.B: Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n=6); One-way ANOVA;
*(< 0.05) =Significant, ** (< 0.01) = Highly Significant, *** (< 0.001) = Very Highly Significant.
Table A.3: The Effects of Extract on Total Diarrheal Feces Counts and Percentage of Inhibition of Castor Oil Induced Diarrhea Test
Group
|
Dose
|
Total Diarrhea Feces
(mean± SEM)
|
% of inhibition
|
|
|
|
|
Negative control
|
10 ml / kg
|
8.833±0.980
|
0.00%
|
Test group 1
|
1200 mg / kg
|
1.667±0.667
(P=0.000) ***
|
81.13%
|
Test group 2
|
1400 mg / kg
|
1.333±0.615
(P=0.000) ***
|
84.91%
|
Test group 3
|
1600 mg/kg
|
2.000±1.000
(P=0.000) ***
|
77.36%
|
Positive control
|
10 mg / kg
|
0.000±0.000
(P=0.000) ***
|
100.00%
|
N.B: Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n=6); One-way ANOVA;
*(< 0.05) =Significant, ** (< 0.01) = Highly Significant, *** (< 0.001) = Very Highly Significant
3.1.2 Intestinal Fluid Accumulation Test
The test was carried out to determine whether the preparations had any anti-diarrhea effect. Castor oil increased the fluid accumulation in small intestine. Comparative evaluation of the extract along with Negative control group showed that the extract could not inhibit gastrointestinal motility in mice (Table B.1). A total 2 doses, e.g. 1400 mg and 1600 mg per kg body weight to these different groups of mice were taken for the intestinal fluid accumulation test. In case of negative control group which had given only vehicles, the weight increased of the intestine was 89.148±7.605 gm (Mean ± SEM) (Figure B.1).
3.1.2.1 Group Results
Test group 1, the weight increased of the intestine was found 77.50±3.25 gm (Mean ± SEM) in case of the mice who received 1400 mg/kg dose. The observed P value was 0.475. The 1400 mg/kg dose did not significantly decrease the weight of small intestine due to increase in fluid accumulation. The percentage of inhibition of fluid accumulation was found 12.1% for the 1400 mg/kg dose (Figure B.2).
Test group 2, the weight increased of the intestine was found gm 84.05±8.56 (Mean ± SEM) in case of the mice who received 1600 mg/kg dose. The observed P value was 0.833. In case of negative control the weight increased of the intestine was 89.148±7.605 gm (Mean ± SEM). The 1600 mg/kg dose did not show a significant decreased the weight of small intestine due to increase in fluid accumulation in the intestine. The percentage of inhibition of fluid accumulation was found 5.72 % for the 1600 mg/kg dose (Figure B.2).
Table B.1: Effects of Extract on the Intestinal Fluid Accumulation Test
Group
|
Dose
|
Wt_increased
|
% of Inhibition
|
Negative control
|
10 ml / kg
|
89.148±7.605
|
0%
|
Test group 1
|
1400 mg / kg
|
78.38±4.58
P=0.475
|
12.1%
|
Test group 2
|
1600 mg / kg
|
84.05±8.56
P=0.833
|
5.72%
|
N.B: Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n=6); One-way ANOVA;
*(< 0.05) =Significant, ** (< 0.01) = Highly Significant, *** (< 0.001) = Very Highly Significant.
3.1.3 Gastrointestinal Transit Time Test
The test was carried out to find out the effects of extract on the transit of the gastrointestinal tract. Comparative evaluation of the extract along with the Negative control group showed that in between total 2 doses 0f extract, 1600 mg per kg body weight significantly inhibited gastrointestinal motility in mice and dose 1400 mg per kg body weight failed to do so (Table C.1). In case of negative control group which contain only vehicles, the percentage of the intestinal length traversed by the charcoal was 77.67±4.42 cm (Mean ± SEM) (Figure C.1).
3.1.3.1 Group Results
Test group 1, the traversed length by the charcoal was found 74.43±4.67cm (Mean ± SEM) in case of the mice who received 1400 mg/kg dose. The observed P value was 0.884. The 1400 mg/kg dose failed to show a significant delayed transit time by the charcoal through the intestine. The percentage of the delayed transit time was found 4.18% for the 1400 mg/kg dose (Figure C.2)
Test group 2, the traversed length by the charcoal was found 28.60±7.12 cm (Mean ± SEM) in case of the mice who received 1600 mg/kg dose. The observed P value was 0.000***. In case of negative control the percentage of the intestinal length traversed by the charcoal was 77.67±4.42 cm (Mean ± SEM). The 1600 mg/kg dose showed a highly significant delayed transit time by the charcoal through the intestine. The percentage of the delayed transit time was found 63.18% for the 1600 mg/kg dose (Figure C.2).
Table C.1: Effects of Extract on the Gastrointestinal Transit Time
Group
|
Dose
|
Movement of Charcoal (%)
|
% of Inhibition
|
Negative control
|
10 ml / kg
|
77.67±4.42
|
0%
|
Test group 1
|
1400 mg / kg
|
74.43±4.67
P=0.884
|
4.18%
|
Test group 2
|
1600 mg / kg
|
28.60±7.12
(P=0.000) ***
|
63.18%
|
N.B: Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n=6); One-way ANOVA;
*(< 0.05) =Significant, ** (< 0.01) = Highly Significant, *** (< 0.001) = Very Highly Significant.
3.2 Central Nervous System Activity Test
3.2.1 Open Field Test
The experiment was carried out to get a clear picture of the effect of the Extract under consideration on the pattern of behavior characterized by spontaneous movements and standing activity of mice. In this experiment there is overall increase in the number of squares crossed ( Table D.1 & Figure D.1 ) and standing activity (Table D.2 & Figure D.2) as compared to the control group.
3.2.1.1 Observation of Movements at 1400 & 1600 mg/kg
At 0 min, the extract at dose 1400 mg/kg showed increased movements of mice. But the statistical data for the extract at dose 1600 mg/kg was unchanged as compared to the number of movement, 106.83 ±3.27 (mean ± SEM) of negative control. At 30 min, both of these groups (1400 mg/kg & 1600 mg/kg) showed little bid decreased activity; particularly movements. No statistically significant result was found. At min 60 and min 120, repeated decreased movement was observed for both of these doses of extract and no significant results were observed as well. At 180 and 240 min, there was both increased and decreased movements had seen for dose 1400 and 1600 mg/kg but none showed a single significant result.
3.2.1.2 Observation of Standing Activity at 1400 & 1600 mg/kg
There was over decreased the number of standing activity of Extract at dose 1400 and 1600 mg/kg from 0 min to 240 min as compared to control group of mice. But in compared to the Extract 1400 mg/kg, the Extract 1600 mg/kg showed more decreased activity. At 0 min, Extract 1600 mg/kg showed significant decreased, 3.33±.88 (Mean ± SEM), in the standing activity as compare the Negative control, 9.17±1.42 (Mean ± SEM), where the value P = (0.006)**. There was also significant result at 30 min. there was highly decreased, 6±1.69 (Mean ± SEM), the number of standing activity for the group Extract 1600 mg/kg as compared to the Negative control group, 14.17±2.3 (Mean ± SEM). And this value is statistically highly significant where the value P= (0.017) ** as compared to the Negative control group.
Table D.1: The Effects of Extract in the Movement of Open Field Test
Group
|
Min 0
|
Min 30
|
Min 60
|
Min 120
|
Min 180
|
Min 240
|
Neg.
control
|
106.83±3.27
|
75.17.40±5.83
|
60.83.80±8.89
|
69.50±10.98
|
34.67±16.94
|
33.17±17.76
|
Test group 1
|
111.83±16.47
P=0.777
|
69.17±5.02
P=0.454
|
54.67±11.30
P=0.677
|
68.50±9.90
P=0.948
|
51.50±4.16
P=0.374
|
36.17±9.75
P=0.885
|
Test group 2
|
105.17±8.88
P=0.866
|
65.67±11.19
P=0.469
|
55.50±17.93
P=0.797
|
56.33±15.29
P=0.5
|
44.00±12.38
P=0.666
|
12.42±5.07
P=0.336
|
Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n=6); One-way ANOVA; ***p< 0.001, **p<0.01 and *p<0.05 compared to control.
Table D.2: The Effects of Extract in the Standing of Open Field Test
Group
|
Min0
|
Min30
|
Min60
|
Min120
|
Min180
|
Min240
|
Neg.
control
|
9.17±1.42
|
14.17±2.3
|
8.17±2.0
|
6.17±1.28
|
5.33±2.65
|
5.17±2.18
|
Test group 1
|
7.5±1.48
P=0.436
|
12.83±2.87
P=0.724
|
7.67±1.98
P=0.863
|
8.83±1.89
P=0.269
|
6±1.46
P=0.830
|
5.5±1.38
P=0.9
|
Test group 2
|
3.33±.88
(P=0.006)**
|
6±1.69
(P=0.017)**
|
4±1.13
P=0.1
|
7.67±2.55
P=0.610
|
5±1.34
P=0.913
|
1.67±.84
P=0.165
|
Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n=6); One-way ANOVA; ***p< 0.001, **p<0.01 and *p<0.05 compared to control.
3.2.2 Hole Board Test
The experiment was carried out to get a clear picture of the effect of the drugs under consideration on the pattern of behavior characterized by spontaneous movement activity (Table D.3 and Figure D.3), exploratory (head dipping) activity (Table D.4 and Figure D.4) and emotional defecation (Table D.5 and Figure D.5) of the animal.
3.2.2.1 Observation of Movements at 1400 & 1600 mg/kg
The extract treated groups at 0 min, 60 min and 180 min there was increased in the movements on the hole board. But at 30 minute, 120 minute and 240 minute there was mix up increased and decreased in the movement activity for both of the dose 1400 and 1600 mg/kg. In case of Extract 1600 mg/kg there was a significant, 76.33 ± 10.02 (Mean ±SEM), increased in the movement as compared to Negative control, 38 ± 6.20 (Mean ±SEM), group of mice. And the value P=0.009**.
3.2.2.2 Observation of Head Dipping at 1400 & 1600 mg/kg
There was overall increased number of head dipping (exploratory activity) observed through the entire test for the extract having doses 1400 mg/kg and 1600 mg/kg. But no statistically significant results were observed for both of these doses.
3.2.2.3 Observation of Defecation at 1400 & 1600 mg/kg
There was overall increased number of emotional defecation observed. Moreover extract 1600 mg/kg showed more increased emotional defecation with regard to negative control. In case of extract 1600 mg/kg there was a significant, 1.17±0.477 (Mean ± SEM), increased in the defecation as compared to Negative control, 0.00±0.000 (Mean ± SEM), group of mice. And the value P=0.035*. There was also a significant, 1.83±0.601 (Mean ± SEM), increased in the emotional defecation as compared to negative control, 0.33±0.211 (Mean ± SEM), and the desired value was P= 0.040*.
Table D.3: The Effects of Extract in the Movement of Hole Board Test
Group
|
Min0
|
Min30
|
Min60
|
Min120
|
Min180
|
Min240
|
Neg. control
|
38±6.20
|
52.17±5.97
|
54.5±7.5
|
54.17±9.31
|
39.83±8.17
|
41.5±8.92
|
Test group1
|
45.83±5.74
P=0.379
|
49.17±4.51
P=0.697
|
61.17±5.37
P=0.487
|
52.17±2.469
P=0.843
|
51.83±4.46
P=0.226
|
48±3.68
P=0.516
|
Test group2
|
76.33±10.02
(P=0.009)**
|
64.17±10.68
P=0.350
|
72.83±7.43
P=0.114
|
49.17±3.49
P=0.632
|
57.17±6.27
P=0.123
|
34±6.09
P=0.503
|
Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n=6); One-way ANOVA; ***p< 0.001, **p<0.01 and *p<0.05 compared to control.
Table D.4: The Effects of Extract in the Head Dipping of Hole Board Test
Group
|
Min0
|
Min30
|
Min60
|
Min120
|
Min180
|
Min240
|
Neg. control
|
2.0±2.0
|
2.17±2.167
|
1.0±1.0
|
2.33±1.202
|
2.33±1.606
|
2.83±1.662
|
Test group 1
|
3.67±1.174
P=0.489
|
3.5±1.607
P=0.632
|
2.33±0.667
P=0.293
|
1.5±0.957
P=0.599
|
3.33±0.615
P=0.574
|
3.17±0.872
P=0.864
|
Test group 2
|
3.17±1.249
P=0.631
|
2.5±1.765
P=0.907
|
4.33±1.874
P=0.148
|
2.83±1.046
P=0.760
|
3.50±1.384
P=0.594
|
1.67±0.667
P=0.537
|
N.B: Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n=6); One-way ANOVA; ***p< 0.001, **p<0.01 and *p<0.05 as compared to control.
Table D.5: The Effects of Extract in the Defecation of Hole Board Test
Group
|
Min0
|
Min30
|
Min60
|
Min120
|
Min180
|
Min240
|
Neg. control
|
0.17±0.167
|
0.83±0.477
|
0.00±0.000
|
0.33±0.211
|
0.50±0.342
|
0.33±0.211
|
Test group 1
|
0.5±0.342
P=0.401
|
0.17±0.167
P=0.217
|
0.5±0.342
P=0.203
|
1.0±0.447
P=0.207
|
0.33±0.333
P=0.734
|
0.17±0.167
P=0.549
|
Test group 2
|
0.00±0.000
P=0.363
|
0.50±0.342
P=0.583
|
1.17±0.477
(P=0.035)*
|
0.33±0.211
P=1.00
|
1.33±0.494
P=0.196
|
1.83±0.601
(P=0.040)*
|
Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n=6); One-way ANOVA; ***p< 0.001, **p<0.01 and *p<0.05 compared to control.
3.2.3 Hole Cross Test
The experiment was carried out to get a clear picture of the effect of the drugs under consideration on the pattern of behavior characterized by spontaneous movement activity of the animal (Table D.6 and Figure D.6). There was overall increased in the activity (movement) between the hole cross. Between these two different doses of extract, 1600 mg/kg had more increased movement than 1400 mg/kg. In case of Extract 1600 mg/kg there was a significant, 4.83±0.70 (Mean ± SEM), significantly increased in the movement as compared to Negative control, 5.00±1.065 (Mean ±SEM), group of mice at 0 min and the observed value P=0.017*. There was also a significant, 6.67±0.843 (Mean ±SEM), value increased the movement significantly as compared to negative control, 3.17±0.833 (Mean ±SEM), group of mice at 30 min and the observed value was P=0.014*.
Table D.6: The Effects of Extract in the Movement of Hole Cross Test
Group
|
Min0
|
Min30
|
Min60
|
Min120
|
Min180
|
Min240
|
Neg.
control
|
5.00±1.065
|
3.17±0.833
|
4±1.183
|
3.83±0.946
|
4.33±1.145
|
3.5±1.432
|
Test group 1
|
6.00±0.894
P=0.488
|
5.00±0.775
P=0.138
|
4.17±0.946
P=0.915
|
3.83±0.872
P=1.0
|
5.5±0.847
P=0.432
|
5.67±1.308
P=0.290
|
Test group 2
|
9.33±1.085
(P=0.017)**
|
6.67±0.843
(P=0.014)**
|
4.83±1.195
P=0.631
|
4.67±1.406
P=0.634
|
6.50±1.057
P=0.195
|
6.67±1.116
P=0.112
|
Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n=6); One-way ANOVA; ***p< 0.001, **p<0.01 and *p<0.05 compared to control.