A Comprehensive Bibliometric Study of the Interaction Between Built Form, Solar Shading, and Human Behaviour in Warmer Cities

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4091888/v1

Shade plays a crucial role in creating liveable outdoor spaces in hot arid cities. Numerous studies have been conducted to understand the relationship between human behaviour and built form and how the physical environment responds to human needs and reflects social values. However, there have been limited reviews of the relationship between solar shading that results from built form and behaviour in hot and arid climates. This study aims to highlight the current state of knowledge of the built environment-induced solar shading through articles obtained from Web of Science (WOS), Scopus and Science Direct databases and published between 1 January 2012, and 31 December 2022. Following the PRISMA method and a bibliometrics analysis, from 679 a set of 60 relevant research papers was utilized in this study. The open-source statistical and visualisation software VOSviewer was used mainly for processing and analysing datasets. As a result of the clustering, three main research themes were offered in warmer cities: “thermal comfort and built form”, “built form and shadow”, and “shading and behaviours”. The findings are valuable in terms of mapping and provide a view to deriving usable knowledge relevant to sustainable design practice in warmer places.

The built environment represents the human-made surroundings in which we live, recreate and work, including buildings, parks, roads, utilities and other infrastructure (Coleman 2017). These structures can affect people’s mood and well-being, thereby impacting positively or negatively their physical and mental health (Evans 2003; Chowdhury 2019; Mouratidis 2021).

Since ancient times, vernacular architecture has been based on the experimentation of different constructive choices that, being validated over time, managed to define what today we name the principles of modern bioclimatic design. In the traditional model, man shapes the architectural space according to the daily system of activities, so architecture becomes a living organism intimately connected to everyday life. In the complex system of contemporary cities, human behaviour is often a reaction to development that rarely considers the unintentional consequences of uncontrolled development.

Outdoor spaces can be perceived as being the stage for urban life, where people come together and share experiences, which implies that human behaviour in public places is influenced by the presence of other people in the same area (Borowski 2014). It is worth noting that solar access is closely associated with people's daily lives. Numerous studies have explored the beneficial effects of daylight on human psychology and health (Aries et al.2015; Knoop et al.2020), and also the negative effects of sun access in warm places that increase human heat stress and decrease productivity (Zander et al .2015; Pogačar et al. 2018; Parsons et al.2022). In warmer cities, creating outdoor shading is a main concern strategy to ensure that people are comfortable and enhance the city's liveability. However, in the planning process, the effects of solar access/shade are not properly assessed according to the existing built environment and people’s needs. In addition, there is limited knowledge regarding the relationship between built form, shading and human behaviour.

In light of the aforementioned, this paper aims to provide comprehensive knowledge mapping in warmer cities by browsing and analysing publications across databases. This study is the first to utilize bibliometric analysis to investigate the current status of published scientific literature that explores the relationship between the built form and solar shading from a behavioural point of view.

Bibliometric is considered the foremost method for evaluating and analysing academic research output comprehensively by allowing a reviewer to identify the most reputable sources for academic research papers (Cobo et al .2015). Using this approach offers the benefit of summarizing and identifying the gaps in the existing research to continue advancing the field in the future, (Donthu et al .2021). Consequently, the study was structured around the following research objectives:

(1) Offering a comprehensive literature regarding three crucial elements; built form, shading and behaviours. (2) Identify influential authors and organizations. (3) Identify yearly themes. (4) Provide literature on the three main topics in the field.

Figure 1 presents the bibliometric analysis procedure in this study. Donthu et al.2021 identified a set of four stages for conducting bibliometric analysis. In step 1, determine the aim and objectives of the study. As previously mentioned, this study focused on the mutual relation between built form, shading, and behaviours in warmer cities, and four goals were outlined. Details of steps 2 and 3 are outlined within the research methods section, while the outcomes of step 4 are discussed in the Results section.

This study was carried out by reviewing publications that provide research related to building shading. First, bibliographies were collected from academic databases, generating data collected analysis using bibliometric methods, and then, authors reviewed the studies based on the classification results.

2.1. Bibliographic Data Collection

Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology, studies based on building shading and human behaviours in outdoor spaces were identified as shown in Fig. 2 which includes four stages:

(1) Identification: The preliminary literature was focused on a topical search in titles, keywords, and abstracts, in the three academic databases: Science Direct, Scopus, and Web of Science, the range of data was set from 2012 to 2022 which represents the recent publications of the last 10 years.

(2) Screening: Using keywords “building shading” AND “human behaviours” OR “built form” AND “hot climate”, “solar” “shading” AND “outdoor space”, 659 papers related to this review topic, Precisely, 351 from Web of Science, 195 papers from Science Direct and 133 from Scopus.

(3) Eligibility check: A more screening process was carried out. Articles not written in English were excluded from the analysis. Studies that did not address outdoor urban spaces were excluded from consideration. Studies based on sociological, psychological and health care were excluded, as well as studies irrelevant to building form i.e. photovoltaic facade, and energy transformation were excluded.

(4) Inclusion: After the selection process, 60 articles were included in this review, refer to the WoS database.

2.2. Bibliometric Analysis: Analysis of Collected Bibliographies

The keywords and abstracts of 60 bibliographies were analysed by VOSviewer software (Table 1). VOSviewer (version 1.6.19) package program was used for bibliometric network visualization. VOSviewer can display three types of mapping visualizations; overlay visualization, network visualization, and density visualization.

3.1. Publication Trends

By utilizing the PRISMA flowchart as a filtering tool, a total of 60 articles published in the last ten years from 2012 to 2022 were analysed. As shown in Fig. 3, the developmental trend of publications could be divided into three stages. In the first stage before 2019, the research field on built form, shading, and behaviours has been continuously developing. In the second stage from 2019 to 2020, there was a decline in publication, this may have referred to the COVID-19 pandemic, which limited the number of outdoor spaces research. In the third stage which ran from 2021 to 2022, the peak of published papers was reached in terms of quantity in 2021, however, it also observed a slight decline in 2022.

3.2. Co-Authorship Analysis

The analysis of the co-authors network represents authors, countries and organisations that share co-authorship. According to the analysis presented in Table 2, there were a total of 195 authors, among whom 7 met the criteria of having at least two papers published with at least 10 citations. In terms of the co-authorship of organizations, there were 107 organisations of which 9 organisations met the threshold of having at least two published documents with at least one citation. According to the data, German Meteorol Serv had the most citations (141), followed by Tongji University (111) and Tarbiat Modares University (79) as the third major cited organization. Furthermore, the results show no links connecting between these organizations. Consequently, we concluded that the research on this topic is still lacking.

Regarding the co-authorship countries. Out of 32 countries, 10 meet the spatial network threshold. i.e. a minimum of 3 documents without any citations. Figure 4 illustrates these countries. The horizontal (x) axis of the figure represents the percentage of publications, and the vertical axis (y) represents the countries. The most significant contribution to the research was made by the People’s Republic of China with about 26.79% of publications, followed by the next highest productive countries United States and Iran with a share of publications at 12.5%, and the United Arab Emirates with 8.93%. In the rest of countries, the number of publications is less than 8%.

In terms of the co-citation network, out of the 60 published documents on this topic. Table 3 shows the ten most influential papers in terms of number of citations and sources, ranked in descending order of (TC) importance. The first two columns of the table indicate the rank of the document and the number of citations. The maximum and minimum number of citation counts among the top ten influential documents are 358 and 48, respectively. In terms of the top three cited papers, the most cited manuscript to date is Taleghani et al. 2015 with 358 citations. The second-most cited paper is authored by Middle et al. 2021 with 274 citations. Othman et al. 2020 is the third most cited article with 110.

3.3. Co-Occurrence Analysis

In this study, we selected all keywords as the unit of analysis, and set 1 time as the minimum number of occurrences per keyword; therefore, 414 out of 414 words met the threshold (Fig. 5). To focus on the scope of this study, the number of keywords was adjusted to 22 keywords. The number of links was 168 and the total strength of the links was 294. In the visualisation (Fig. 6), each term is represented by a circle. The size of the nodes indicated the frequency of occurrence. To enhance visualization, the size variation parameter has been adjusted to a specific value of 1.34. A term in the left part of the visualization is not visible. Terms that frequently occur together tend to be clustered closely in the visualization. As can be seen, there were five clusters, the clusters showed that there was a relationship between one topic to another. In cluster one (red), 6 items were identified as ‘behaviour’ ‘built environment’ ‘climate’ ‘form’ ‘sky view factor (SVF)’ ‘walkability’. The second cluster (bleu) encompassed words such as ‘aspect ratio’ ‘orientation’ ‘shadow patterns’ ‘street canyon’ and ‘urban morphology’ (5 items). A third cluster (green) (5 items) was identified as ‘canyon’ ‘human thermal comfort’ ‘impact’ ‘microclimate’ ‘sun-shading’. The fourth cluster (yellow) comprised the concepts ‘behaviour pattern’ ‘shading’ ‘thermal comfort’ ‘ventilation’ (4 items). The five (brown) comprised ‘building form’ and ‘hot’ (2 items), It is smaller than all the other clusters but closely related to each of them. The thickness of lines connecting items indicated the link strength of topic areas or keywords. Hence, Fig. 6 shows that microclimate has the most notable link strength among all keywords and demonstrates strong connections to the other keywords thermal comfort, urban morphology, sun-shading, behaviours, human thermal comfort, etc. The strength of the networks among the terms suggests a close interconnection among these concepts. In addition, it can be seen in the density of the visualisation map (Fig. 7), that the dominant topics or keywords were ‘thermal comfort’ ‘climate’ ‘impact’ ‘form’ ‘microclimate’ ‘hot’. The intensity of colours reflects the frequency of researchers conducting studies related to our topic. This means that these topics in the 2012–2022 period were among the most widely discussed by researchers. The Keywords or nodes that are not currently linked to other keywords have the potential to emerge as new research topics in the future. As it is shown in overall, this study found three research themes which were: “thermal comfort and built form”, “built form and shadow”, and “shading and behaviours”.

3.4. Yearly Themes

Researchers are becoming more focused and covering a wider range of topics, this analysis enabled us to conclude the yearly progression of studies. The research themes for 2017–2022 can be seen in Fig. 8. From early 2017 to late 2019, the focus of research shifted from “behaviour pattern” to “built form and thermal comfort”. In 2020, the research content was centred around a specific area of interest which is microclimate and urban geometry, moreover, the research themes in 2020 and 2022 seem to be quite clustered to the human thermal comfort, walkability and shadow pattern.

This study provides a complete overview of the relationship between built form, solar shading and behaviours by employing bibliometric research tools. Co-authorship and co-occurrence analyses were conducted. The studies were selected using the PRISMA flowchart as a filtering tool to identify papers providing an overview of recent publications within the last decade. VOSviewer was then utilized to visualize the network effectively. Referring to Fig. 3, it is expected in the future that the number of researchers will gradually decline. Nevertheless, this may be simply a perception caused by the fixation of proper concepts which could lead to a decline in research. Some segmented research topics in Figs. 5 and 6 could be considered under the topic of built form, solar shading and behaviours, such as: building energy consumption, passive cooling, solar radiation, vegetation, and building performance, however, this may divide the findings. To improve comprehension, more focused keywords will be used in future studies. Based on the overall visualization (Fig. 8), this study provides an overview of three major research topics in warmer cities, which were “thermal comfort and built form”, “built form and shadow”, and “shading and behaviours”.

4.1. Thermal Comfort and Built-Form

Studies of thermal comfort in outdoor environments have increased due to growing concerns about global warming, urban heat islands (UHI), and climate change. Numerous studies have confirmed that building form or urban configuration has a significant effect on outdoor thermal comfort particularly through its impact on mean radiant temperature and wind velocity (Sharmin et al. 2015; Xuan et al. 2016; Wang et al .2016; Asfour 2017; Yang 2017; Dash and Chakraborthy 2018; Jiang et al. 2020; Alayed et al. 2021; Acero et al. 2021; Salman et al. 2021; Sun et al. 2022). For instance, Yang et al. 2013 found that an increase of 10% in the SVF increased wind speeds by 7–8%. Asfour 2017 confirmed that shallow building plans are an effective strategy to increase natural ventilation as passive cooling. According to researchers, natural ventilation and thermal comfort in outdoor areas can significantly enhance the city's liveability. Xiong et al. 2022 conducted a study on the outdoor thermal conditions in various urban configurations during the summer. Authors have confirmed that the wind velocity distribution around the buildings became more concentrated as the distance between buildings decreased, leading to inadequate ventilation and thermal discomfort. In their study, Gamero-Salinas et al. 2021 highlighted the significant impact of building form factors, including the height-to-depth ratio, open space ratio, and green plot ratio, in improving air circulation and reducing the mean radiant temperature. They emphasized that considering these parameters can be used to create a comfortable environment for social activities. Among their findings, they discovered that vertical and horizontal breezeways provide optimal comfort during warm hours, making them suitable areas for various social activities. Othman and Alshboul 2015 also studied the influence of urban form on thermal comfort in outdoor public areas, researchers affirm that urban design significantly affects thermal comfort. Yang et al.2020 have confirmed that building layout, pavement and vegetation affect thermal outdoor comfort. Findings confirm that building layout significantly impacts the thermal environment throughout the day, whereas vegetation layout can only have a minor influence during the midday period (12: 00 and 15:00), for enhanced thermal comfort, authors suggest avoiding planting trees in building shaded areas because the trees may not provide significant cooling. Alternatively, planting trees in areas that receive higher amounts of solar radiation. A research conducted by Mushtaha et al. 2022 aimed to enhance the architectural design of skyscrapers, the authors adapted a novel approach to dust simulation, this method aims to mitigate airborne dust dispersion, control its movement, and create environmentally sustainable structures in the UAE. Elshafei et al. 2022 conducted a comparison study among four proposed building forms: Rectangle, Hollow square, U-shaped, and Circle, assessing their impact on temperature, pressure, and air velocity. They aimed to identify the most suitable building design strategy for enhancing the thermal performance of urban outdoor spaces during summer, thus affecting indoor thermal comfort as well. Findings confirm that the circular shape is the optimal shape to achieve the highest airspeed and the lowest pressure to achieve thermal comfort. The U-shaped building represented the worst-case scenario. The two shapes, the hollow square and rectangle, occupy intermediate positions between the most favourable and least favourable scenarios. Yang et al. 2022 through simulation, investigated the relationship between building spacing and the thermal environment of residential areas across four cities in China. Findings confirmed that the lower standard effective temperature (SET) is when the distance (D) is less than 50 m within the 20-50m range, while the opposite trend is shown when D is more than 50 m. Outdoor thermal comfort relates urban and landscape designers with bio-meteorologists focused on climatology and pedestrians (Taleghani et al. 2015). Studies have indicated that excessive heat poses a significant obstacle to walking activity, which can affect negatively urban vitality. Proper urban planning strategies can effectively mitigate heat stress for pedestrians. Kim and Brown 2021 in their study investigated the impacts of microclimatic urban design elements on the pedestrian's thermal comfort during the day. Ma et al. 2022 mentioned the impact of urban morphological characteristics on pedestrian thermal comfort along a street using the ENVI-met model.

It is well noted that in warmer cities, it is important to integrate passive strategies into building design processes, so buildings can effectively minimize energy consumption and create comfortable indoor environments (Del et al. 2022; Huang et al. 2021; Ozcelik et al. 2019). Studies have indicated the benefit of vernacular architecture (Zarghami et al. 2017; Kaihoul et al. 2021), and the selection of suitable material (Mazraeh and Pazhouhanfar 2018; Almusaed et al. 2020) on thermal comfort. For example, Yan et al. 2016 conducted a study to examine how the hot and arid climate of Turfan impacts the behaviour and comfort levels of individuals living in traditional houses. The study emphasized the importance of considering thermal comfort when designing buildings and using passive cooling strategies to achieve this. Furthermore, improving outdoor microclimates has been demonstrated as a successful approach to decreasing building energy usage in residential areas (Gui et al. 2018; Srhayri et al. 2022). Talb et al. 2015 proposed the concept of urban parametric design utilizing a genetic algorithm in Rhino software to create a building cluster design suitable for hot climates. This design took into account diverse environmental factors, including solar radiation, urban airflow, building form, and orientation, to achieve an optimal sustainable urban form. In the Parametric study, Yasa and Ok 2014 studied different courtyard building shapes in different weather conditions. The results showed a direct relationship between courtyard length and yearly thermal loads. Javanroodi et al. 2018 propose an innovative method to model and evaluate the effects of urban morphology on the energy efficiency and ventilation capacity of buildings by examining a tall building within diverse urban settings during six warmer months in Tehran. The authors offer design recommendations for architects and urban planners, drawing from the top 100 configurations (selected from 1600 models), to enhance energy efficiency and optimize the ventilation of buildings in urban areas.

4.2. Built Form and Shade

Several research papers related the study of shading in urban areas to the investigation of sky view factors and the degree of thermal comfort, through the study conducted by Martinelli and Matzarakis 2017. The authors present a numerical study to investigate the influence of the height-to-width ratio on the outdoor thermal comfort of courtyards and the sky view factor in Italy. The findings confirmed that the in-depth courtyard forms enhance thermal comfort. Shade from the urban form varies depending on the orientation. The influence of shading from buildings varied depending on their orientation. Nasrollahi et al. 2017 conducted a numerical analysis to examine the thermal performance of various configurations of traditional courtyards, in Shiraz, Iran. Authors have suggested utilizing configurations of a high height-to-width ratio and facing towards the south for improving shading during summer. Several studies have focused on examining how climatic variables interact with architectural design, aiming to provide valuable recommendations for building designers. In their study conducted in 2013, Caruso and Kämpf 2013 utilized parametric simulation techniques, which included considerations of orientation, compactness factor, and the application of self-shading principles. Their objective was to identify an optimal building geometry that minimizes direct solar irradiation on the building envelope. On the other hand, Yeretzian Ara et al. 2020 introduced an approach for determining optimal building configurations based on specific solar radiation criteria. This approach was employed to enhance the initial design phase of building shapes. In the context of comprehension of pedestrian behaviours adaptation to the urban thermal environment, Melnikov et al. 2022 examined the effect of sun exposure on route choice using mathematically formalised. The authors found that shaded areas experience a reduced walking distance by a factor of 0.86 compared to walking in sunny areas, indicating that shadows from buildings have a greater impact than those from trees. The results emphasize the significance of evaluating climate conditions based on human responses and suggest guidelines for further strategies to mitigate pedestrian heat stress. Huang et al. 2019 have validated that the correlation between street height-to-width ratio, sunshine duration, and street orientation angle is determined through nonlinear fitting analysis. The authors suggested that for streets oriented north to south, an optimal street height-to-width ratio of 0.95–1.13 is recommended to effectively reduce sunshine duration. Conversely, for streets oriented east to west, it is proposed that creating a recessed space on one side of the street would enhance thermal conditions. Torreggiani et al. 2018 aimed to evaluate how architectural variations affect the building’s thermal behaviour using simulation. The authors utilized simulation to examine how different architectural elements could enhance the thermal performance of unconditioned farm structures. They validated their findings through energy simulations conducted in a case study in Italy. Additionally, the authors compared the data obtained from simulations under various temperature ranges. Trepci et al. 2021 conducted research investigating the effect of inter-building shading on energy efficiency. They investigated factors such as distance, height, and orientation, which led to a notable 26% increase in cooling energy efficiency

4.3. Shadow and Behaviours

Cities increasingly recognize the importance of using shading techniques such as shading devices or green roofs to reduce the cooling demand and energy consumption of a building (Charalampopoulos et al. 2013; Sadeghi et al. 2016; Alhuwayil et al. 2019). In warming cities, shade is a key element in the design of pedestrian-friendly outdoor areas. The shading cast by urban structures significantly decreased both Surface Temperature (Ts) and Mean Radiant Temperature (TMRT), thereby mitigating heat stress on individuals and reducing thermal discomfort on hot, sunny days (Middel et al.2021). Studies have related the presence of people in outdoor spaces to the satisfaction of outdoor thermal comfort; highly shaded locations generally show a low physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) which is related directly to the built environment. For example, Elkhazindar et al. 2022 Compare the characteristics of urban areas in the United Arab Emirates, focusing on traditional and contemporary designs based on four factors: building form, orientation, street pattern, and urban density. The findings indicated that the traditional urban layout has the lowest air temperature due to its low sky view factor (SVF). Limited studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of urban shading on human thermal comfort. Sakhri et al. (2022) aimed to find correlations among the built environment, human and shadow patterns. Their study affirmed that the shadows cast by urban structures significantly influenced thermal comfort and the spatial distribution of people particularly during the summer season. Consequently, they observed a stronger correlation between the Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) and shadows in spring compared to summer. Alawadi et al. 2021 examined the ability to walk in two urban areas located on the main islands of Abu Dhabi in the hot arid region. The findings affirm that the primary cause of discomfort while walking is attributed to fluctuations in weather conditions.

The purpose of this study is not to provide a comprehensive overview of the issues associated with creating liveable urban outdoor spaces in hot cities, instead, it aims to provide a comprehensive knowledge mapping of the mutual relationship between built form, shading and behaviour based on bibliometric analysis in the last 10 years (2012–2022). In this study, the analysis by VOSviewer software provides knowledge mapping of this relationship in terms of the publication trend, authors, organisations, countries, and keywords. The analysis of the current situation of publications revealed that the number of scientific research works on this topic is limited, and the collaboration between researchers from different countries still needs to be strengthened. Furthermore, the analysis of keywords offers insight into future research directions and reveals emerging trends.

Bibliometric analysis cannot study the research logic and the relationship between variables, therefore the strength of our research is that we utilize systematic literature reviews based on dominant topics.

Findings show that the most dominant topics discussed by researchers in the 2012–2022 period were ‘thermal comfort’ ‘climate’ ‘impact’ ‘form’ ‘microclimate’ ‘hot’, as result this study offered a summary of three main research themes, which were “thermal comfort and built form”, “built form and shadow”, and “shading and behaviours”. Based on the dominant topics the following conclusions are derived:

The built environment has a significant impact on shaping people’s behaviours and usage in outdoor spaces.
Studies on the built environment’s impact on shading are still limited to numerical modelling either by geographical scale.
It is hard to estimate all relevant indicators related to build form, human behaviours and shading simultaneously. As a result, there is a limitation in the methodology and technique adopted at the urban scale.
The literature on built form, shade and behaviours shows that there is no valuable standard tool applied by researchers to interpret the results of physical measurements and how they relate to subjective thermal evaluations, including social and behavioural variables.
To assess the interpenetration between the built environment and shading in terms of behavioural aspects, an assessment framework should operate on four distinct levels: psychological, microclimate, physical environment, and socio-behavioural aspects.
People’s thermal sensations can be optimized based on subjective thermal evaluation ASV; adopted optimization strategies based on built environment / solar shading.
It would be practical to have more specific research in developing urban design guidelines based on shading strategies in hot desert cities.

This paper will be helpful to researchers and academicians towards understanding the relationship between built form, shading and behaviours in arid cities, and for future research. However, there are some limitations and difficulties in this research, bibliometric analysis needs open access to different databases, also the study considers only papers written in English. Future researchers can consider papers written in other languages, such as French, Japanese, Italian, Spanish, Chinese and so on.

Declaration of competing interest

The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.

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Melnikov, V. R., Christopoulos, G. I., Krzhizhanovskaya, V. V., Lees, M. H., & Sloot, P. M. (2022). Behavioural thermal regulation explains pedestrian path choices in hot urban environments. Scientific reports, 12(1), 2441.
Middel, A., AlKhaled, S., Schneider, F. A., Hagen, B., & Coseo, P. (2021). 50 grades of shade. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 102(9), E1805-E1820.
Momeni, K., & Shiri, T. (2022). Effects of sunlight and shadow on the surfaces of pigeon towers in Central Asia: Case studies in Iran, Qatar, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 46(1), 48-57.
Mouratidis, K. (2021). Urban planning and quality of life: A review of pathways linking the built environment to subjective well-being. Cities, 115, 103229.
Mushtaha, E. S., Salameh, T., Al Qurneh, D., Hassan, S., Hamad, R., Abdelkareem, M. A., ... & Mori, T. (2022). The Impact of the Building Forms of Tall Buildings on Dust Accumulation and Thermal Performance in Hot Climates. Buildings, 12(10), 1581.
Nasrollahi, N., Hatami, M., Khastar, S. R., & Taleghani, M. (2017). Numerical evaluation of thermal comfort in traditional courtyards to develop new microclimate design in a hot and dry climate. Sustainable cities and society, 35, 449-467.
Othman, H. A. S., & Alshboul, A. A. (2020). The role of urban morphology on outdoor thermal comfort: The case of Al-Sharq City–Az Zarqa. Urban Climate, 34, 100706.
Ozcelik, G., Becerik-Gerber, B., & Chugh, R. (2019). Understanding human-building interactions under multimodal discomfort. Building and Environment, 151, 280-290.
Parsons, L. A., Masuda, Y. J., Kroeger, T., Shindell, D., Wolff, N. H., & Spector, J. T. (2022). Global labor loss due to humid heat exposure underestimated for outdoor workers. Environmental Research Letters, 17(1), 014050.
Pogačar, T., Casanueva, A., Kozjek, K., Ciuha, U., Mekjavić, I. B., Kajfež Bogataj, L., & Črepinšek, Z. (2018). The effect of hot days on occupational heat stress in the manufacturing industry: implications for workers’ well-being and productivity. International journal of biometeorology, 62(7), 1251-1264.
Sadeghi, S. A., Karava, P., Konstantzos, I., & Tzempelikos, A. (2016). Occupant interactions with shading and lighting systems using different control interfaces: A pilot field study. Building and Environment, 97, 177-195.
Sakhri, H., Bada, Y., & Emmanuel, R. (2022). Study on correlation between shadow patterns and human behaviour in hot, arid cities: a case study of Biskra, Algeria. International Journal of Biometeorology, 66(12), 2517-2528.
Salman, A. M., & Saleem, Y. M. (2021). The effect of Urban Heat Island mitigation strategies on outdoor human thermal comfort in the city of Baghdad. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 10(4), 838-856.
Sharmin, T., Steemers, K., & Matzarakis, A. (2015). Analysis of microclimatic diversity and outdoor thermal comfort perceptions in the tropical megacity Dhaka, Bangladesh. Building and Environment, 94, 734-750.
Srhayri, I., Hafs, H., & Bah, A. (2022). Effect analysis of U-shape exterior walls on energy consumption of building: the case of Morocco. International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration, 30(1), 7.
Sun, C., Lian, W., Liu, L., Dong, Q., & Han, Y. (2022). The impact of street geometry on outdoor thermal comfort within three different urban forms in severe cold region of China. Building and Environment, 222, 109342.
Taher Tolou Del, M. S., Bayat, S., & Zojaji, N. (2022). The effect of building plan form on thermal comfort in the traditional residential patterns of the hot and dry climate of Qom. Heritage Science, 10(1), 185.
Taleb, H., & Musleh, M. A. (2015). Applying urban parametric design optimisation processes to a hot climate: Case study of the UAE. Sustainable Cities and Society, 14, 236-253.
Taleghani, M., Kleerekoper, L., Tenpierik, M., & Van Den Dobbelsteen, A. (2015). Outdoor thermal comfort within five different urban forms in the Netherlands. Building and environment, 83, 65-78.
Torreggiani, D., Barbaresi, A., Dallacasa, F., & Tassinari, P. (2018). Effects of different architectural solutions on the thermal behaviour in an unconditioned rural building. The case of an Italian winery. Journal of Agricultural Engineering, 49(1), 52-63.
Trepci, E., Maghelal, P., & Azar, E. (2021). Urban built context as a passive cooling strategy for buildings in hot climate. Energy and Buildings, 231, 110606.
Wang, Y., Berardi, U., & Akbari, H. (2016). Comparing the effects of urban heat island mitigation strategies for Toronto, Canada. Energy and buildings, 114, 2-19.
Xiong, Y., Zhang, J., Yan, Y., Sun, S., Xu, X., & Higueras, E. (2022). Effect of the spatial form of Jiangnan traditional villages on microclimate and human comfort. Sustainable Cities and Society, 87, 104136.
Xuan, Y., Yang, G., Li, Q., & Mochida, A. (2016, June). Outdoor thermal environment for different urban forms under summer conditions. In Building Simulation (Vol. 9, pp. 281-296). Tsinghua University Press.
Yan, H., Yang, L., Zheng, W., He, W., & Li, D. (2016). Analysis of behaviour patterns and thermal responses to a hot–arid climate in rural China. Journal of thermal biology, 59, 92-102.
Yang, F. (2017). Investigating wintertime pedestrian wind environment and user perception in dense residential neighbourhood in a city of hot-summer and cold-winter climate zone, China. Indoor and built environment, 26(3), 392-408.
Yang, F., Qian, F., & Lau, S. S. (2013). Urban form and density as indicators for summertime outdoor ventilation potential: A case study on high-rise housing in Shanghai. Building and environment, 70, 122-137.
Yang, G., Xuan, Y., & Zhou, Z. (2022). Influence of Building Density on Outdoor Thermal Environment of Residential Area in Cities with Different Climatic Zones in China—Taking Guangzhou, Wuhan, Beijing, and Harbin as Examples. Buildings, 12(3), 370.
Yang, S., Zhou, D., Wang, Y., & Li, P. (2020). Comparing impact of multi-factor planning layouts in residential areas on summer thermal comfort based on orthogonal design of experiments (ODOE). Building and Environment, 182, 107145.
Yaşa, E., & Ok, V. (2014). Evaluation of the effects of courtyard building shapes on solar heat gains and energy efficiency according to different climatic regions. Energy and Buildings, 73, 192-199.
Yeretzian, A., Partamian, H., Dabaghi, M., & Jabr, R. (2020). Integrating building shape optimization into the architectural design process. Architectural Science Review, 63(1), 63-73.
Yu, Y., & de Dear, R. (2022). Thermal respite for pedestrians in overheated urban environments–Introduction of a dynamic analysis of outdoor thermal comfort. Sustainable Cities and Society, 86, 104149.
Zander, K. K., Botzen, W. J., Oppermann, E., Kjellstrom, T., & Garnett, S. T. (2015). Heat stress causes substantial labour productivity loss in Australia. Nature climate change, 5(7), 647-651.
Zarghami, E., Fatourehchi, D., & Karamloo, M. (2017). Impact of daylighting design strategies on social sustainability through the built environment. Sustainable Development, 25(6), 504-527.

Table .1: Review of 60 bibliometric research on the WoS database

*Extracted on 11 June 2023, WoS core cited.

Authors	Article Title	Cited*	Journal
del (2022)	The effect of building plan form on thermal comfort in the traditional residential patterns of the hot and dry climate of Qom	0	HERITAGE SCIENCE
huang (2019)	Effect of building interface form on thermal comfort in gymnasiums in hot and humid climates	8	FRONTIERS OF ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH
sadeghi (2016)	Occupant interactions with shading and lighting systems using different control interfaces: A pilot field study	102	BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
elshafei (2022)	Green building outdoor thermal comfort in hot-desert climatic region	2	COGENT ENGINEERING
almusaed (2020)	Environmental Profile on Building Material Passports for Hot Climates	27	SUSTAINABILITY
yang (2017)	Investigating wintertime pedestrian wind environment and user perception in dense residential neighbourhood in a city of hot-summer and cold-winter climate zone, China	1	INDOOR AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
kaihoul (2021)	The effect of climate-responsive design on thermal and energy performance: A simulation based study in the hot-dry Algerian South region	9	JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
dash (2018)	Influence of climate on building codes: Comparative analysis of indian cities	2	ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRESS & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY
asfour (2017)	Effect of building plan form on human thermal comfort in naturally ventilated open-plan enclosures located in hot climates	2	JOURNAL OF GREEN BUILDING
yasa (2014)	Evaluation of the effects of courtyard building shapes on solar heat gains and energy efficiency according to different climatic regions	41	ENERGY AND BUILDINGS
lemoine-rodriguez (2022)	Does urban climate follow urban form? Analysing intraurban LST trajectories versus urban form trends in 3 cities with different background climates	9	SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
xuan (2016)	Outdoor thermal environment for different urban forms under summer conditions	30	BUILDING SIMULATION
abd elraouf (2022)	The impact of urban geometry on outdoor thermal comfort in a hot-humid climate	9	BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
trepci (2021)	Urban built context as a passive cooling strategy for buildings in hot climate	7	ENERGY AND BUILDINGS
gamero-salinas (2021)	The influence of building form variables on the environmental performance of semi-outdoor spaces. A study in mid-rise and high-rise buildings of Singapore	17	ENERGY AND BUILDINGS
melnikov (2022)	Behavioural thermal regulation explains pedestrian path choices in hot urban environments	0	SCIENTIFIC REPORTS
eskandari (2018)	The Impact of Iwan as a Traditional Shading Device on the Building Energy Consumption	2	BUILDINGS
zarghami (2017)	Impact of Daylighting Design Strategies on Social Sustainability Through the Built Environment	20	SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
torreggiani (2018)	Effects of different architectural solutions on the thermal behaviour in an unconditioned rural building. The case of an Italian winery	8	JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
javanroodi (2018)	Impacts of urban morphology on reducing cooling load and increasing ventilation potential in hot-arid climate	77	APPLIED ENERGY
ahsanullah (2014)	The impact of zoning regulations on thermal comfort in non-conditioned housing in hot, humid climates: findings from Dhaka, Bangladesh	5	JOURNAL OF HOUSING AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT
sakhri (2022)	Study on correlation between shadow patterns and human behaviour in hot, arid cities: a case study of Biskra, Algeria	0	INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY
elkhazindar (2022)	The Effect of Urban Form on the Heat Island Phenomenon and Human Thermal Comfort: A Comparative Study of UAE Residential Sites	3	ENERGIES
srhayri (2022)	Effect analysis of U-shape exterior walls on energy consumption of building: the case of Morocco	1	INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AIR-CONDITIONING AND REFRIGERATION
taleghani (2015)	Outdoor thermal comfort within five different urban forms in the Netherlands	358	BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
momeni (2022)	Effects of sunlight and shadow on the surfaces of pigeon towers in central asia: case studies in iran, qatar, egypt and saudi arabia	0	JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM
ozcelik (2019)	Understanding human-building interactions under multimodal discomfort	22	BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
gui (2018)	The methodology of standard building selection for residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter zone of China based on architectural typology	23	JOURNAL OF BUILDING ENGINEERING
jiang (2020)	Impact of Residential Building Layouts on Microclimate in a High Temperature and High Humidity Region	19	SUSTAINABILITY
caruso (2013)	Optimal theoretical building form to minimize direct solar irradiation	21	SOLAR ENERGY
mushtaha (2022)	The Impact of the Building Forms of Tall Buildings on Dust Accumulation and Thermal Performance in Hot Climates	1	BUILDINGS
galal (2020)	Impact of evolving building morphology on microclimate in a hot arid climate	22	SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
yeretzian (2020)	Integrating building shape optimization into the architectural design process	3	ARCHITECTURAL SCIENCE REVIEW
sharmin (2015)	Analysis of microclimatic diversity and outdoor thermal comfort perceptions in the tropical megacity Dhaka, Bangladesh	70	BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
taleb (2015)	Applying urban parametric design optimisation processes to a hot climate: Case study of the UAE	34	SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
lu (2022)	Urban form centrality and thermal environment: An empirical study of Chinese megacities	6	SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
yang (2020)	Comparing impact of multi-factor planning layouts in residential areas on summer thermal comfort based on orthogonal design of experiments (ODOE)	19	BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
alhuwayil (2019)	Impact of external shading strategy on energy performance of multi-story hotel building in hot-humid climate	42	ENERGY
yan (2016)	Analysis of behaviour patterns and thermal responses to a hot-arid climate in rural China	27	JOURNAL OF THERMAL BIOLOGY
alawadi (2022)	Assessing walkability in hot arid regions: the case of downtown Abu Dhabi	10	URBAN DESIGN INTERNATIONAL
yang (2022)	Influence of Building Density on Outdoor Thermal Environment of Residential Area in Cities with Different Climatic Zones in China-Taking Guangzhou, Wuhan, Beijing, and Harbin as Examples	1	BUILDINGS
alayed (2021)	Thermal envelope analysis for new code compliance of Saudi Arabian dwellings	10	ENERGY AND BUILDINGS
sun (2022)	The impact of street geometry on outdoor thermal comfort within three different urban forms in severe cold region of China	11	BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
chatzipoulka (2018)	Urban geometry, SVF and insolation of open spaces: London and Paris	10	BUILDING RESEARCH AND INFORMATION
ma (2022)	Analyzing the influence of urban morphological features on pedestrian thermal comfort	9	URBAN CLIMATE
acero (2021)	Modelling the influence of high-rise urban geometry on outdoor thermal comfort in Singapore	24	URBAN CLIMATE
martinelli (2017)	Influence of height/width proportions on the thermal comfort of courtyard typology for Italian climate zones	14	SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
yang (2013)	Urban form and density as indicators for summertime outdoor ventilation potential: A case study on high-rise housing in Shanghai	71	BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT
othman (2020)	The role of urban morphology on outdoor thermal comfort: The case of Al-Sharq City - Az Zarqa	110	URBAN CLIMATE
salman (2021)	The effect of Urban Heat Island mitigation strategies on outdoor human thermal comfort in the city of Baghdad	20	FRONTIERS OF ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH
huang (2021)	Analysis of Height-to-Width Ratio of Commercial Streets with Arcades Based on Sunshine Hours and Street Orientation	11	APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL
nasrollahi (2017)	Numerical evaluation of thermal comfort in traditional courtyards to develop new microclimate design in a hot and dry climate	6	SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
charalampopoulos (2013)	Analysis of thermal bioclimate in various urban configurations in Athens, Greece	64	URBAN ECOSYSTEMS
mazraeh (2018)	Effects of vernacular architecture structure on urban sustainability case study: Qeshm Island, Iran	95	FRONTIERS OF ARCHITECTURAL RESEARCH
dwivedi (2019)	The role of structure cooling to reduce the effect of urban heat island in Mumbai	20	ADVANCES IN BUILDING ENERGY RESEARCH
yu (2022)	Thermal respite for pedestrians in overheated urban environments-Introduction of a dynamic analysis of outdoor thermal comfort	6	SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
xiong (2022)	Effect of the spatial form of Jiangnan traditional villages on microclimate and human comfort	0	SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND SOCIETY
wang (2016)	Comparing the effects of urban heat island mitigation strategies for Toronto, Canada	6	ENERGY AND BUILDINGS
middel (2021)	50 Grades of Shade	274	BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN METEOROLOGICAL SOCIETY
kim (2021)	A multilevel approach for assessing the effects of microclimatic urban design on pedestrian thermal comfort: The High Line in New York	35	BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT

Table 2. Top authors and organisations (documents ≥ 2)

Authors
Rank	Name of the authors	Document	Citations	Total link strength
1	Taleghani, Mohammad	2	422	0
2	Wang, Yupeng	2	293	0
3	Matzarakis, Andreas	3	236	0
4	Yang, Feng	2	111	0
5	Xuan, Yingli	2	31	0
6	Yang, Guang	2	31	2
7	Maghelal, Praveen	2	17	0
Organisations
2	German Meteorol Serv	2	141	0
8	Tongji Univ	2	111	0
6	Tarbiat Modares Univ	2	79	0
1	Arizona State Univ	2	57	0
9	Zhejiang Univ	2	29	0
5	Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training Univ	2	20	0
7	Texas A&M Univ	2	19	0
3	Hong Kong Polytech Univ	2	9	0
4	Mohamed Khider Univ Biskra	2	9	0

Source: WoS datasets, 2023

Table 3. The Top 10 cited authors and sources (citations ≥ 40)

Rank	TC	Authors	Sources
1	358	Taleghani (2015)	Building And Environment
2	274	Middel (2021)	Bulletin Of The American Meteorological Society
3	110	Othman (2020)	Urban Climate
4	102	Sadeghi (2016)	Building And Environment
5	95	Mazraeh (2018)	Frontiers Of Architectural Research
6	77	Javanroodi (2018)	Applied Energy
7	71	Yang (2013)	Building And Environment
8	70	Sharmin (2015)	Building And Environment
9	64	Charalampopoulos (2013)	Urban Ecosystems
10	48	Alhuwayil (2019)	Energy

Source: WoS datasets, 2023

Note: TC = Total citations.

A Comprehensive Bibliometric Study of the Interaction Between Built Form, Solar Shading, and Human Behaviour in Warmer Cities

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Materials and methods

2.1. Bibliographic Data Collection

2.2. Bibliometric Analysis: Analysis of Collected Bibliographies

3. Results

3.1. Publication Trends

3.2. Co-Authorship Analysis

3.3. Co-Occurrence Analysis

3.4. Yearly Themes

4. Discussion

4.1. Thermal Comfort and Built-Form

4.2. Built Form and Shade

4.3. Shadow and Behaviours

5. Conclusions

Declarations

References

Tables

Status:

Version 1