Table 1. Maternal and pregnancy characteristics of the ART and spontaneous pregnancy groups.
|
Ovulation disorder Ovulation disorder disorder
|
Tubal
disease
|
Endometriosis
|
Male infertility
|
Mixed infertility
|
All ART
|
Controls
|
P value*
|
Number of patients
|
404
|
803
|
107
|
403
|
126
|
1843
|
6930
|
|
Maternal age
|
33.6±4.15
|
33.33±
3.10
|
34.11±
3.58
|
33.41±
3.50
|
33.27±
3.50
|
33.40±
3.50
|
33.39±
2.96
|
0.11
|
Gravidity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<0.001
|
G1
|
258
(63.9%)
|
436
(54.3%)
|
74
(69.2%)
|
289
(71.7%)
|
75
(59.5%)
|
1132
(61.4%)
|
2879
(41.6%)
|
|
G≥2
|
146
(36.1%)
|
367
(45.7%)
|
33
(30.8%)
|
114
(28.3%)
|
51
(40.5%)
|
711
(38.5%)
|
4048
(58.4%)
|
|
Parity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<0.001
|
P1
|
382
(94.6%)
|
762
(94.9%)
|
104
(97.2%)
|
389
(96.5%)
|
124
(98.4%)
|
1761
(95.6%)
|
5055
(73%)
|
|
P≥2
|
22
(5.4%)
|
41
(5.1%)
|
3
(2.8%)
|
14
(3.5%)
|
2
(1.6%)
|
82
(4.4%)
|
1872
(27%)
|
|
Pre-pregnancy obesity
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<0.001
|
Yes
|
15
(3.7%)
|
13
(1.6%)
|
1
(0.9%)
|
7
(1.7%)
|
4
(3.2%)
|
40
(2.2%)
|
61
(0.9%)
|
|
No
|
389
(96.3%)
|
790
(98.4%)
|
106
(99.1%)
|
396
(98.3%)
|
122
(96.8%)
|
1803
(97.8%)
|
6869
(99.1%)
|
|
Birth plurality
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<0.001
|
Singleton
|
271
(67.1%)
|
542
(67.5%)
|
74
(69.2%)
|
267
(66.3%)
|
87
(69%)
|
1241
(67.3%)
|
6832
(98.6%)
|
|
Multiple
|
133
(32.9%)
|
261
(32.5%)
|
33
(30.8%)
|
136
(33.7%)
|
39
(31%)
|
602
(32.7%)
|
98
(1.4%)
|
|
Previous caesarean delivery
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<0.001
|
Yes
|
6
(1.5%)
|
17
(2.1%)
|
3
(2.8%)
|
6
(1.5%)
|
2
(1.6%)
|
34
(1.8%)
|
772
(11.1%)
|
|
No
|
398
(98.5%)
|
786
(97.9%)
|
104
(97.2%)
|
397
(98.5%)
|
124
(98.4%)
|
1809
(98.2%)
|
6158
(88.9%)
|
|
Delivery method
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
<0.001
|
Vaginal delivery
|
115
(28.5%)
|
227
(28.3%)
|
24
(22.4%)
|
115
(28.5%)
|
27
(21.4%)
|
508
(27.6%)
|
3547
(51.2%)
|
|
Caesarean section
|
261
(64.6%)
|
538
(67%)
|
75
(70.1%)
|
276
(68.5%)
|
91
(72.2%)
|
1241
(67.3%)
|
3100
(44.7%)[MOU1] [MOU2]
|
|
Operative vaginal delivery
|
28
(6.9%)
|
38
(4.7%)
|
8
(7.5%)
|
12
(3%)
|
8
(6.3%)
|
94
(5.1%)
|
283
(4.1%)
|
|
Number of embryos transferred
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1
|
274 (67.2%)
|
545 (67.0%)
|
74 (67.9%)
|
271
(66.1%)
|
89 (68.5%)
|
|
|
|
≥2
|
134 (32.8%)
|
268 (33%)
|
35 (32.1%)
|
139
(33.9%)
|
41 (31.5%)
|
|
|
|
Note: Data are presented as means±SDs for continuous variables and n (%) for dichotomous variables
Mixed infertility refers to a multiple infertility-related diagnosis[MOU3]
*P values were assessed by using the Pearson’s chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test or the t test between all ART group and controls ; [MOU4] [MOU5] Obesity means BMI≥28 kg/m2.[MOU6] [MOU7]
Table 2. Brief summary of main Pregnancy and delivery outcomes among specific infertility causes compared to spontaneous pregnancies in singleton pregnancies.[MOU8] [MOU9] [MOU10] [MOU11] [MOU12] [MOU13]
|
Control
|
Ovulation disorder
|
Tubal disease
|
Endometriosis
|
Male infertility
|
Mixed infertility
|
Singleton pregnancies
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
Maternal outcomes
|
6832
|
|
271
|
|
542
|
|
74
|
|
267
|
|
87
|
|
Gestational hypertension
|
271
|
4
|
13
|
4.8
|
18
|
3.3
|
3
|
4.1
|
18
|
6.7^
|
2
|
2.3
|
Preeclampsia
|
193
|
2.8
|
22
|
8.1*
|
23
|
4.2
|
2
|
2.7
|
9
|
3.4
|
4
|
4.6
|
Preterm preeclampsia[MOU14]
|
46
|
0.7
|
8
|
3*
|
5
|
0.9
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
1.1
|
2
|
2.3
|
GDM
|
1132
|
16.6
|
76
|
28*
|
129
|
23.8*
|
15
|
20.3
|
57
|
21.3^
|
25
|
28.7^
|
Placenta previa[MOU15] [MOU16]
|
94
|
1.4
|
3
|
1.1
|
18
|
3.3^
|
8
|
10.8^
|
13
|
4.9*
|
5
|
5.7*
|
pPROM
|
154
|
2.3
|
13
|
4.8^
|
19
|
3.5
|
3
|
4.1
|
11
|
4.1
|
3
|
3.4
|
Placenta accreta
|
148
|
2.2
|
7
|
2.6
|
20
|
3.7^
|
3
|
4.1
|
11
|
4.1^
|
3
|
3.4
|
Postpartum haemorrhage
|
574
|
8.4
|
31
|
11.4
|
59
|
10.9^
|
6
|
8.1
|
21
|
7.9
|
9
|
10.3
|
Note: GDM= Gestational diabetes mellitus; pPROM=preterm premature rupture of membranes; Mixed infertility refers to multiple infertility-related diagnosis. Data are presented as n (%) for dichotomous variable, P values were assessed by using the Pearson’s chi-square test, or Fisher’s exact test between each infertility subgroup and controls ; [MOU17] [MOU18] P≤0.001=*; P<0.05=^. Nonsignificant numbers have not symbol.
Table 3. Other Pregnancy and delivery outcomes among specific infertility causes compared to spontaneous pregnancies in singleton pregnancies.
|
Control
|
Ovulation disorder
|
Tubal disease
|
Endometriosis
|
Male infertility
|
Mixed infertility
|
Singleton pregnancies
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
Maternal outcomes
|
6832
|
|
271
|
|
542
|
|
74
|
|
267
|
|
87
|
|
Mild Preeclampsia
|
63
|
0.9
|
8
|
3*
|
7
|
1.3
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
0.2
|
1
|
1.1
|
Severe Preeclampsia
|
130
|
1.9
|
14
|
5.2*
|
16
|
3
|
2
|
2.7
|
7
|
2.6
|
3
|
3.4
|
ICP
|
16
|
0.2
|
3
|
1.1^
|
4
|
0.7^
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0.4
|
0
|
0
|
Placental abruption
|
92
|
1.3
|
7
|
2.6
|
7
|
1.3
|
2
|
2.7
|
2
|
0.7
|
4
|
4.6^
|
Polyhydramnios
|
61
|
0.9
|
4
|
1.5
|
7
|
1.3
|
1
|
1.4
|
5
|
1.9
|
0
|
0
|
Oligohydramnios
|
247
|
3.6
|
14
|
5.2
|
18
|
3.3
|
4
|
5.4
|
12
|
4.5
|
2
|
2.3
|
Chorioamnionitis
|
91
|
1.4
|
7
|
2.6
|
10
|
1.8
|
2
|
2.7
|
3
|
1.1
|
4
|
4.6^
|
Note: ICP=intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy; Mixed infertility refers to multiple infertility-related diagnosis. Data are presented as n (%) for dichotomous variable, P values were assessed by using the Pearson’s chi-square test, or Fisher’s exact test between each infertility subgroup and controls ; [MOU19] [MOU20] P≤0.001=*; P<0.05=^. Nonsignificant numbers have not symbol.[MOU21]
Table 4. Pregnancy and delivery outcomes among specific infertility causes compared to spontaneous pregnancies in Gemellary pregnancies.
|
Control
|
Ovulation disorder
|
Tubal disease
|
Endometriosis
|
Male infertility
|
Mixed infertility
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gemellary pregnancies
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
Maternal outcomes
|
98
|
|
133
|
|
261
|
|
33
|
|
136
|
|
39
|
|
Gestational hypertension
|
5
|
5.1
|
12
|
9
|
17
|
6.5
|
1
|
3
|
10
|
7.4
|
2
|
5.1
|
Preeclampsia
|
10
|
10.2
|
19
|
14.3
|
27
|
10.3
|
2
|
6.1
|
16
|
11.8
|
5
|
12.8
|
Mild
|
2
|
2
|
4
|
3
|
6
|
2.3
|
1
|
3
|
2
|
1.5
|
1
|
2.6
|
Severe
|
8
|
8.2
|
15
|
11.3
|
21
|
8
|
1
|
3
|
14
|
10.3
|
4
|
10.3
|
Preterm eclampsia
|
7
|
7.1
|
8
|
3
|
19
|
7.3
|
1
|
3
|
12
|
8.8
|
2
|
5.1
|
GDM
|
15
|
15.3
|
51
|
38.3*
|
45
|
17.2
|
8
|
24.2
|
30
|
22.1
|
12
|
30.8^
|
ICP
|
3
|
3.1
|
4
|
3
|
8
|
3.1
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
2.9
|
1
|
2.6
|
Placenta previa
|
2
|
2
|
1
|
0.8
|
5
|
1.9
|
2
|
6.1
|
1
|
0.7
|
0
|
0
|
Placental abruption
|
3
|
3.1
|
1
|
0.8
|
1
|
0.4
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0.7
|
0
|
0
|
pPROM
|
13
|
13.3
|
24
|
18.0
|
30
|
11.5
|
2
|
6.1
|
21
|
15.4
|
3
|
7.7
|
Placenta accreta
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
3
|
4
|
1.5
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
1.5
|
1
|
2.6
|
Postpartum haemorrhage
|
23
|
23.5
|
19
|
14.3
|
40
|
15.3
|
7
|
21.2
|
24
|
17.6
|
3
|
7.7^
|
Polyhydramnios
|
6
|
6.1
|
3
|
2.3^
|
2
|
0.8^
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
2.2
|
1
|
2.6
|
Oligohydramnios
|
1
|
1
|
2
|
1.5
|
1
|
0.4
|
0
|
0
|
1
|
0.7
|
0
|
0
|
Chorioamnionitis
|
1
|
1
|
3
|
2.3
|
1
|
0.4
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Note: GDM= Gestational diabetes mellitus; ICP=intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy; pPROM=preterm premature rupture of membranes; Mixed infertility refers to multiple infertility-related diagnosis. Data are presented as n (%) for dichotomous variable, P values were assessed by using the Pearson’s chi-square test, or Fisher’s exact test between each infertility subgroup and controls [MOU22] [MOU23] ; P≤0.001=*; P<0.05=^. Nonsignificant numbers have not symbol.
Table 5. Neonatal outcomes among specific infertility causes compared to spontaneous pregnancies in singleton pregnancies.
|
Control
|
Ovulation disorder
|
Tubal disease
|
Endometriosis
|
Male infertility
|
Mixed infertility
|
Singleton Pregnancies
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
|
6832
|
|
271
|
|
542
|
|
74
|
|
267
|
|
87
|
|
Gestational weeks
|
38.8±1.5
|
|
38.3±1.8*
|
|
38.5±1.6*
|
|
38.3±1.8^
|
|
38.5±1.8^
|
|
38.1±1.9*
|
|
Preterm birth
|
355
|
5.2
|
25
|
9.2^
|
36
|
6.6
|
7
|
9.5
|
20
|
7.5
|
11
|
12.6^
|
34≤PTD<37 wk
|
267
|
3.9
|
17
|
6.3
|
29
|
5.4
|
5
|
6.8
|
16
|
6
|
9
|
10.3^
|
28≤PTD<34 wk
|
88
|
1.3
|
8
|
3^
|
7
|
1.3
|
2
|
2.7
|
5
|
1.9
|
2
|
2.3
|
Birthweight, g[MOU24]
|
3370±474
|
|
3379±580
|
|
3382±498
|
|
3244±502^
|
|
3335±519
|
|
3278±518
|
|
<2500 g
|
236
|
3.5
|
17
|
6.3^
|
21
|
3.9
|
4
|
5.4
|
13
|
4.9
|
6
|
6.9
|
<1500 g
|
38
|
0.6
|
4
|
1.5
|
3
|
0.6
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
1.1
|
1
|
1.1
|
SGA
|
281
|
4.1
|
18
|
6.6^
|
21
|
3.9
|
7
|
9.5^
|
12
|
4.5
|
5
|
5.7
|
Macrosomia
|
521
|
7.6
|
31
|
11.4^
|
64
|
11.8*
|
10
|
13.5
|
20
|
7.5
|
6
|
6.9
|
Body length, cm
|
50.55±41.78
|
|
49.85±2.37
|
|
50.02±1.88
|
|
49.73±2.01
|
|
49.92±2.04
|
|
49.63±2.12^
|
|
1-Minute Apgar score≤7
|
64
|
0.9
|
5
|
1.8
|
4
|
0.7
|
0
|
0
|
4
|
1.5
|
4
|
4.6*
|
5-Minute Apgar score≤7
|
10
|
0.1
|
1
|
0.4
|
3
|
0.6*
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
NICU admission
|
728
|
10.7
|
48
|
17.7*
|
72
|
13.3
|
17
|
23*
|
33
|
12.4
|
15
|
17.2^
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note: PTD=preterm delivery; SGA=small for gestational age( birthweight below the 10th percentile for gestational age); Macrosomia=birth weight≥4000g; [MOU25] [MOU26]
Mixed infertility refers to multiple infertility-related diagnosis.
Data are presented as means±SDs for continuous variables and n (%) for dichotomous variables. P values were assessed by using the Pearson’s chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test or the t test between each infertility subgroup and controls ;[MOU27] [MOU28] P≤0.001=*; P<0.05=^. Nonsignificant numbers have not symbol
Table 6. Neonatal outcomes among specific infertility causes compared to spontaneous pregnancies in Gemellary pregnancies.
|
Control
|
Ovulation disorder
|
Tubal disease
|
Endometriosis
|
Male infertility
|
Mixed infertility
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gemellary
Pregnancies
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
N
|
%
|
|
98
|
|
133
|
|
161
|
|
33
|
|
136
|
|
39
|
|
Gestational weeks
|
35.6±2.4
|
|
35.8±2
|
|
36.2±1.8^
|
|
36.2±2.1
|
|
35.9±1.9
|
|
36.1±1.9
|
|
Preterm birth
|
54
|
55.1
|
70
|
52.6
|
99
|
37.9^
|
11
|
33.3^
|
64
|
47.1
|
16
|
41
|
34≤PTD<37 wk
|
39
|
39.8
|
54
|
40.6
|
78
|
29.9
|
9
|
27.3
|
48
|
35.3
|
12
|
30.8
|
28≤PTD<34 wk
|
15
|
15.3
|
16
|
12
|
20
|
7.7^
|
2
|
6.1
|
16
|
11.8
|
4
|
10.3
|
Birthweight, g
|
2413.5±464.6
|
|
2537±486^
|
|
2580±419*
|
|
2557±453
|
|
2514±447
|
|
2494±449
|
|
<2500 g
|
61
|
62.2
|
71
|
53.4
|
132
|
50.6^
|
17
|
51.5
|
73
|
53.7
|
22
|
56.4
|
<1500 g
|
10
|
10.2
|
8
|
6
|
13
|
5
|
2
|
6.1
|
9
|
6.6
|
3
|
7.7
|
SGA
|
33
|
33.7
|
36
|
27.1
|
80
|
30.7
|
10
|
30.3
|
35
|
25.7
|
14
|
35.9
|
Macrosomia
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
Body length, cm
|
45.82±3.43
|
|
46.70±3.05^
|
|
46.96±2.56^
|
|
46.65±3.00
|
|
46.51±2.95
|
|
46.41±3.50
|
|
1-Minute Apgar score≤7
|
2
|
2
|
5
|
3.8
|
4
|
1.5
|
2
|
6.1
|
6
|
4.4
|
2
|
5.1
|
5-Minute Apgar score≤7
|
0
|
0
|
2
|
1.5
|
1
|
0.4
|
0
|
0
|
3
|
2.2
|
1
|
2.6
|
NICU admission
|
53
|
54.1
|
78
|
58.6
|
139
|
53.3
|
15
|
45.5
|
78
|
57.4
|
20
|
51.3
|
Note: PTD=preterm delivery; SGA=small for gestational age( birthweight below the 10th percentile for gestational age); Macrosomia=birth weight≥4000g;
Mixed infertility refers to multiple infertility-related diagnosis.
Data are presented as means±SDs for continuous variables and n (%) for dichotomous variables. P values were assessed by using the Pearson’s chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test or the t test between each infertility subgroup and controls ;[MOU29] [MOU30] P≤0.001=*; P<0.05=^. Nonsignificant numbers have not symbol
Table 7. Brief summary of aOR and 95% CIs of main pregnancy and delivery outcomes among specific infertility causes compared to spontaneous pregnancies in singleton pregnancies.
|
Ovulation disorder
|
Tubal disease
|
Endometriosis
|
Male infertility
|
Mixed infertility
|
SP
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
GH
|
0.93
|
0.52
|
1.68
|
0.72
|
0.44
|
1.19
|
0.90
|
0.28
|
2.89
|
1.49
|
0.90
|
2.47
|
0.45
|
0.11
|
1.85
|
Preeclampsia
|
2.60
|
1.61
|
4.20
|
1.40
|
0.89
|
2.21
|
0.90
|
0.22
|
3.74
|
1.10
|
0.55
|
2.20
|
1.39
|
0.50
|
3.90
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PPE
|
4.52
|
2.03
|
10.06
|
1.38
|
0.54
|
3.54
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
1.66
|
0.50
|
5.49
|
3.37
|
0.79
|
14.46
|
GDM
|
1.76
|
1.33
|
2.33
|
1.50
|
1.21
|
1.86
|
1.20
|
0.67
|
2.13
|
1.31
|
0.96
|
1.77
|
1.85
|
1.15
|
2.98
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Placenta previa
|
0.93
|
0.29
|
3.00
|
2.70
|
1.59
|
4.59
|
9.33
|
4.22
|
20.62
|
4.14
|
2.23
|
7.68
|
4.73
|
1.83
|
12.21
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
pPROM
|
2.11
|
1.17
|
3.81
|
1.52
|
0.93
|
2.49
|
1.76
|
0.55
|
5.70
|
1.79
|
0.95
|
3.37
|
1.49
|
0.46
|
4.80
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Placenta accreta
|
1.29
|
0.59
|
2.80
|
1.78
|
1.10
|
2.89
|
2.00
|
0.62
|
6.48
|
2.05
|
1.08
|
3.87
|
1.70
|
0.53
|
5.48
|
PH
|
1.57
|
1.04
|
2.36
|
1.61
|
1.19
|
2.18
|
1.11
|
0.46
|
2.68
|
1.17
|
0.73
|
1.88
|
1.61
|
0.77
|
3.36
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note: *Logistic regression analysis was adjusted for age, gravidity, parity, pre-pregnancy obesity, birth plurality, and history of previous caesarean section. CI=confidence interval; aOR=adjusted odds ratio. Mixed infertility refers to multiple infertility-related diagnosis; SP=singleton pregnancies; GH=gestational hypertension; PPE=preterm preeclampsia; GDM=gestational diabetes mellitus; pPROM=preterm premature rupture of membranes; PH=postpartum haemorrhage.
Bold indicates significant differences; NC=not calculated due to low numbers.
Table 8. Other results of aOR and 95% CIs of pregnancy and delivery outcomes among specific infertility causes compared to spontaneous pregnancies in singleton pregnancies.
|
Ovulation disorder
|
Tubal disease
|
Endometriosis
|
Male infertility
|
Mixed infertility
|
SP
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mild Preeclampsia
|
2.67
|
1.23
|
5.79
|
1.20
|
0.54
|
2.68
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
0.67
|
0.16
|
2.77
|
0.98
|
0.13
|
7.19
|
Severe Preeclampsia
|
2.46
|
1.36
|
4.44
|
1.51
|
0.88
|
2.59
|
1.42
|
0.34
|
5.92
|
1.36
|
0.62
|
2.99
|
1.62
|
0.49
|
5.29
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ICP
|
3.84
|
1.06
|
13.94
|
2.77
|
0.89
|
8.60
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
1.36
|
0.17
|
10.58
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Placental abruption
|
1.89
|
0.86
|
4.17
|
0.92
|
0.42
|
2.01
|
1.90
|
0.46
|
7.97
|
0.55
|
0.13
|
2.25
|
3.39
|
1.20
|
9.56
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Polyhydramnios
|
1.72
|
0.60
|
4.89
|
1.56
|
0.70
|
3.48
|
1.79
|
0.24
|
13.24
|
2.27
|
0.88
|
5.82
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
Oligohydramnios
|
1.19
|
0.68
|
2.10
|
0.75
|
0.46
|
1.22
|
1.17
|
0.42
|
3.25
|
1.01
|
0.55
|
1.83
|
0.48
|
0.12
|
1.96
|
Chorioamnionitis
|
1.64
|
0.74
|
3.63
|
1.19
|
0.61
|
2.32
|
1.76
|
0.42
|
7.38
|
0.75
|
0.23
|
2.40
|
2.93
|
1.04
|
8.26
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note: *Logistic regression analysis was adjusted for age, gravidity, parity, pre-pregnancy obesity, birth plurality, and history of previous caesarean section. CI=confidence interval; aOR=adjusted odds ratio. Mixed infertility refers to multiple infertility-related diagnosis; SP=singleton pregnancies; ICP=intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy;
Bold indicates significant differences; NC=not calculated due to low numbers.
Table 9. aOR and 95% CIs of pregnancy and delivery outcomes among specific infertility causes compared to spontaneous pregnancies in Gemellary pregnancies.
|
Ovulation disorder
|
Tubal disease
|
Endometriosis
|
Male infertility
|
Mixed infertility
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
GP
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
GH
|
3.36
|
0.96
|
11.82
|
2.38
|
0.69
|
8.16
|
0.99
|
0.10
|
9.92
|
2.67
|
0.72
|
9.96
|
2.02
|
0.31
|
12.95
|
Preeclampsia
|
0.94
|
0.37
|
2.38
|
0.64
|
0.26
|
1.55
|
0.37
|
0.07
|
1.90
|
0.78
|
0.30
|
2.02
|
0.80
|
0.23
|
2.80
|
Mild
|
0.74
|
0.11
|
4.89
|
0.56
|
0.09
|
3.28
|
0.73
|
0.06
|
9.65
|
0.33
|
0.03
|
2.75
|
0.55
|
0.04
|
7.11
|
Severe
|
1.07
|
0.38
|
3.07
|
0.71
|
0.26
|
1.95
|
0.27
|
0.03
|
2.41
|
1.04
|
0.37
|
3.01
|
0.99
|
0.24
|
4.00
|
PPE
|
1.38
|
0.48
|
3.95
|
0.68
|
0.24
|
1.93
|
0.28
|
0.03
|
2.54
|
0.88
|
0.29
|
2.67
|
0.45
|
0.08
|
2.52
|
GDM
|
3.74
|
1.73
|
8.09
|
1.23
|
0.58
|
2.63
|
1.61
|
0.55
|
4.72
|
1.62
|
0.73
|
3.61
|
2.77
|
1.03
|
7.48
|
ICP
|
0.54
|
0.11
|
2.80
|
0.54
|
0.12
|
2.41
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
0.48
|
0.09
|
2.50
|
0.43
|
0.04
|
4.77
|
Placenta previa
|
0.23
|
0.02
|
3.39
|
0.55
|
0.08
|
3.90
|
1.65
|
0.17
|
16.23
|
0.21
|
0.01
|
2.93
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
Placental abruption
|
0.12
|
0.01
|
1.51
|
0.08
|
0.01
|
0.87
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
0.12
|
0.01
|
1.39
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
pPROM
|
2.13
|
0.88
|
5.13
|
1.26
|
0.54
|
2.97
|
0.69
|
0.13
|
3.52
|
1.80
|
0.73
|
4.48
|
0.90
|
0.22
|
3.79
|
APCI
|
0.25
|
0.08
|
0.84
|
0.33
|
0.12
|
0.89
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
0.42
|
0.14
|
1.25
|
0.53
|
0.12
|
2.33
|
Placenta accreta
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
PH
|
1.45
|
0.63
|
3.35
|
1.76
|
0.82
|
3.80
|
2.78
|
0.91
|
8.47
|
2.10
|
0.91
|
4.88
|
1.02
|
0.25
|
4.13
|
Polyhydramnios
|
0.43
|
0.08
|
2.23
|
0.14
|
0.02
|
0.89
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
0.38
|
0.07
|
2.06
|
0.49
|
0.05
|
5.33
|
Oligohydramnios
|
0.33
|
0.03
|
4.22
|
0.09
|
0.01
|
1.52
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
0.18
|
0.01
|
3.26
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
Chorioamnionitis
|
1.39
|
0.08
|
22.88
|
0.26
|
0.01
|
6.51
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note: *Logistic regression analysis was adjusted for age, gravidity, parity, pre-pregnancy obesity, birth plurality, and history of previous caesarean section. CI=confidence interval; aOR=adjusted odds ratio. Mixed infertility refers to multiple infertility-related diagnosis; GH=gestational hypertension; PPE=preterm preeclampsia; GDM=gestational diabetes mellitus; pPROM=preterm premature rupture of membranes; PH=postpartum haemorrhage.
Bold indicates significant differences; NC=not calculated due to low numbers.
Table 10. aOR and 95% CIs of neonatal outcomes among specific infertility causes compared to spontaneous pregnancies in singleton pregnancies.
|
Ovulation disorder
|
Tubal disease
|
Endometriosis
|
Male infertility
|
Mixed infertility
|
Singleton Pregnancies
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
Preterm birth
|
1.95
|
1.26
|
3.01
|
1.33
|
0.93
|
1.91
|
1.97
|
0.89
|
4.34
|
1.52
|
0.95
|
2.44
|
2.69
|
1.41
|
5.15
|
34≤PTD<37 wk
|
1.73
|
1.03
|
2.89
|
1.42
|
0.95
|
2.11
|
1.83
|
0.73
|
4.61
|
1.61
|
0.95
|
2.73
|
2.88
|
1.42
|
5.84
|
28≤PTD<34 wk
|
2.49
|
1.17
|
5.29
|
1.06
|
0.48
|
2.31
|
2.24
|
0.53
|
9.38
|
1.52
|
0.60
|
3.83
|
1.88
|
0.45
|
7.84
|
Birthweight <2500 g
|
1.90
|
1.13
|
3.20
|
1.12
|
0.71
|
1.78
|
1.59
|
0.57
|
4.42
|
1.42
|
0.80
|
2.54
|
2.04
|
0.88
|
4.76
|
Birthweight <1500 g
|
3.31
|
1.34
|
9.60
|
1.09
|
0.33
|
3.59
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
2.29
|
0.69
|
7.64
|
2.38
|
0.32
|
17.81
|
SGA
|
1.60
|
0.97
|
2.65
|
0.90
|
0.57
|
1.42
|
2.29
|
1.04
|
5.08
|
1.03
|
0.57
|
1.88
|
1.36
|
0.54
|
3.40
|
Macrosomia
|
1.53
|
1.03
|
2.27
|
1.60
|
1.21
|
2.13
|
2.00
|
1.02
|
3.95
|
0.97
|
0.60
|
1.55
|
0.86
|
0.37
|
2.00
|
1-Minute Apgar score≤7
|
1.84
|
0.72
|
4.73
|
0.77
|
0.28
|
2.15
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
1.70
|
0.61
|
4.80
|
4.68
|
1.62
|
13.51
|
5-Minute Apgar score≤7
|
2.39
|
0.27
|
20.34
|
4.09
|
1.04
|
16.08
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NC
|
NICU admission
|
1.69
|
1.22
|
2.34
|
1.24
|
0.95
|
1.61
|
2.35
|
1.35
|
4.09
|
1.17
|
0.80
|
1.70
|
1.61
|
0.92
|
2.84
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Note: *Logistic regression analysis was adjusted for age, gravidity, parity, pre-pregnancy obesity, birth plurality, and history of previous caesarean section. CI=confidence interval; aOR=adjusted odds ratio.
Mixed infertility refers to multiple infertility-related diagnosis; PTD=preterm delivery; SGA=small for gestational age( birthweight below the 10th percentile for gestational age); NICU= neonatal intensive care unit;Macrosomia=birth weight≥4000g;
Bold indicates significant differences; NC=not calculated due to low numbers.
Table 11. aOR and 95% CIs of neonatal outcomes among specific infertility causes compared to spontaneous pregnancies in singleton pregnancies in Gemellary pregnancies.
|
Ovulation disorder
|
Tubal disease
|
Endometriosis
|
Male infertility
|
Mixed infertility
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Gemellary
Pregnancies
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
aOR
|
95% CI
|
Preterm birth
|
1.33
|
0.72
|
2.47
|
0.74
|
0.42
|
1.31
|
0.66
|
0.27
|
1.63
|
1.14
|
0.61
|
2.12
|
0.89
|
0.38
|
2.06
|
34≤PTD<37 wk
|
1.01
|
0.54
|
1.89
|
0.63
|
0.35
|
1.14
|
0.58
|
0.23
|
1.47
|
0.83
|
0.44
|
1.57
|
0.65
|
0.27
|
1.57
|
28≤PTD<34 wk
|
2.05
|
0.76
|
5.51
|
1.26
|
0.49
|
3.24
|
1.23
|
0.23
|
6.65
|
2.38
|
0.86
|
6.57
|
2.24
|
0.56
|
8.94
|
Birthweight <2500 g
|
0.86
|
0.47
|
1.60
|
0.76
|
0.43
|
1.36
|
0.86
|
0.36
|
2.05
|
0.89
|
0.48
|
1.66
|
1.01
|
0.44
|
2.34
|
Birthweight <1500 g
|
1.03
|
0.31
|
3.42
|
0.84
|
0.28
|
2.53
|
1.32
|
0.23
|
7.62
|
1.32
|
0.40
|
4.40
|
1.56
|
0.32
|
7.59
|
SGA
|
0.62
|
0.32
|
1.20
|
0.72
|
0.39
|
1.32
|
0.74
|
0.29
|
1.88
|
0.57
|
0.29
|
1.11
|
0.90
|
0.38
|
2.15
|
1-Minute Apgar score≤7
|
6.88
|
0.81
|
58.29
|
3.07
|
0.35
|
26.69
|
20.50
|
1.66
|
253.72
|
10.61
|
1.21
|
93.25
|
18.78
|
1.45
|
242.89
|
NICU admission
|
1.66
|
0.90
|
3.09
|
1.34
|
0.75
|
2.37
|
1.07
|
0.45
|
2.55
|
1.62
|
0.87
|
3.03
|
1.33
|
0.58
|
3.05
|
Note: *Logistic regression analysis was adjusted for age, gravidity, parity, pre-pregnancy obesity, birth plurality, and history of previous caesarean section. CI=confidence interval; aOR=adjusted odds ratio.
Mixed infertility refers to multiple infertility-related diagnosis; PTD=preterm delivery; SGA=small for gestational age( birthweight below the 10th percentile for gestational age); NICU= neonatal intensive care unit;Macrosomia=birth weight≥4000g;
Bold indicates significant differences; NC=not calculated due to low numbers.