Synthesis of TM
The reaction mechanism for synthesis of TM could be briefly illustrated as in the presence of sodium ethoxide, active carbanion is supposed to be produced within reaction mixture from ethyl cyanoacetate (Figure 1). Afterwards, nucleophilic addition reaction on carbonyl group of 2,4-dichlorobenzaldehyde with the produced carbanion was subsequently proceeded to give the first synthetic equivalent (1). Lastly, interaction between thiourea and synthetic equivalent (1) resulted in cyclization with elimination of water and ethanol to produce the desirable TM (2).
The structural formula of the prepared TM was confirmed via different spectral mapping data (IR, 1HNMR and 13CNMR) and the data were presented in Figure 2. The represented data showed that, IR spectrum (KBr, ν, cm-1) for TM was especially characterized with number of peaks at 3377-3248, 3127, 2671 2171 and 1609, 1467 &1409, 1086 and 730-630 cm-1 corresponding to (2NH), (=CH), (-CH), (CN), (C=O), (C-C aromatic), (C=S) and (C-Cl) respectively. 1H NMR spectral data (300 MHz, DMSO-d6, δ ppm) was represented with number of characteristic peaks that could be interpreted as follows; 5.14 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 1H, CH-CN), 5.70 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 1H, CH), 7.61 (d, J = 1.8 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.66 (s, 1H, Ar-H), 7.71 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 7.71 (d, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H, Ar-H), 10.11 (s, 1H, NH; D2O exchangeable), 11.81 (s, 1H, NH; D2O exchangeable). On the other hand, 13C NMR (75 MHz, DMSO, δ ppm) spectral mapping data were given further confirmable overview for the chemical formula of the synthesized TM and represented a number of detected bands at 50.53 (SP3-C, C-CN), 52.20 (SP3-C), 114.13 (CN), 128.29 (Ar-C), 129.34 (Ar-C), 131.05 (Ar-C), 132.06 (Ar-C), 134.52 (Ar-C), 134.82 (Ar-C), 159.89 (C=O) and 178.78 (C=S).
Synthesis of CQDs
Clustering of CQDs was successively performed via hydrothermal technique from the synthesized TM (Figure 1). According to literature, the mechanism for synthesis of CQDs could be postulated as follows: the prepared TM is supposed to be hydrolyzed and fragmented under the hydrothermal conditions. Consequently, polymerization, aromatization and afterwards oxidation were proceeded to give aromatic graphite sheets decorated with nitrogen, sulfur and nitrogen containing functional groups, for generation of size and shape regulatable CQDs (Li et al. 2011a; Sakaki et al. 1996; Chen et al. 2013).
Characterization of CQDs
UV-Visible spectral data for both of TM and CQDs were plotted in Figure 3a. From the visual observation of TM and CQDs solutions, the yellowish color of TM was turned to darker yellow after the hydrothermal conditions for clustering of CQDs. The plotted absorbance spectra for the synthesized TM & CQDs showed a characteristic absorption peak at 440 nm for n-π* (C=X) (Kim et al. 2018; Kim et al. 2019; Luo et al. 2009; Wu et al. 2014). However, there was significant decreasing in intense for the detected band with ingraining of CQDs, that was in agreement with literature (Gao et al. 2016), while, the optical absorption spectra of CQDs was mainly detected with lower intense, attributing to decomposition of TM and subsequent polymerization for generation of CQDs (Chae et al. 2017; Pires et al. 2015; Zuo et al. 2015; Chandra et al. 2012; Gao et al. 2017; Liu et al. 2016; Song et al. 2018).
The topographical features and geometrical shape of TM and CQDs were presented in the micrographs of Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) from which their size distribution was estimated and plotted. The micrographs showed that, the synthesized CQDs were homogenously/well dispersed and controllably clustered in the reaction medium with quite smaller size rather than TM. TM detected with mean size of 544.6 nm, while, CQDs exhibited quite smaller mean size of 6.5 nm. This could be explained as, under strong alkaline conditions, the hydrothermal technique successively resulted in fragmentation of TM, polymerization and aromatization of the liberated fragments to generate controllably sized CQDs. These could approve the compatibility of the synthesized TM in generation of CQDs under hydrothermal conditions (Figure 3 b & c).
Figure 4a represented FT-IR spectrum for CQDs prepared from the synthesized TM, to show that, six characteristic peaks of CQDs at 3161 cm-1 (=CH, stretching), 2924 cm-1 (CH, stretching), 2055 cm-1 (C=O, conjugated acid halide), 1632 cm-1 (C=O, amide), 1531-1406 cm-1 (C=C aromatic), 1142 (C-O-C, stretching). On the other hand, NMR spectral mapping data were presented in figure 4b&c for CQDs. 1HNMR for CQDs prepared from TM (Fig.4b) showed the existence of characteristic peaks of protons on carbon next to aryl group at 2.48 ppm, protons for on a carbon attached to oxygen at 2.87 ppm, aromatic or sp2 CH=CH protons & CO-NH2 protons at 6.71-7.40 ppm and protons of hydroxyl decorative groups at 8.11 ppm protons.
Figure 4c represented 13CNMR spectra of the prepared CQDs and it could be obviously showed that, the typical bands for CQDs at 30.86 ppm, 99.89 ppm, 131.82 ppm, and 175.96 ppm & 183.96 ppm, which were corresponding to sp3 carbons, carbons of C-O, carbons in aromatic rings, C=C aromatic or sp2 carbons and carbons of C-OH & C-SH groups, respectively, were detected.
Modification of fabrics with TM & CQDs
The synthesized TM & CQDs were applied onto the cotton and cationized cotton fabrics. The prepared TM could be chemically interacted with the cotton fabrics via hydrogen bonding through the hydroxyl groups of cellulosic backbone of cotton and the functional or decorative groups (OH, NH, NH2, O, N, S) of TM or CQDs (Emam et al. 2018b; Abdelhameed et al. 2018; Emam et al. 2020a) (Figure 5). For cationized cotton, in addition to hydrogen bonding, dipole-dipole interaction is supposed to be existed between the fabric backbone and the functional or decorative groups of TM or CQDs. Besides, TM or CQDs might be physically entrapped within the intermolecular pores and spaces of fabric matrix (Abdelhameed et al. 2018; Emam et al. 2020b).
SEM & EDX
The morphological features for the surface of the treated native and cationized cotton fabrics were investigated and plotted in Figure 6. For native cotton, cationized cotton, TM@cotton, CQDs@cotton, TM@Q-cotton and CQDs@Q-cotton, SEM images, EDX signals and elemental analysis were presented. Before treatment with the prepared TM & CQDs, the surface of fabrics was seemed to be smooth, and the characteristic peaks of C & O were only detected native in case of native cotton, while, cationized fabric was characterized with C, O & N bands (Fig.6 a & b). After modification, the particles of TM & CQDs were observably distributed on the surface of cotton. For all the modified fabrics, EDX analysis showed the four characteristic signals of C, O, N, S & Cl elements, which affirmed the immobilization of the applied TM & CQDs onto the treated fabrics. However, dense masses of the prepared TM & CQDs were observed in case of cationized fabrics rather than the native ones, attributing to the higher accessibility of fabrics with cationization. Moreover, CQDs@Q-cotton were observed with more dense masses on the surface rather than TM@Q-cotton, due to the higher opportunities of entrapping more amounts of smaller sized CQDs rather than TM, that in-turn affirmed the above-postulated mechanism.
FTIR
The unmodified and modified cotton fabrics were characterized by FTIR as presented in Figure 7. The plotted spectral data showed that, both of native and cationized cotton fabrics exhibited characteristic absorption bands of O-H (3330 – 3289 cm-1), C-H aliphatic (2888 cm-1), weak band for C=O (1634 cm-1), H-C-H (1417 cm-1), asymmetric C-O-C (1150 cm-1), and C-C (1072 cm-1) (Emam and Abdelhameed 2017; Emam and Bechtold 2015). However, after modification with the synthesized TM and CQDs, all of the referred absorbance bands were retained, in addition to new bands for S-H (2600 cm-1) and aliphatic C-S (630-790 cm-1). Whereas, the characteristic bands of C=O, H-C-H & asymmetric C-O-C became more intense, confirming the successive chemical bonding and immobilization of the prepared TM & CQDs within cotton matrix.
Material contents & Color data
Table 1 represented the nitrogen contents estimated for TM & CQDs, in addition to native and cationized fabrics before and after uploading of the prepared TM & CQDs. Moreover, the effect of washing on the estimated values of material contents was followed up for all the treated sample. The data showed that, material contents was significantly higher in case of cationized fabrics rather than native ones, in addition to, fabrics treated with CQDs exhibited higher material contents rather than that treated with TM. From the evaluated data, CQDs@Q-cotton showed the highest material content percent of 7.56 %, while, after ten repetitive washings, the material content percent was diminished to 4.92 %, to give more affirmation for higher accessibility of fabrics with cationization in more efficient preservation of the uploaded CQDs.
Table 1: Material contents onto the functionalized cotton fabrics before and after washing.
Fabric
|
N Content
(%)
|
N Uploading
(%)
|
Material content (%)
|
TM
|
19.78
|
--
|
--
|
CQDs
|
19.32
|
--
|
--
|
Cotton
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
TM@Cotton
|
0.87
|
0.87
|
4.39
|
CQDs@Cotton
|
1.08
|
1.08
|
5.59
|
Q-Cotton
|
0.51
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
TM@Q-Cotton
|
1.78
|
1.27
|
6.42
|
CQDs@Q-Cotton
|
1.97
|
1.46
|
7.56
|
5-W-Q-Cotton
|
0.43
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
5W-TM@Q-Cotton
|
1.55
|
1.04
|
5.26
|
5W-CQDs@Q-Cotton
|
1.78
|
1.27
|
6.57
|
10-W-Q-Cotton
|
0.21
|
0.00
|
0.00
|
10W-TM@Q-Cotton
|
1.24
|
0.73
|
3.69
|
10W-CQDs@Q-Cotton
|
1.46
|
0.95
|
4.92
|
The color data for the modified fabrics were presented in Table 2 & Figure S1 in supplementary file. From the estimated data, the cotton fabrics were acquired yellowish color after modification owing to the yellow color of TM. YI (yellowness index) was extremely higher in case cationized cotton compared cotton fabrics. In addition to, fabrics modified with CQDs exhibited higher yellowness degree rather than that modified with TM. The modification of cationized cotton fabric with CQDs showed the highest yellowness index and lowest whiteness index. The strength of yellow color was ordered as follows; CQDs@Q-cotton > TM@Q-cotton > Q-cotton > CQDs@cotton > TM@cotton > cotton. Table S1 in supplementary file revealed that, after five repetitive washing cycles, the estimated values of YI for all the tested samples were insignificantly decreased. YI was detected to be 26.5 for CQDs@Q-cotton, while, after 5 washing cycles it was diminished to be 20.3.
Table 2: Colorimetric data for the functionalized cotton fabrics before and after washing.
Fabric
|
L*
|
a*
|
b*
|
WI E313 [D65/10]
|
YI E313 [D65/10]
|
Absorbance
(370 nm)
|
K/S
(370 nm)
|
Cotton
|
83.9
|
-0.1
|
0.2-
|
58.9
|
0.4
|
0.3
|
0.2
|
TM@Cotton
|
82.3
|
-0.5
|
1.5
|
53.1
|
2.9
|
0.4
|
0.5
|
CQDs@Cotton
|
82.3
|
-0.8
|
2.1
|
50.2
|
3.8
|
0.5
|
0.6
|
Q-Cotton
|
82.6
|
0.4
|
10.4
|
8.5
|
21.6
|
0.5
|
0.8
|
TM@Q-Cotton
|
81.8
|
0.4
|
12.9
|
6.3
|
26.5
|
0.6
|
1.2
|
CQDs@Q-Cotton
|
82.1
|
-1.0
|
11.3
|
4.9
|
21.9
|
0.7
|
1.4
|
5W-TM@Cotton
|
82.1
|
-0.3
|
1.3
|
51.8
|
2.4
|
0.3
|
0.4
|
5W-CQDs@Cotton
|
82.4
|
-0.6
|
1.8
|
49.7
|
2.9
|
0.3
|
0.3
|
5W-Q-Cotton
|
82.6
|
0.4
|
10.4
|
8.5
|
21.6
|
0.5
|
0.8
|
5W-TM@Q-Cotton
|
82.1
|
0.1
|
11.1
|
11.3
|
20.3
|
0.5
|
0.8
|
5W-CQDs@Q-Cotton
|
82.2
|
-0.4
|
10.8
|
9.9
|
17.0
|
0.5
|
1.0
|
Optical and Fluorescence properties
Principally, the absorption spectra of TM and CQDs are related to their fluorescence sensitivity, that might attributed to their inter-construction with heteroatoms of (N, S, O & Cl) and decoration with substituted groups (OH, NH2, S & Cl) (Wu et al. 2014; Gao et al. 2016). Hence, the optical properties of the prepared TM & CQDs are owing to the overlapping of π-π* and n-π* transitions with the decorative functional groups.
The fluorescence spectra for both of TM & CQDs were measured after excitation at 440 nm as shown in Figure 8a. The excited TM showed a fluorescence peak lesser than 200 nm, which is related to the green area as mentioned in literature (Shao et al. 2016; Li et al. 2017). The excited CQDs uniquely showed with greatly higher intensed peak at more than 1000 nm, that could be attributed to extensive higher aromatic character of CQDs with their decorative substituents which extensively shared in extension of conjugation resulted significantly observable jumping in their fluorescence intentsity. Figure 8b, represented the fluorescence intensity for cotton and cationized cotton after modification with both of TM & CQDs. The spectral data affirmed that, fluorescence intensity was corresponding to the following order; CQDs@Q-cotton > CQDs@cotton > TM@Q-cotton > TM @cotton. Meanwhile, cationization of cotton fabrics resulted in higher affinity for successive impregnation of CQDs in greater quantities within cotton matrix, leading to CQDs@Q-cotton extinesively exhibit the highest fluorescence intensity (560 nm) corresponding to yellow emission.
In textile industrialization, washing durability is highly demanded to be acquired and hence it must be well-considered in the current approach. The fluorescence spectra were measured for the modified cotton fabrics after 5 and 10 washing cycles, while the data were shown in Figure 8c & d. The fluorescence spectra similar to that of the unwashed fabrics, while, the fluorescence intensity was observably decreased with washing due to leaching out the applied fluorescent active TM & CQDs. Increment in the number of washing cycles logically resulted in further diminishing in the fluorescence intensity of the modified fabrics. However, even after 10 washing cycles the modified fabrics still exhibited fluorescent character with good washing fastness with sequential laundry.
Photoluminescent textile are commonly reported to be prepared by immobilization of metallic compounds such as nanoparticles (Zhang et al. 2015), metal organic framework (Emam et al. 2018a) and materials doped with metal salts (Zn+2 & ZnS) (Du et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2017a; Zhang et al. 2017b). referring to the as-mentioned reports, the prepared fluorescent modified cotton fabrics in the current work could be ascribed to be more durable than the textiles treated with AuNPs and Ln (Eu+3 & Tb+3)-metal organic frameworks (Emam et al. 2018a). The fluorescence intensities of the modified cotton fabrics were observably higher than that estimated for Au nanoparticles@silk, Zn+2 doped carboxymethyl cellulose, ZnS containing hydrogel@spandex and fluorene containing polymers@cellulose (Zhang et al. 2015; Du et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2017a; Zhang et al. 2017b; Phung Hai and Sugimoto 2017). These findings could declare that, the synthesized TM & CQDs could promisingly applied for manufacturing of highly actively fluorescent textiles with substantial washing fastness rather than that previously reported in literature which were interested in preparation of photoluminescent textiles.
UV-protection
Transmission percent (T %) as a key factor for monitoring the ultraviolet blocking capability for all tested specimens was estimated and plotted in Figure 9. It could be clearly observed that, T% was greatly diminished for all the tested fabrics by modification with both of TM & CQDs compared to the untreated specimens. Unmodified cotton fabric showed the highest transmission percent (60 % at 400 nm). Diminishing in T% was much higher in cationized cotton, owing to its inter-composition with greater amounts of TM & CQDs. The results showed that, T% was decreased from 15% for cationized cotton to 6% and 5% for TM@Q-cotton and CQDs@Q-cotton, respectively. After 5 washing cycles, T% was insignificantly increased to 40% for CQDs@cotton. With cationization of fabric, the uploaded CQDs were more retained against washings, as T% was increased un-sensibly up to 10% for CQDs@Q-cotton. So it could be depicted that, cationization is superiorly affected in more stably and stronger interaction of CQDs with fabric building blocks.
Table 3: Data of transmission and UV-protection through the functionalized cotton fabrics before and after washing.
Fabric
|
(T%) UVA
|
(T%) UVB
|
UVA Blocking
|
UVB Blocking
|
UPF
|
Rating
|
Cotton
|
66.0
|
83.3
|
34.0
|
16.7
|
1.3
|
Insufficient
|
TM@Cotton
|
35.0
|
22.3
|
75.0
|
77.7
|
5.2
|
Insufficient
|
CQDs@Cotton
|
26.7
|
18.5
|
73.3
|
81.5
|
5.5
|
Insufficient
|
Q-Cotton
|
15.3
|
11.6
|
84.7
|
88.4
|
8.1
|
Insufficient
|
TM@Q-Cotton
|
6.5
|
3.9
|
93.5
|
96.1
|
29.4
|
Very Good
|
CQDs@Q-Cotton
|
5.2
|
3.0
|
94.8
|
97.0
|
38.2
|
Very good
|
5W-TM@Cotton
|
50.7
|
49.6
|
49.3
|
50.4
|
4.1
|
Insufficient
|
5W-CQDs@Cotton
|
37.9
|
26.7
|
62.1
|
73.3
|
3.1
|
Insufficient
|
5W-TM@Q-Cotton
|
9.5
|
7.2
|
90.5
|
92.8
|
18.2
|
Insufficient
|
5W-CQDs@Q-Cotton
|
5.6
|
3.2
|
94.6
|
96.9
|
32.6
|
Very Good
|
10W-TM@Q-Cotton
|
15.3
|
10.6
|
84.7
|
89.4
|
11.9
|
Insufficient
|
10W-CQDs@Q-Cotton
|
10.3
|
5.6
|
89.7
|
94.4
|
21.5
|
Good
|
UV protection character for fabrics was relied on three key factors, firstly the fabric structure in addition to the type of the compound with which they were modified, i.e. either TM or CQDs with their topographical features. For all tested fabrics, UV protection in B-region was relevantly lower than that in A-region. Ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) was detected from T% results (Table 3), and it was 1.3 and 8.1 for native cotton and cationized cotton fabrics, whereas it was estimated to increase up to 5.2, 5.5, 29.4 and 38.2 for TM@cotton, CQDs@cotton, TM@Q-cotton and CQDs@Q-cotton, respectively. Referring to materials contents (Table 1), the highest UPF value was estimated for CQDs@Q-cotton to affirm the prior cationization effect in more efficient uploading and higher amounts of CQDs within fabric matrix. In addition to approving the higher compatibility of CQDs for reflecting more radiation rather than TM. Moreover, after washing, UPF values were diminished for the cationized fabrics after ten cycles, as it was lowered from 38.2 to 21.5 for CQDs@Q-cotton that reflected the washing durability of the prepared samples, to give more confirmation for the effect of cationization in stronger and more efficient immobilization of CQDs within fabric polymeric blocks.
From the above-illustrated results it could be mentioned that, comparing with other reports for preparation of UV-protective cotton via direct deposition of metals on cotton fabrics, UV protection properties for CQDs@Q-cotton was considerably higher, regardless to the metal type (Ag, Au, Zn, Cu or Ti) (Emam and Bechtold 2015; Ahmed et al. 2017; Emam et al. 2016). Moreover, similar UV protection results were obtained for MOF@textiles (Emam and Abdelhameed 2017; Emam et al. 2020b). This comparison approved the higher efficiency of the presented methodology for functionalization of cotton fabric to be UV protective fabrics.
Microbicide potentiality
According to literature (Li et al. 2018; Li et al. 2016; Ipe et al. 2005; Dong et al. 2020; Ristic et al. 2014; Stanković et al. 2018; Kováčová et al. 2018), the mechanism of antimicrobial performance for the as-synthesized CQDs could be illustrated as follows; under the visible light in aqueous medium, CQDs are capable of eliminating reactive species (RS), such as singlet oxygen and hydroxyl free radicals that are mainly responsible for microbial cell mortality. The reactive species (RS) were suggested to adhere then penetrate the microbial cell wall for motivation of the oxidative stress and fragmentation of DNA & RNA, resulting in inhibition and corruption of the gene expression. In addition to, RS could play a main role in the mitochondrial dysfunction, inactivation of intracellular protein, lipid peroxidation, gradual damaging of the cell wall, followed by necrosis / apoptosis and microbial cell mortality.
In the represented approach, the microbicide potentiality for the synthesized TM & CQDs with different concentrations was estimated against three different pathogenic species of positive gram bacteria (S. aereus), negative gram bacteria (E. coli) and fungal species (C. albicans) via inhibition zone technique with evaluation of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the synthesized TM & CQDs. The estimated data in Table 4 significantly revealed that, against all the tested bacterial and fungal species, CQDs (100 mg/ml) showed the highest antimicrobial potency with microbial inhibition percentage (MIC%) reached 100 % against all the tested species, while, the same concentration of TM showed significant lowered MIC percentage of 89.0 ± 1.2 %, 92.0 ± 1.1 % and 77.0 ± 1.5 % against E. coli, S. aereus & C. albicans, respectively. The excellence microbicide potency of CQDs is mainly attributed to its highly size and shape regulation and organization, to be easily penetrated through the microbial cell membrane, leading to eventual cell mortality. The estimated results are in accordance with literature (Li et al. 2018; Dong et al. 2020; Ristic et al. 2014; Stanković et al. 2018; Kováčová et al. 2020) while, the excellence of the synthesized CQDs as potential antimicrobial laborers are mainly attributed to their inter-construction of decorative functional groups that mainly acted in the microbial cell death via production of RS.
Table 4: The results of MIC (inhibition %) for the prepared carbon quantum dots compared to the target molecule.
Material
|
Conc. (mg/mL)
|
E. coli
|
Staphylococcus aureus NCTC-7447
|
Candida albicans NCCLS 11
|
TM
|
100.0
|
89.0 ± 1.2
|
92.0 ± 1.1
|
77.0 ± 1.5
|
50.0
|
47.0 ± 1.1
|
51.0 ± 1.5
|
32.0 ± 1.5
|
25.0
|
17.0 ± 1.2
|
32.0 ± 1.2
|
21.0 ± 0.9
|
12.5
|
0.0
|
14.0 ± 0.7
|
15.0 ±0.7
|
6.25
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
3.125
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
CQDs
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100
|
100
|
50.0
|
100
|
100
|
77.0 ± 1.1
|
25.0
|
59.0 ± 1.0
|
78.0 ± 1.2
|
53 ± 0.8
|
12.5
|
31.0 ± 0.9
|
45.0 ± 1.0
|
27.0 ± 0.8
|
6.25
|
22.0 ± 0.7
|
23.0 ± 0.9
|
16.0 ± 0.5
|
3.125
|
18.0 ± 0.6
|
11.0 ± 0.5
|
9.0 ± 0.3
|
1.562
|
9.0 ± 0.3
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
Table 5 represented the antimicrobial potentiality of the unmodified and modified fabrics, before and after 5 & 10 washing cycles. From the evaluated results, it could be depicted that, the synthesized TM & CQDs showed to acquire the cotton fabrics superior antimicrobial activity. CQDs@Q-cotton showed to exhibit the highest antimicrobial performance, with inhibition percentage of 71.0 ± 1.1 %, 82.0 ± 1.0 % and 62.0 ± 0.9 % against E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively, relating to the effect of cotton cationization in increment of the immobilization affinity for CQDs, CQDs@Q-cotton. Moreover, by monitoring the washing durability of the modified fabrics for their antimicrobial performance, the tabulated data revealed that, even after 10 washing cycles, CQDs@Q-cotton fabric still exhibited good microbicide potency, whereas, microbial inhibition percent was evaluated to be 55.0 ± 0.9%, 61.0 ± 1.1% and 32.0 ± 0.6% against the tested microbes.
Table 5: Biological activities results (inhibition %, CFU) for the functionalized cotton fabrics before and after washing.
Samples
|
E. coli
|
Staphylococcus aureus NCTC-7447
|
Candida albicans NCCLS 11
|
TM
|
89.0 ± 1.2
|
92.0 ± 1.1
|
77.0 ± 1.5
|
CQDs
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
100.0
|
Cotton
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
TM@Cotton
|
39.0 ± 1.4
|
44.0 ± 1.1
|
49.0 ± 1.1
|
CQDs@Cotton
|
63.0 ±0.9
|
68.0 ± 1.9
|
67.0 ± 1.8
|
Q-Cotton
|
16.2 ± 0.5
|
21.1 ± 0.9
|
19.6 ± 1.0
|
TM@Q-Cotton
|
55.0 ± 1.9
|
59.0 ± 1.2
|
62.0 ± 1.7
|
CQDs@Q-Cotton
|
78.0 ± 1.1
|
77.0 ± 1.3
|
81.0 ± 1.4
|
5W-TM@Cotton
|
15.7 ± 0.6
|
19.9 ± 0.8
|
21.2 ± 1.1
|
5W-CQDs@Cotton
|
42.0 ± 0.6
|
59.0 ± 1.2
|
62.0 ± 1.7
|
5W-TM@Q-Cotton
|
46.0 ± 1.8
|
59.0 ± 1.5
|
52.0 ± 1.4
|
5W-CQDs@Q-Cotton
|
71.0 ± 1.1
|
82.0 ± 1.0
|
78.0 ± 1.6
|
10W-TM@Q-Cotton
|
41.0 ± 1.4
|
45.0 ± 1.7
|
49.0 ± 0.9
|
10W-CQDs@Q-Cotton
|
63.0 ± 0.9
|
68.0 ± 1.9
|
67.0 ± 1.8
|