Alonso et al 2010 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-010-2291-6 | 8 | Chronic temporomandibular disorder | Cohort | MEG | Specifically, Equivalent current dipoles (ECD) duration was longer in the TMD group in the precentral gyrus, and ECD onset time was earlier in the parietal operculum. |
Babiloni et al 2006 10.1016/j.jpain.2006.03.005. | 10 | Chronic back pain | Cohort | EEG | Results showed maximum (negative) correlations between the alpha 2 and alpha 3 ERD amplitude at the left central area and the subjective evaluation of pain intensity (P < .001). The stronger the anticipatory alpha 2 and alpha 3 ERD, the higher the subjective evaluation of pain intensity. |
Baliki et al 2007 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4123-07.2008 | 15 | Chronic back pain | Cohort | fMRI | Studying with fMRI a group of chronic back pain (CBP) patients and healthy controls while executing a simple visual attention task, we discovered that CBP patients, despite performing the task equally well as controls, displayed reduced deactivation in several key DMN regions. |
Baliki et al 2011 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1984-11.2011 | 15 | Chronic back pain | Cohort | fMRI | In the patients a correlation analysis related the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) aberrant BOLD high-frequency dynamics to altered functional connectivity to pain signaling/modulating brain regions, thus linking BOLD frequency changes to function. |
Berry et al 2020 10.1093/pm/pnaa178 | 20 | Chronic back pain | Cohort | fMRI | increased fMRI responses to pain anticipation were observed in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and ventral posterior cingulate cortex (vPCC), |
Boord et al 2008 10.1038/sj.sc.3102077 | 8 | Chronic pain | Cohort | EEG | Patients with neuropathic spinal cord injury (SCI) pain had significantly reduced EEG spectral reactivity in response to increased or decreased sensory input flowing into the thalamocortical network and decreased alpha wave power. |
Bosma et al 2016 https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23106 | 14 | Fibromyalgia (FM) | Cohort | fMRI & temporal summation of second pain (TSSP) | fMRI analyses of perceptually equal TSSP identified similar brain activity in control and FM subjects; however, multiple areas in the brainstem (rostral ventromedial medulla and periaqueductal grey region) and spinal cord (dorsal horn) exhibited greater activity in control subjects. |
Burgmer et al 2009 10.1007/s00702-009-0339-1 | 33 | FM & Chronic RA pain | Cohort | fMRI | We observed a FM-unique temporal brain activation of the frontal cortex in patients with FM. Moreover, areas of the motor cortex and the cingulate cortex presented a FM-specific relation between brain activity during pain anticipation and the magnitude of the subsequent pain experience. |
Buvanendran et al 2010 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20859325/ | 11 | Chronic cancer pain | Prospective | PET | Compared to patients with no pain, patients with moderate to severe pain had increased glucose metabolism bilaterally in the prefrontal cortex, BA 9–11. Unilateral activation was found in the right parietal precuneus cortex, BA 7. There were no areas of the brain in which there was decreased activity due to moderate to severe pain. |
Čeko et al 2020 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116877 | 16 | Fibromyalgia | Cohort | fMRI | FM patients with current clinical pain during the scan had significantly increased default mode network (DMN) connectivity to bilateral anterior insula (INS) similar to previous studies. |
Chen et al 2007 10.1080/03009740601153790 | 71 | Fibromyalgia | Cohort | SPECT | The most prominent regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) hypoperfusive region in both primary and concomitant FM groups was the left temporoparietal area, followed by the thalamus, right temporoparietal, frontal, and basal ganglia areas. Differences in rCBF hypoperfusion in these areas for both FM groups were not significant (all p > 0.5). |
Chen et al 2008 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18706225/ | 6 | Chronic brachial plexus avulsion | Prospective | PET | Compared with healthy subjects, the patients had significant glucose metabolism decreases in the right thalamus and SI (P < 0.001, uncorrected), and significant glucose metabolism increases in the right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (BA11), left rostral insula cortex and left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) (BA10/46) (P < 0.001, uncorrected). |
Choe et al 2018 10.1038/s41598-017-18999-z | 18 | Fibromyalgia | Cohort | EEG | In theta band, the slope of decrease in the number of connected components in barcodes showed steeper in contol, suggesting FM patients had decreased global connectivity. FM patients had reduced connectivity within default mode network, between middle/inferior temporal gyrus and visual cortex. |
Craggs et al 2016 | 13 | Fibromyalgia | Cohort | fMRI & temporal summation of second pain (TSSP) | The models of effective connectivity were not identical in regions of the brain including thalamus, posterior insula and anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC) within the left and right hemispheres between the FM and control groups, but were very similar. |
Dammann et al 2020 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112327 | 9 | craniomandibular disorder (CMD) | Prospective | fMRI & State -Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) | Reduction in STAI was associated with anterior insular fMRI-activation reduction on both hemispheres. We conclude that the anxiety driven anticipation of pain related to occlusal trigger is processed in the anterior insula and might therefore be a main driver of therapeutic intervention by the splint therapy in CMD. |
Day et al 2021 10.1093/pm/pnab049 | 57 | chronic low back pain (CLBP) | Prospective | EEG cognitive therapy (CT), mindfulness-meditation (MM), and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) | A significant reduction in theta (P = .015) and alpha (P = .006) power in the left frontal ROI across all treatments was found, although change in theta and alpha power in this region was not differentially associated with outcome across treatments. There were significant reductions in beta power in all five ROIs across all treatments (P ≤ .013). Beta power reduction in the central ROI showed a significant association with reduced pain intensity in MBCT only (P = .028). |
De Blasio et al 2023 10.1016/j.clinph.2023.02.173 | 20 | endometriosis-related chronic pelvic pain | Cohort | EEG | Relative to controls, the endometriosis group had greater component amplitudes in delta (0.5 Hz) and beta (∼28 Hz), and reduced alpha (∼10 Hz). Delta and beta amplitudes were positively associated with pain severity, but only beta maintained this association after delta-beta amplitude coupling was controlled. |
Di Pietro et al 2020 10.1002/hbm.25087 | 15 | Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) | Cohort | fMRI | we found CRPS was associated with increases in resting signal intensity infra-slow oscillations (ISOs) (0.03–0.06 Hz) in the thalamus contralateral to the painful limb in CRPS subjects. CRPS subjects displayed stronger thalamo- somatosensory cortex functional connectivity than controls, and this was related to pain |
DiMarzio et al 2019 10.1093/neuros/nyz269 | 15 | Chronic Pain | Cohort | fMRI & DBS | DBS resulted in more activity in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) (P < 0.05) |
Duke Han et al 2013 10.1002/gps.3898 | 64 | Chronic pain | Cohort | fMRI | Older adults with chronic pain showed greater functional connectivity between the posterior cingulate and left insula, left superior temporal gyrus, and left cerebellum. |
Fallon et al 2018 10.1002/ejp.1076 | 19 | Fibromyalgia | Cross-sectional study | EEG | FM patients exhibited greater pain, tiredness and tension on the day of testing relative to healthy control participants and augmented theta activity in prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices. No significant differences were seen in other frequency bands. Augmented frontal theta activity in FM patients significantly correlated with measures of tenderness and mean tiredness scores. |
Flodin et al 2014 10.1089/brain.2014.0274 | 17 | Fibromyalgia | Cohort | fMRI | FM patients showed a decreased connectivity between the right insula and a cluster of activity that covered the left primary sensorimotor areas. Moreover, a reduced degree of connectivity was observed for the right supramarginal gyrus and left inferior prefrontal cortex (PFC), and between thalamus and medial premotor cortex. |
Ge et al 2021 https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6690414 | 18 | Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) | Cross sectional study | fMRI | Compared with healthy control, the functional connectivity strength between left medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and posterior default mode network (DMN) decreased in the group of CP/CPPS |
Gopalakrishnan et al 2016 10.1152/jn.00215.2016 | 9 | Central Poststroke pain | Cohort | MEG | Significantly greater responses were recorded in patients with pain (PS). PS exhibited significant parietal and frontal cortical activations in the beta and gamma bands. |
Gudej et al 2007 10.1007/s00259-006-0174-7 | 18 | Fibromyalgia | Cohort | SPECT | Compared with control subjects, we observed individual brain SPECT abnormalities in FM patients, confirmed by SPM2 analysis, with hyperperfusion of the somatosensory cortex and hypoperfusion of the frontal, cingulate, medial temporal and cerebellar cortices. |
Gudej et al 2008 10.2967/jnumed.108.053264 | 20 | Fibromyalgia | Cohort | SPECT | Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) total score was positively correlated with bilateral parietal perfusion, including postcentral cortex. These clusters of correlation were included in the areas of significant hyperperfusion. FIQ total score was also negatively correlated with perfusion of a left anterior temporal cluster, included in the areas of significant hypoperfusions. |
Honda et al 2007 10.2302/kjm.56.48 | 15 | Chronic pain | Cohort | SPECT | The dorsolateral prefrontal area (both sides, right dominant), medial prefrontal area (both sides), dorsal aspect of the anterior cingulate gyrus nociceptive cortex (both sides) and the lateral part of the orbitofrontal cortex (right side) were found to have blood flow reduction in the group of patients with chronic pain. |
Hotta et al 2017 10.1016/j.jpain.2016.10.017 | 13 | complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) | Cohort | fMRI | Brain areas with statistically significant group differences (q < .05, false discovery rate-corrected) included the hand representation area in the sensorimotor cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, secondary somatosensory cortex, inferior parietal lobule, orbitofrontal cortex, and thalamus. |
Hsiao et al 2017 10.1186/s10194-017-0799-x | 28 | Fibromyalgia | Cohort | MEG | Compared with controls patients with fibromyalgia had decreased insula-DMN connectivity at the theta band and and the bilateral insula-DMN connectivity at the delta band (1–4 Hz) was negatively correlated with FM Symptom Severity. |
Ichesco et al 2016 10.1002/ejp.832 | 12 | Fibromyalgia | Cohort | fMRI & pressure stimuli | Acute pressure pain increased insula connectivity to the anterior cingulate and the hippocampus. Additionally, we observed increased thalamic connectivity to the precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex, a known part of the default mode network, in patients but not in controls. |
Ichesco et al 2014 10.1016/j.jpain.2014.04.007 | 18 | Fibromyalgia | Cohort | fMRI | Healthy controls displayed greater connectivity between left anterior insular cortex and bilateral medial frontal gyrus/anterior cingulate cortex; and left posterior insular cortex and right superior frontal gyrus. Within the FM group, greater connectivity between the insular cortex and Cingulate cortex was associated with decreased pressure-pain thresholds. |
Iwatsuki et al 2012 10.1016/j.ibneur.2021.05.001 | 21 | Complex Regional pain syndrome | Cohort | MEG | The amplitude envelope correlation (AEC) and Visual analogue scale (VAS) values were significantly correlated for the secondary (SII) somatosensory cortex and the precuneus and for the SII and insular cortex in the alpha frequency band in the right hemisphere. In the theta frequency band, the AEC and VAS values correlated for the SII and posterior cingulate cortex in the right hemisphere |
Jensen et al 2013 10.1038/sc.2012.84 | 38 | Chronic pain | Cross-sectional study | EEG | Few significant associations between pain severity and EEG activity measures activity were found, more alpha activity associated with more pain as measured from frontal electrode sites. |
Jeon et al 2017 10.1097/md.0000000000005735 | 11 | Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) | Cohort | PET | The distribution volume ratio of [C]-(R)-PK11195 in the caudate nucleus (t(21) = -3.209, P = 0.004), putamen (t(21) = -2.492, P = 0.022), nucleus accumbens (t(21) = -2.218, P = 0.040), and thalamus (t(21) = -2.395, P = 0.026) were significantly higher in CRPS patients than in healthy controls. In patients with CRPS, there was a positive correlation between the DVR of [C]-(R)-PK11195 in the caudate nucleus and the pain score. |
Jones et al 2021 https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ner.13247 | 5 | Poststroke pain | Cohort | fMRI & DBS | In response to pain, patients in the DBS OFF state showed significant activation (p < 0.001) in the same regions as healthy controls (thalamus, insula, and operculum) and in additional regions (orbitofrontal and superior convexity cortical areas). DBS significantly reduced activation of these additional regions and introduced foci of significant inhibitory activation (p < 0.001). |
Karibe et al 2010 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02119.x | 10 | somatoform pain disorder | Cohort | SPECT | The patient group showed higher rCBF in the subcortical area, especially in the thalamus and cingulate gyri, than the control group. In contrast, the patient group showed lower rCBF in the bilateral frontal and occipital lobes as well as in the left temporal lobe. |
Kisler et al 2020 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102241 | 45 | Chronic back pain | Cohort | MEG | Compared to the healthy controls, the Chronic back pain patients exhibited increased theta power in the default mode (DMN) and decreased low-gamma power in the DMN and ascending nociceptive pathway (ANP), but did not exhibit beta-band attenuation or peak-alpha slowing. |
Kucyi et al 2014 10.1523/jneurosci.5055-13.2014 | 17 | Chronic temporomandibular disorder | Cohort | fMRI | Compared with healthy controls, we found that TMD patients exhibited enhanced mPFC functional connectivity with other DMN regions, including the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)/precuneus (PCu) and retrosplenial cortex. |
Lim et al 2016 | 18 | Fibromyalgia | Cohort | MEG | The most remarkable finding was that FM patients had general increases in theta, beta and gamma power along with a slowing of the dominant alpha peak. Increased spectral powers in the theta-band were primarily localized to the left dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Beta and gamma over-activation were localized to insular, primary motor and primary and secondary somatosensory (S2) cortices, as well as the DLPFC and OFC. |
Lopez-sola et al 2014 https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.38781 | 35 | Fibromyalgia | Cohort | fMRI | fMRI revealed that patients showed reduced task-evoked activation in primary/secondary visual and auditory areas and augmented responses in the insula and anterior lingual gyrus. |
Makowka et al 2023 https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281986 | 16 | Fibromyalgia | Cross-sectional | EEG | FM patients displayed lower functional connectivity in the High beta (Hbeta, 20–30 Hz) sub-band than controls (p = 0.039) in the left basolateral complex of the amygdala (p = 0.039) within the left mesiotemporal area, in particular, in correlation with a higher affective pain component level (r = 0.50, p = 0.049). Patients showed higher Low beta (Lbeta, 13–20 Hz) relative power than controls in the left prefrontal cortex (p = 0.001), correlated with ongoing pain intensity (r = 0.54, p = 0.032). |
Mandloi et al 2023 https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jon.13117 | 7 | Chronic back pain | Cohort | fMRI | There were significant differences in FC of the insula between participants with chronic pain compared with HC. In the participants with pain, there was hyperconnectivity of the Anterior and posterior insula to the frontal pole. In addition, there was increased FC noted between the PI and the anterior cingulate cortex. Hyperconnectivity was also observed between the AI and the occipital cortex. |
Mosch et al 2023 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103355 | 23 | Fibromyalgia | Cohort | fMRI | Contrary to HC, FM failed to activate brain areas usually involved in pain modulation as well as reappraisal processes (right ventrolateral (VLPFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC)). |
Müller et al 2021 10.1371/journal.pone.0235879 | 32 | Fibromyalgia | Cross-sectional | fMRI | We found no differences between cases and controls in resting-state cerebral blood flow of the thalamus, the basal ganglia, the insula, the somatosensory cortex, the prefrontal cortex, the anterior cingulum and supplementary motor area as brain areas previously identified to be involved in acute processing in fibromyalgia. |
Nakamura et al 2014 10.1007/s00776-014-0534-2 | 7 | Chronic low back pain (CLBP) | Cohort | SPECT | The CLBP group showed significantly reduced blood flow in the bilateral prefrontal cortex of the frontal lobe and increased blood flow in the bilateral posterior lobe of the cerebellum. |
Napadow et al 2010 10.1002/art.27497 | 18 | Fibromyalgia | Cohort | fMRI | Patients with FM had greater connectivity within the DMN and right executive attention network (corrected P [P(corr)] < 0.05 versus controls), and greater connectivity between the DMN and the insular cortex. |
Papassidero et al 2023 https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2022-104047 | 13 | Chronic low back pain (CLBP) | Cohort | SPECT | After using gabapentin, SPECT showed an increase of rCBF in the bilateral anterior cingulate gyrus and a decrease of rCBF in periaqueductal gray matter. Non-responder patients with gabapentin showed a post-treatment decrease of rCBF in the paracentral lobule of the brain. |
Sarnthein et al 2006 | 15 | Chronic pain | Prospective | EEG | The average EEG power of all seven patients gradually decreased in the theta band and approached normal values only after 12 months. The excess theta EEG power in patients and its decrease after thalamic surgery suggests that both EEG and neurogenic pain are determined by tightly coupled thalamocortical loops. |
Sundstorm et al2006 10.1007/s00586-005-0040-5 | 27 | chronic whiplash syndrome? | Cohort | SPECT | The non-traumatic patients displayed rCBF changes in comparison with the whiplash group and the healthy control group. These changes included rCBF decreases in a right temporal region close to hippocampus, and increased rCBF in left insula. The whiplash group displayed no significant differences in rCBF in comparison with the healthy controls. |
Teixeria et al 2022 https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnab293 | 30 | Chronic back pain | Cross-sectional study | EEG | Relative power of EEG in the beta, delta and theta bands as recorded from the frontal, central, and parietal cortical areas were significantly associated with Chronic pain modulation. |
Truini et al 2016 https://europepmc.org/article/med/27157397 | 20 | Fibromyalgia | Cohort | fMRI | Compared with control subjects, we identified that patients with fibromyalgia had an increased periaqueductal gray (PAG) connectivity with insula, anterior cingulate cortex, and anterior prefrontal cortex. The functional connectivity between PAG and the rostral ventral medulla, however, was not concordantly increased. |
Tu et al 2019 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001507 | 50 | Chronic low back pain (cLBP) | Cohort | fMRI | Results showed that the medial prefrontal cortex/rostral anterior cingulate cortex had abnormal FCs with brain regions within the default mode network and with other brain networks in cLBP patients. |
Usui et al 2010 | 29 | Fibromyalgia | Cohort | SPECT | Compared to control subjects, we observed rCBF abnormalities in fibromyalgia including hypoperfusion in the left culmen and hyperperfusion in the right precentral gyrus, right posterior cingulate, right superior occipital gyrus, right cuneus, left inferior parietal lobule, right middle temporal gyrus, left postcentral gyrus, and left superior parietal lobule |
Vartiainen et al 2009 10.1016/j.jpain.2009.02.006 | 8 | complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) | Cohort | fMRI | In the patients, the distance between the thumb (D1) and little finger (D5) representations in primary somatosensory cortex was statistically significantly smaller in the hemisphere contralateral to painful side than in the hemisphere contralateral to healthy side. In the control subjects, the D1-D5 distance was the same in both hemispheres. |
Witjes et al 2021 | 21 | Chronic pain | Cohort | MEG | The alpha power ratio was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in patients with chronic pain at both the sensor and brain source levels. The brain regions showing significantly higher ratios included the occipital, parietal, temporal and frontal lobe areas, insular and cingulate cortex, and right thalamus. |