We evaluated 10,114 cases of trauma patients associated with RTCs, comprising 4,755 (47.0%) car crashes and 5,359 (53.0%) motorcycle crashes. The average age of individuals involved in car crashes was 37.3 ± 19.3 years, while for motorcycle crashes, it was 33.7 ± 16.8 years (p-value < 0.001).
In car crashes, 796 (47.0%) car passengers were male. Male individuals constituted 1,243 (72.1%) pedestrians struck by cars and 1,205 (90.1%) drivers (p-values < 0.001). Notably, 483 (28.0%) pedestrians and 240 (18.0%) drivers in car crashes were transported to the hospital by private cars (p-values < 0.001). Approximately 583 (43.6%) drivers had multiple or comminuted fractures, significantly more than 413 (24.0%) pedestrians injured in car crashes, and 651 (38.4%) car passengers (p-values < 0.001).
Male individuals constituted 396 (77.0%) pedestrians struck by motorcycles, 4,193 (99.6%) riders, and 416 (65.3%) motorcycle pillions (p-values < 0.001). Almost 773 (18.4%) riders and 230 (36.2%) pillions were children under the age of 18 in motorcycle crashes (p-values < 0.001). Pedestrians over the age of 64 demonstrated a significantly higher crash rate (17.1%) compared to riders (4.6%) and pillions (3.3%) in the same age group in motorcycle crashes (p-values < 0.001). Collison crashes involved 3,350 (80.6%) riders and 433 (70.0%) motorcycle pillions, while rollovers accounted for 807 (19.4%) riders and 186 (30.0) motorcycle pillions (p-values < 0.001). In motorcycle crashes, more riders (28.9%) experienced multiple and comminuted fractures compared to pedestrians struck by motorcycles (18.5%) (P-value < 0.001). Additional demographic characteristics and crash-related details of RTC patients are illustrated in Table 1.
Table 1
Demographic and crash-related characteristics of road traffic crash patients by road participation.
| Car crashes | Motorcycle crashes |
Pedestrian (N = 1724) | Driver (N = 1337) | Passenger (N = 1694) | p-value | Pedestrian (N = 514) | Rider (N = 4208) | Pillion (N = 637) | p-value |
Gender | | | | | | | | |
Male | 1243 (72.1) | 1205 (90.1) | 796 (47.0) | < 0.001 | 396 (77.0) | 4193 (99.6) | 416 (65.3) | < 0.001 |
Female | 481 (27.9) | 132 (9.9) | 898 (53.0) | 118 (23.0) | 15 (0.4) | 221 (34.7) |
Age group | | | | | | | | |
≤ 18 | 382 (22.2) | 33 (2.5) | 368 (21.7) | < 0.001 | 103 (20.0) | 773 (18.4) | 230 (36.2) | < 0.001 |
19–64 | 1057 (61.3) | 1247 (93.3) | 1203 (71.0) | 323 (62.8) | 3239 (77.0) | 384 (60.4) |
≥ 65 | 285 (16.5) | 57 (4.3) | 123 (7.3) | 88 (17.1) | 192 (4.6) | 22 (3.5) |
Transport to hospital | | | | | | | | |
Ambulance | 1232 (71.5) | 1078 (80.6) | 1370 (80.9) | < 0.001 | 431 (84.0) | 3530 (84.0) | 529 (83.2) | 0.979 |
Private vehicle | 483 (28.0) | 240 (18.0) | 293 (17.3) | 80 (15.6) | 662 (15.7) | 105 (16.5) |
Others | 8 (0.5) | 19 (1.4) | 30 (1.8) | 2 (0.4) | 12 (0.3) | 2 (0.3) |
Type of accident | | | | | | | | |
Collision | NA | 788 (59.1) | 972 (57.7) | 0.432 | NA | 3350 (80.6) | 433 (70.0) | < 0.001 |
Rollover | NA | 546 (40.9) | 714 (42.3) | NA | 807 (19.4) | 186 (30.0) |
Number of fractures | | | | | | | | |
Isolated fractures | 1311 (76.0) | 754 (56.4) | 1043 (61.6) | < 0.001 | 419 (81.5) | 2991 (71.1) | 475 (74.6) | < 0.001 |
Multiple/ Comminuted fractures | 413 (24.0) | 583 (43.6) | 651 (38.4) | 95 (18.5) | 1217 (28.9) | 162 (25.4) |
In car crashes, both drivers and passengers exhibited a heightened frequency of fractures in various body regions, including the face, pelvis, spine, and lower extremities, in comparison to pedestrians (p-values < 0.001). Notably, drivers had the highest frequency of head injuries (26.9%), followed by car passengers (21.2%) and pedestrians struck by cars (12.1%) (p-values < 0.01). Neck injuries were less common, with 1.8% of drivers and 1.6% of car passengers experiencing them, while only 0.6% of pedestrians struck by cars suffered from neck injuries (p-values = 0.01). Thorax injuries were most frequent in drivers (17.1%), followed by car passengers (12.6%), and pedestrians involved in car crashes (3.6%) (p-values < 0.01). Upper extremity injuries were significantly more frequent in pedestrians struck by cars (73.1%) compared to drivers (43.5%) and car passengers (43.0%) (p-values < 0.001).
Shifting to motorcycle crashes, riders (20.9%) displayed a significantly higher frequency of head fractures compared to pillions (15.5%) and pedestrians (10.9%) (Pedestrian vs. rider, p-value < 0.001; pedestrian vs. pillion, p-value = 0.1; rider vs. pillion, p-value < 0.01). Additionally, 12.6% of riders, 9.3% of pillions, and 6.5% of pedestrians struck by motorcycles experienced face fractures (pedestrian vs. rider, p-value < 0.001; pedestrian vs. pillion, p-value < 0.001; rider vs. pillion, p-value = 0.03). Thorax injuries were more frequent in riders (4.8%) and motorcycle pillions (4.0%) compared to pedestrians struck by motorcycles (1.1%) (P-values < 0.01). Moreover, spine traumas were significantly higher in riders (5.6%) and motorcycle pillions (5.6%) than in pedestrians struck by motorcycles (1.2%) (P-values < 0.001). Upper extremity injuries were also significantly higher in pedestrians struck by motorcycles (67.1%) than in riders (61.9%) (P-value = 0.03). Table 2 details the distribution of fractures across various body regions among individuals involved in RTCs adjusted for age, gender, and safety device.
Table 2
Body region in fractures of road traffic crash patients by road participation adjusted for age, gender, and safety device.
| Car crashes | Motorcycle crashes |
Pedestrian | Driver | Passenger | Pairwise comparison | Pedestrian | Rider | Pillion | Pairwise comparison |
Head | 12.1 (10.6 to 13.7) | 26.9 (24.2 to 29.6) | 21.2 (19.1 to 23.2) | B > C > A | 10.9 (8.3 to 13.5) | 20.9 (19.6 to 22.2) | 15.5 (12.5 to 18.6) | B > C > A |
Face | 6.9 (5.7 to 8.1) | 17.4 (15.2 to 19.6) | 15.8 (14.0 to 17.7) | B > A C > A | 6.5 (4.3 to 8.6) | 12.6 (11.6 to 13.7) | 9.3 (6.9 to 11.7) | B > C > A |
Neck | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.0) | 1.8 (0.9 to 2.7) | 1.6 (1.0 to 2.1) | B > A C > A | 0.5 (-0.1 to 1.1) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.4) | 1.0 (0.2 to 1.7) | - |
Thorax | 3.6 (2.7 to 4.5) | 17.1 (14.8 to 19.4) | 12.6 (10.9 to 14.3) | B > C > A | 1.1 (0.3 to 2.0) | 4.8 (4.1 to 5.5) | 4.0 (2.2 to 5.7) | B > A C > A |
Pelvis | 1.8 (1.2 to 2.4) | 5.2 (3.8 to 6.7) | 4.3 (3.3 to 5.3) | B > A C > A | 1.7 (0.5 to 3.0) | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.0) | 1.6 (0.6 to 2.7) | - |
Spine | 4.5 (3.6 to 5.5) | 20.2 (17.7 to 22.7) | 14.6 (12.8 to 16.4) | B > C > A | 1.2 (4.8 to 6.4) | 5.6 (4.8 to 6.4) | 5.6 (3.6 to 7.5) | B > A C > A |
Upper extremity | 73.1 (70.8 to 75.3) | 43.5 (40.6 to 46.4) | 43.0 (40.5 to 45.5) | A > B A > C | 67.1 (62.9 to 71.3) | 61.9 (60.4 to 63.5) | 64.4 (60.3 to 68.5) | A > B |
Lower extremity | 29.9 (27.6 to 32.2) | 43.2 (40.3 to 46.1) | 46.5 (44.0 to 49.0) | B > A C > A | 32.9 (28.7 to 37.1) | 35.4 (33.9 to 36.9) | 33.8 (29.7 to 37.8) | - |
Multiple trauma | 22.9 (20.9 to 24.9) | 45.9 (42.9 to 48.8) | 38.2 (35.8 to 40.6) | B > C > A | 16.6 (13.5 to 19.8) | 29.4 (28.0 to 30.9) | 24.6 (21.0 to 28.2) | B > C > A |
A: pedestrian, B: driver/rider, C: passenger/pillion. |
In car crashes, the need for open reduction was observed in 47.5% of pedestrians struck by cars, with slightly lower percentages for car passengers (42.5%) and drivers (39.6%) (p-values < 0.01). The frequency of spinal repair exhibited a similar trend, being highest among drivers (5.6%), followed by car passengers (3.6%), and pedestrians involved in car crashes (1.0%) (pedestrian vs. driver, p-value < 0.001; pedestrian vs. passenger, p-value < 0.001; driver vs. passenger, p-value = 0.03). In motorcycle crashes, a parallel pattern emerged concerning spinal repair. Riders displayed the highest rate of spinal repair (1.7%), surpassing pillions (0.4%) and pedestrians (0.2%) (pedestrian vs. rider, p-value = 0.01; rider vs. pillion, p-value = 0.03). Table 3 displays a comprehensive overview of clinical management and outcomes in RTC-related trauma patients adjusted for age, gender, and safety device.
Table 3
Clinical management and outcomes of road traffic crash patients by road participation adjusted for age, gender, and safety device.
| Car crashes | Motorcycle crashes |
Pedestrian | Driver | Passenger | Pairwise comparison | Pedestrian | Rider | Pillion | Pairwise comparison |
Craniotomy | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.1) | 2.1 (1.2 to 3.0) | 1.1 (0.6 to 1.7) | B > A | 0.3 (-0.1 to 0.8) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.6) | 2.2 (0.9 to 3.6) | C > A |
Plaster/splints | 40.4 (37.9 to 42.9) | 33.8 (31.0 to 36.6) | 32.6 (30.3 to 34.9) | A > B A > C | 50.2 (45.7 to 54.7) | 49.8 (48.3 to 51.4) | 45.6 (41.4 to 49.9) | - |
Traction | 2.2 (1.5 to 2.9) | 4.4 (3.1 to 5.6) | 3.9 (2.9 to 4.9) | B > A C > A | 3.0 (1.5 to 4.6) | 2.7 (2.2 to 3.2) | 1.6 (0.6 to 2.7) | - |
Fracture immobilization | 39.8 (37.4 to 42.2) | 42.5 (39.6 to 45.4) | 38.1 (35.7 to 40.6) | B > C | 54.1 (49.7 to 58.5) | 46.0 (44.5 to 47.6) | 46.6 (42.3 to 50.8) | A > B A > C |
Closed reduction | 38.7 (36.2 to 41.2) | 30.4 (27.8 to 33.1) | 36.7 (34.3 to 39.1) | A > B C > B | 40.2 (35.7 to 44.6) | 33.2 (31.7 to 44.6) | 31.5 (27.5 to 35.4) | A > B A > C |
Open reduction | 47.5 (45.0 to 50.0) | 39.6 (36.8 to 42.5) | 42.5 (40.0 to 44.9) | A > B A > C | 47.3 (42.8 to 51.8) | 48.0 (46.4 to 49.6) | 50.3 (46.0 to 54.6) | - |
Amputation | 0.1 (-0.1 to 0.2) | - | 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.5) | - | - | 0.3 (0.1 to 0.4) | 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.7) | - |
Spinal repair | 1.0 (0.5 to 1.4) | 5.6 (4.1 to 7.1) | 3.6 (2.7 to 4.6) | B > C > A | 0.2 (-0.1 to 0.6) | 1.7 (1.0 to 2.4) | 0.4 (0.0 to 0.9) | B > A B > C |
Mechanical ventilation | 3.6 (2.7 to 4.4) | 7.9 (6.3 to 9.4) | 7.1 (5.8 to 8.5) | B > A C > A | 1.8 (0.7 to 2.9) | 3.9 (3.3 to 4.5) | 3.3 (1.7 to 4.9) | B > A |
ICU admission | 11.3 (9.8 to 12.8) | 20.3 (17.9 to 22.7) | 18.4 (16.4 to 20.3) | B > A C > A | 7.4 (5.2 to 9.5) | 10.4 (9.4 to 11.4) | 10.0 (7.3 to 12.7) | B > A |
Death | 1.2 (0.7 to 1.7) | 1.8 (1.0 to 2.6) | 2.0 (1.2 to 2.8) | - | 0.4 (-0.1 to 0.8) | 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) | 0.9 (-.0.1 to 1.9) | - |
A: pedestrian, B: driver/rider, C: passenger/pillion. |
Table 4 presents the frequency of extremities and pelvis fractures in car and motorcycle crashes, adjusted for age, gender, Injury Severity Score (ISS), safety device, and vehicle type. Notably, pedestrians (0.6%) exhibited a significantly higher frequency of ilium fractures compared to drivers/riders (0.2%) (p-value = 0.01). Pubis fractures were more frequent in pedestrians (3.4%) than in drivers/riders (1.9%) (p-value < 0.01). When adjusting for age, gender, ISS, safety device, and type of vehicle, 3.3% of pedestrians experienced fractures in the proximal humerus, and 1.8% had fractures in the shaft of the ulna. Both frequencies were higher than those observed in drivers/riders (2.3% and 1.1%, respectively) (p-values: 0.04 and 0.02, respectively). Furthermore, the frequency of peritrochanteric fractures in pedestrians was 3.7%, significantly surpassing the frequency of 1.9% among passengers/pillions and 1.7% among drivers/riders (p-values < 0.01). Additionally, fractures in the proximal tibia and shaft of the tibia were observed in 10.0% and 15.8% of pedestrians, respectively, which were significantly higher than the frequencies among drivers/riders and passengers/pillions when adjusting for age, gender, ISS, safety device, and type of vehicle (p-values < 0.001). In pedestrians, the frequency of distal tibia fractures was 5.1%, significantly exceeding 3.6% among drivers/riders and 2.7% among passengers/pillions (p-values < 0.01).
Table 4
Specific fractures (extremities and pelvis) in car and motorcycle accidents adjusted for age, gender, ISS, safety device, and type of vehicle.
| Pedestrian | Driver/rider | Passenger/pillion | Pairwise comparison |
S32.3 - Fracture of ilium | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.0) | 0.2 (0.1 to 0.4) | 0.6 (0.2 to 0.9) | A > B, C > B |
S32.4 - Fracture of acetabulum | 2.4 (1.7 to 3.1) | 3.2 (2.7 to 3.7) | 4.1 (3.3 to 5.0) | C > A |
S32.5 - Fracture of pubis | 3.4 (2.6 to 4.1) | 1.9 (1.5 to 2.3) | 2.5 (1.9 to 3.1) | A > B |
S42.2 - Fracture of proximal humerus | 3.3 (2.5 to 4.0) | 2.3 (1.9 to 2.8) | 4.3 (3.5 to 5.2) | A > B, C > B |
S42.3 - Fracture of shaft of humerus | 1.4 (0.9 to 1.9) | 2.6 (2.1 to 3.1) | 4.8 (3.9 to 5.7) | C > B > A |
S42.4 - Fracture of distal humerus | 1.5 (1.0 to 2.0) | 1.3 (1.0 to 1.7) | 2.7 (2.1 to 3.4) | C > A, C > B |
S52 - Fracture of forearm | 0.1 (-0.0 to 0.3) | 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2) | 0.2 (-0.0 to 0.3) | - |
S52.0 - Fracture of proximal of ulna | 1.1 (0.6 to 1.5) | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.6) | 1.3 (0.8 to 1.8) | - |
S52.1 - Fracture of proximal radius | 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) | 0.7 (0.5 to 0.9) | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.1) | - |
S52.2 - Fracture of shaft of ulna | 1.8 (1.2 to 2.4) | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.4) | 2.0 (1.4 to 2.7) | A > B, C > B |
S52.3 - Fracture of shaft of radius | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.3) | 1.5 (1.2 to 1.9) | 1.7 (1.2 to 2.3) | C > A |
S52.4 - Fracture of shafts of both ulna and radius | 0.4 (0.1 to 0.6) | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.6) | 0.6 (0.3 to 1.0) | - |
S52.5 - Fracture of distal radius | 7.2 (6.1 to 8.3) | 7.3 (6.6 to 8.1) | 6.6 (5.5 to 7.7) | - |
S52.6 - Fracture of the distal of both ulna and radius | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.3) | 1.6 (1.2 to 2.0) | 1.3 (0.8 to 1.7) | B > A |
S52.7 - Multiple fractures of the forearm | 2.1 (1.5 to 2.8) | 1.2 (0.9 to 1.5) | 2.2 (1.5 to 2.8) | A > B, C > B |
S72 - Fracture of femur | 0.1 (-0.0 to 0.3) | 0.5 (0.3 to 0.7) | 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) | - |
S72.0 - Fracture of neck of femur | 2.7 (2.0 to 3.4) | 2.0 (1.6 to 2.4) | 2.1 (1.5 to 2.7) | - |
S72.1 – Peritrochanteric fracture | 3.7 (2.9 to 4.5) | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.0) | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.5) | A > B, A > C |
S72.2 - Subtrochanteric fracture | 1.3 (0.7 to 1.8) | 0.9 (0.7 to 1.2) | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.6) | - |
S72.3 - Fracture of shaft of femur | 4.6 (3.7 to 5.6) | 6.0 (5.4 to 6.6) | 6.2 (5.2 to 7.1) | B > A, C > A |
S72.4 - Fracture of distal femur | 2.4 (1.7 to 3.0) | 2.9 (2.4 to 3.4) | 2.2 (1.6 to 2.9) | - |
S72.7 - Multiple fractures of the femur | 0.1 (-0.0 to 0.2) | 0.3 (0.2 to 0.4) | 0.4 (0.1 to 0.7) | - |
S82 - Fracture of the lower leg, including ankle | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.7) | 0.4 (0.2 to 0.5) | 0.2 (-0.0 to 0.4) | - |
S82.0 - Fracture of patella | 2.0 (1.3 to 2.6) | 3.1 (2.6 to 3.5) | 2.3 (1.6 to 2.9) | B > A |
S82.1 - Fracture of proximal tibia | 10.0 (8.7 to 11.3) | 7.1 (6.4 to 7.8) | 4.1 (3.2 to 5.0) | A > B > C |
S82.2 - Fracture of shaft of tibia | 15.8 (14.3 to 17.4) | 11.8 (10.9 to 12.6) | 8.6 (7.3 to 9.8) | A > B > C |
S82.3 - Fracture of distal tibia | 5.1 (4.1 to 6.0) | 3.6 (3.0 to 4.1) | 2.7 (2.0 to 3.3) | A > B, A > C |
S82.4 - Fracture of fibula alone | 2.8 (2.1 to 3.5) | 2.2 (1.8 to 2.6) | 1.1 (0.6 to 1.5) | A > C, B > C |
S82.5 - Fracture of medial malleolus | 3.2 (2.4 to 3.9) | 2.7 (2.3 to 3.1) | 1.8 (1.2 to 2.4) | A > C, B > C |
S82.6 - Fracture of lateral malleolus | 2.2 (1.5 to 2.8) | 2.0 (1.6 to 2.4) | 1.4 (0.9 to 1.9) | - |
S82.7 - Multiple fractures of the lower leg | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.0) | 0.3 (0.2 to 0.4) | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.2) | A > B, C > B |
A: pedestrian, B: driver/rider, C: passenger/pillion. ISS: Injury Severity Score. |
Approximately 1.6% of drivers/riders suffered from distal radius and ulna fractures, surpassing the 0.9% observed in pedestrians (p-value = 0.03). Among drivers/riders, 6.0% exhibited femur shaft fractures, while 4.6% of pedestrians had this type of fracture (p-value = 0.03). Additionally, 3.1% of drivers/riders experienced patella fractures, a statistically significant increase compared to the 2.0% observed in pedestrians (p-value = 0.02).
Fibula fractures were observed in 2.2% of drivers/riders, significantly higher than the 1.1% followed in passengers/pillions (p-value < 0.01). Furthermore, drivers/riders displayed a significantly higher frequency of fractures in the medial malleolus (2.7%) compared to the 1.8% observed in passengers/pillions (p-value = 0.04).
Fractures of the ilium were more frequent in passengers/pillions (0.6%) compared to drivers/riders (0.2%) (p-value = 0.04). Among fractures of the shaft of the humerus, passengers/pillions had the highest frequency (4.8%), followed by drivers/riders (2.6%) and pedestrians (1.4%) (p-values < 0.01). Additionally, fractures in the proximal humerus (4.3%), distal humerus (2.7%), and shaft of the ulna (2.0%) were significantly more common in passengers/pillions compared to 3.3%, 1.5%, and 1.8% in drivers/riders, respectively (p-values < 0.01).
Table 5 outlines the frequency of neck and spine fractures in car crashes, adjusted for age, gender, safety device, and type of accident. Fractures in the cervical vertebra C3-C7, thoracic vertebra, and lumbar vertebra were more frequent in drivers (3.2%, 7.0%, 8.3%) compared to car passengers (1.4%, 4.9%, 5.6%, respectively) (p-values: <0.01, 0.04, and 0.01, respectively).
Table 5
Specific fractures (neck and spine) in car accidents adjusted for age, gender, safety device, and type of accident.
| Driver | Passenger | p-value |
S12.0- Fracture of first cervical vertebra (C1 fracture) | 0.6 (0.1 to 1.1) | 0.5 (0.2 to 0.9) | 0.758 |
S12.1- Fracture of second cervical vertebra (C2 fracture) | 0.8 (0.3 to 1.2) | 1.1 (0.5 to 1.7) | 0.389 |
S12.2- Fracture of other specified cervical vertebra | 3.2 (2.0 to 4.3) | 1.4 (0.8 to 2.0) | 0.006 |
S12.7- Multiple fractures of the cervical spine | 0.5 (0.1 to 0.9) | 0.6 (0.2 to 1.0) | 0.714 |
S22.0- Fracture of thoracic vertebra | 7.0 (5.4 to 8.5) | 4.9 (3.9 to 6.0) | 0.042 |
S22.1- Multiple fractures of the thoracic spine | 0.9 (0.4 to 1.5) | 0.7 (0.2 to 1.1) | 0.458 |
S32.0- Fracture of lumbar vertebra | 8.3 (6.6 to 10.0) | 5.6 (4.5 to 6.7) | 0.012 |
S32.1- Fracture of sacrum | 1.6 (0.8 to 2.5) | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.1) | 0.845 |
S32.2- Fracture of coccyx | 0.2 (-0.1 to 0.5) | 0.1 (-0.0 to 0.2) | 0.603 |
Bold indicates column proportions that differ significantly at the 0.05 level. |
Table 6 describes the frequency of head and face fractures in motorcycle crashes, adjusted for age, gender, safety device, and type of accident. There were no significant differences in head and face fractures between riders and motorcycle pillions.
Table 6
Specific fractures (head and face) in motorcycle accidents adjusted for age, gender, safety device, and type of accident.
| Rider | Pillion | p-value |
S02 - Fracture of skull and facial bones | 0.6 (0.3 to 0.8) | 0.5 (-0.2 to 1.3) | 0.923 |
S02.0 - Fracture of vault of skull | 1.7 (1.3 to 2.1) | 2.0 (0.7 to 3.2) | 0.706 |
S02.1 - Fracture of the base of the skull | 3.8 (3.1 to 4.4) | 2.9 (1.4 to 4.3) | 0.328 |
S02.2 - Fracture of nasal bones | 3.7 (3.1 to 4.3) | 3.1 (1.6 to 4.6) | 0.502 |
S02.3 - Fracture of orbital floor | 0.8 (0.6 to 1.1) | 1.0 (0.1 to 2.0) | 0.661 |
S02.4 - Fracture of malar and maxillary bones | 4.2 (3.6 to 4.8) | 2.9 (1.3 to 4.4) | 0.175 |
S02.6 - Fracture of mandible | 2.1 (1.7 to 2.5) | 1.5 (0.5 to 2.6) | 0.402 |
S02.7 - Multiple fractures involving skull and facial bones | 2.1 (1.5 to 2.6) | 1.0 (0.1 to 1.9) | 0.160 |
Tables 1 and 2 found in the supplementary materials display the distribution of fracture sites in both car and motorcycle crashes.