2.2 Data collection procedures
The researcher obtained a research permit from the Surabaya City Education Office. After that, the researcher trained two research assistants, (AE) and (FA) on research procedures, including how to select respondents (based on inclusion and exclusion criteria), giving informed consent and questionnaire filling techniques. The researcher collaborated with the school (counseling teacher) to determine the schedule for filling out the questionnaire. The questionnaire was filled in via google form when there were no subjects taking place. According to the schedule determined by the school, research assistants and researchers came to the school to identify samples and distributed informed consent sheets. For respondents under the age 16 years, informed consent was obtained from the parents/legal guardians / legally authorized representative of all participats age less than 16 years. Informed consents was obtained from all participans age more than 16 years.
After being filled in, the AE sent a link to fill out the questionnaire through the school teacher's WhatsApp app to be distributed to students who had filled in the informed consent.Demographic questionnaires include age (year), gender, and duration of smartphone use in the last 24 hours.
The stress level questionnaire using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) questionnaire has been tested for validity and reliability with a Cronbach Alpha value of 0.960, so that each question is valid and reliable. The PSS questionnaire is a self report questionnaire that is able to evaluate the level of stress one month ago in the respondent's life with 10 question items with Likert scale answers according to the answer chosen, except for question items no. 4,5,7 and 8 which are scored in reverse. Scores for the answers "never" (0), "almost never" (1), "sometimes" (2), "quite often" (3) and "very often" (4). Categories were obtained from summing the results with levels of mild (0–13), moderate (14–26) and severe (27–40). 8.
The leisure boredom questionnaire uses the Leisure Boredom Scale (LBS) which consists of 16 question items with answers using a Likert scale: "strongly agree" (1), "agree" (2), "disagree" (3) and "strongly disagree" (4). Categories are obtained from summing the results with levels of "low" (X < Mean-SD), "medium" (M-SD≤X≤M + SD), high (X > Mean + SD)9
Kuesioner kepribadian menggunakan blue print skala personality dengan kriteria : “tidak pernah” (0), “hamper tidak pernah” (1), “kadang-kadang” (2), “cukup sering” (3), “sangat sering” (4), dan hasilnya dijumlahkan untuk dikategorikan menjadi : “ringan” (0–13), “sedang” (14–26), “berat” (27–40) 10
Kuesioner kecemasan menggunakan DASS-A (Depression, Anxiety and Strees) dengan jumlah 14 item pernyataan dan telah dilakukan uji validitas dan reabilitas dengan nilai Cronbach alpha = 0,92. Jawaban menggunakan skala likert 1–4 : “tidak pernah” (1), “kadang-kadang (2), “lumayan sering”(3), “sering sekali”(4) dan hasilnya dijumlahkan untuk dikategorikan : “sangat berat”(> 20), “berat” (15–19), “sedang” (10–14, “ringan” (8–9), “normal” (0–7).
Kuesioner depresi menggunakan DASS-D (Depression, Anxiety and Strees) dengan jumlah 14 item pernyataan dan telah dilakukan uji validitas dan reabilitas dengan nilai Cronbach alpha = 0,97. Jawaban menggunakan skala likert 1–4 : “tidak pernah” (1), “kadang-kadang (2), “lumayan sering”(3), “sering sekali”(4) dan hasilnya dijumlahkan untuk dikategorikan : “sangat berat”(> 28), “berat” (21–27), “sedang” (14–20), “ringan” (10–13), “normal” (0–9).
The smartphone addiction questionnaire uses the smartphone addiction scale (SAS) which consists of 28 question items with the results of the Cronbach Alpha value = 0.931, with answers using a Likert scale: "strongly disagree" (1), "disagree" (2), "less agree" (3), "slightly agree" (4), "agree" (5), "strongly agree" (6) with the following result categories: "low" (X < Mean-SD), "medium" (M-SD≤X≤M + SD), high (X > Mean + SD).11