General characteristics of elderly and nonelderly inpatients
Table 1 demonstrates the sociodemographic characteristics of the study participants. Elderly patients made up 36.0% of the study participants, and most of them were female (58.7%), with an average age of 75.5±7.3 years. The majority of these patients were supported by caregivers during hospitalization (69.1%) and answered that hospital charges for inpatient services were burdensome (79.4%), while more than half had received inpatient services at a tertiary hospital (63.0%). Additionally, these patients were generally residing with their spouse (47.0%) and had the lowest household income (40.0%). 17.7% of them had more than two chronic diseases and 19.6% of them had a CCI score of at least 1. Nonelderly patients accounted for 64.0% of the study patients, and more than half of them were female with an average age of 48.3±11.9 years. Most had used tertiary hospitals (54.0%) and experienced burdens in paying hospital services (74.0%). Most nonelderly patients were living with their spouse and other family members (70.9%) and had the highest household incomes (30.5%). In terms of health conditions, 16.3% of them had more than 2 chronic diseases, while 11.2% had CCI scores greater than 1.
Table 1. General Characteristics of elderly and nonelderly inpatients
Variable (n, weighted %)
|
Total
(1,550, (100))
|
Elderly
(819, (36.0))
|
Nonelderly
(731, (64.0))
|
p-value
|
Gender
|
Male
|
643 (43.2)
|
334 (41.3)
|
309 (44.3)
|
0.55
|
Female
|
907 (56.8)
|
485 (58.7)
|
422 (55.7)
|
Age (weighted mean ± SD§)
|
58.1 ± 16.8
|
75.5 ± 7.3
|
48.3 ± 11.9
|
0.00†
|
Caregiver during Hospital admission
|
No
|
598 (41.5)
|
245 (30.9)
|
353 (47.5)
|
0.00†
|
Yes
|
952 (58.5)
|
574 (69.1)
|
378 (52.5)
|
Educational Level
|
≤Junior high
|
802 (39.1)
|
647 (75.7)
|
155 (18.5)
|
0.00†
|
≥Senior high
|
748 (60.9)
|
172 (24.3)
|
576 (81.5)
|
Household Type
|
With spouse
|
517 (25.7)
|
399 (47.0)
|
118 (13.7)
|
0.00†
|
Alone
|
234 (11.7)
|
196 (23.9)
|
38 (4.7)
|
With spouse
and another member
|
649 (52.3)
|
147 (19.4)
|
502 (70.9)
|
With another member
|
150 (10.3)
|
77 (9.7)
|
73 (10.7)
|
Household Income
|
Low (1st )
|
397 (18.0)
|
352 (40.0)
|
45 (5.6)
|
0.00†
|
Low-Middle (2nd )
|
352 (20.0)
|
222 (26.4)
|
130 (16.2)
|
Middle (3rd )
|
278 (18.0)
|
124 (15.2)
|
154 (19.6)
|
Middle-High (4th )
|
256 (21.4)
|
66 (9.6)
|
190 (28.1)
|
High (5th )
|
267 (22.6)
|
55 (8.8)
|
212 (30.5)
|
Type of Public Insurance
|
NHI
|
1,436 (93.9)
|
731 (89.1)
|
705 (96.6)
|
0.00†
|
Medicaid
|
114 (6.1)
|
88 (10.9)
|
26 (3.4)
|
Financial Support
|
No
|
704 (43.4)
|
396 (48.1)
|
308 (40.7)
|
0.01*
|
Yes
|
846 (56.6)
|
423 (51.9)
|
423 (59.3)
|
Financial Burden due to Hospital Charges
|
Not burdensome at all ~ Somewhat manageable
|
352 (24.0)
|
161 (20.6)
|
191 (26.0)
|
0.00†
|
Somewhat burdensome ~ Very burdensome
|
1,198 (76.0)
|
658 (79.4)
|
540 (74.0)
|
Types of Medical Institution
|
General hospital
|
656 (42.7)
|
311 (37.0)
|
345 (46.0)
|
0.00†
|
Tertiary hospital
|
894 (52.3)
|
508 (63.0)
|
386 (54.0)
|
Number of Chronic diseases
|
1
|
1,301 (83.2)
|
680 (82.3)
|
621 (83.7)
|
0.30
|
≥ 2
|
249 (16.7)
|
139 (17.7)
|
110 (16.3)
|
CCI
|
0
|
1,303 (85.8)
|
661 (80.4)
|
642 (88.8)
|
0.00†
|
≥ 1
|
247 (14.2)
|
158 (19.6)
|
89 (11.2)
|
Type of Diagnosed
Disease at the Time of Hospital Admission
|
Cancer (Neoplasms)
|
193 (13.0)
|
91 (11.7)
|
102 (13.6)
|
0.00†
|
Diseases of the eye and adnexa
|
143 (7.5)
|
104 (12.6)
|
39 (4.7)
|
Diseases of the circulatory system
|
141 (8.7)
|
95 (12.6)
|
46 (6.6)
|
Diseases of the respiratory system
|
114 (7.3)
|
66 (7.8)
|
48 (7.0)
|
Diseases of the digestive system
|
151 (10.8)
|
69 (8.7)
|
82 (11.9)
|
Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue
|
292 (20.2)
|
134 (16.3)
|
158 (22.4)
|
Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes
|
235 (14.5)
|
119 (14.1)
|
116 (14.7)
|
Other symptoms and signs
|
281 (18.0)
|
141 (16.2)
|
140 (19.1)
|
Physical
/Psychological Disability
|
No
|
1,362 (89.5)
|
673 (82.2)
|
689 (93.7)
|
0.00†
|
Yes
|
188 (10.5)
|
146 (17.8)
|
42 (6.3)
|
Note
§ SD = Standard Deviation * p < 0.05 † p < 0.00
Average Total Healthcare Expenditures for Hospital Admission
The total healthcare costs of hospital admissions include hospital charges for inpatient services and caregiving costs. Hospital charges for inpatient services are divided into three categories: covered by NHI, paid through cost-sharing, and paid out of pocket. The charges in each category were calculated according to the study participants’ age group and experience of receiving care (Table 2). Elderly patients with caregivers paid US$ 3,966 ± 5,158 for their hospital admissions, while nonelderly patients supported by caregivers spent US$ 2,906 ± 2,916. Elderly patients’ average caregiving cost due to hiring formal caregivers was US$ 1,291 ± 1,436 and the estimated average cost of informal caregiving was US$ 1,034 ± 2,283. However, elderly patients without caregivers had lower total healthcare costs (US$ 1,359 ± 1,605) than the nonelderly patients (US$1,796 ± 2,012). In case of nonelderly patients, those who were cared for by formal caregivers paid US$ 846 ± 229, while the average cost for informal caregiving was estimated to be US$ 592 ± 830. After summing both hospital charges for inpatient services and caregiving costs, elderly patients with caregivers were found to have had greater total health care costs (US$ 5,016 ± 6,625) than the nonelderly patients (US$ 3,501 ± 3,357). Therefore, elderly and nonelderly patients spent 21% and 17% of their healthcare expenditure on caregiving costs, respectively (Fig. 2).
Table 2
Average Total Healthcare Expenditures during Hospital Admission
Expenditure Category
(Weighted Mean ± SD§ (US$))
|
Elderly Inpatients
|
Nonelderly Inpatients
|
With Caregiver
(n = 574)
|
Without Caregiver
(n = 245)
|
Total
(n = 819)
|
With Caregiver
(n = 378)
|
Without Caregiver
(n = 353)
|
Total
(n = 731)
|
A. Hospital Charges
for Inpatient Services
|
3,966 ± 5,158
|
1,358 ± 1,605
|
3,156 ± 4,535
|
2,906 ± 2,916
|
1,796 ± 2,012
|
2,378 ± 258
|
(a) Covered by NHI
|
2,715 ± 3,938
|
919 ± 1,227
|
2,157 ± 3,440
|
1,688 ± 2,068
|
1,031 ± 1,474
|
1,376 ± 20,016
|
(b) Paid through cost sharing
|
575 ± 791
|
234 ± 343
|
469 ± 702
|
453 ± 527
|
257 ± 315
|
360 ± 450
|
(c) Paid out of Pocket
|
675 ± 1,242
|
204 ± 369
|
529 ± 1,074
|
763 ± 1,160
|
507 ± 775
|
641 ± 1,003
|
B. Caregiving Costs
|
1,053 ± 2,233
|
-
|
1,053 ± 2,233
|
596 ± 825
|
-
|
596 ± 825
|
(d) Formal Caregiving Costs
|
1,291 ± 1,436
|
-
|
1,291 ± 1,435
|
846 ± 229
|
-
|
846 ± 229
|
(e) Informal Caregiving Costs
|
1,034 ± 2,283
|
-
|
1,034 ± 2,284
|
592 ± 830
|
-
|
592 ± 830
|
Total Healthcare Cost (A + B)
|
5,016 ± 6,625
|
1,359 ± 1,605
|
3,884 ± 5,826
|
3,501 ± 3,357
|
1,796 ± 2,012
|
2,691 ± 2,924
|
Note. adjusted to US$, § SD = Standard Deviation |
Determinants of caregiver use and caregiving costs among elderly and nonelderly inpatients
The two-part model estimated for the total study participants illustrates that elderly inpatients were more likely to receive support from caregivers (OR: 1.86, p < 0.00) and spent 37% more on caregiving costs (β: 0.37, p < 0.00) than nonelderly inpatients (Table 3). In the case of household type, inpatients living alone (OR: 0.40, p < 0.00) or those who were residing with their spouse and other family members (OR: 0.64, p < 0.05) were less likely to use caregivers during hospitalization. However, whether inpatients lived alone had no significant relationship with caregiving expenditures (β: 0.06, p = 0.70). On the other hand, households comprising spouses and other family members had a significant tendency to spend 31% more on caregiving costs than households with spouses only (β: 0.31, p < 0.05). For household income status, inpatients from a low- to middle-income household was less likely to use a caregiver than inpatients from the lowest income group (OR: 0.53, p < 0.00), but there was no significant relationship with such inpatients’ caregiving expenditures (β: 0.05, p = 0.73). Those who received financial support for their healthcare expenditure both used caregivers more (OR: 1.36, p < 0.05) and spent 40% of more on caregiving costs (β: 0.40, p < 0.00) than non- receivers, and both estimates are statistically significant. Also, inpatients diagnosed with more than two chronic diseases had 46% higher caregiving costs than inpatients with a single disease (β: 0.46, p < 0.00). Similarly, inpatients with a CCI score greater than 1 had significantly higher caregiving costs: they spent 33% more on caregiving costs (β: 0.33, p < 0.05) than inpatients with a CCI score of zero. Inpatients admitted to a tertiary medical institute were more likely to be cared for by caregivers (OR: 1.92, p < 0.00) than general hospital users.
Table 3
Analysis of caregiver use and its costs among elderly and nonelderly inpatients
Variable
|
Logit Model (n = 1,550)
|
GLM Model (n = 952)
|
Odds Ratio (95% CI§)
|
Coefficient (95% CI§)
|
Gender
(Ref: Male)
|
Female
|
0.84 (0.64 ~ 1.12)
|
-0.09 (-0.28 ~ 0.10)
|
Age Group
(Ref: Nonelderly group)
|
Elderly group
|
1.86† (1.33 ~ 2.58)
|
0.37† (0.10 ~ 0.65)
|
Educational Level
(Ref: ≥Senior High)
|
≤Junior High
|
1.07 (0.77 ~ 1.50)
|
0.27* (0.16 ~ 0.54)
|
Household Type
(Ref: With spouse)
|
Alone
|
0.40† (0.26 ~ 0.61)
|
0.06 (-0.26 ~ 0.38)
|
With spouse and another member
|
0.64* (0.45 ~ 0.91)
|
0.31* (0.04 ~ 0.58)
|
With another member
|
0.72 (0.45 ~ 1.17
|
0.22 (-0.09 ~ 0.54)
|
Household Income
(Ref: Low (1st ))
|
Low-Middle (2nd )
|
0.53† (0.36 ~ 0.79)
|
0.05 (-0.24 ~ 0.35)
|
Middle (3rd )
|
0.93 (0.58 ~ 1.50
|
-0.08 (-0.41 ~ 0.25)
|
Middle-High (4th )
|
0.90 (0.54 ~ 1.48)
|
− 0.14 (-0.49 ~ 0.20)
|
High (5th )
|
0.93 (0.57 ~ 1.54)
|
-0.06 (-0.51 ~ 0.37)
|
Type of Public Insurance
(Ref: NHI)
|
Medicaid Type 1/Type 2
|
0.79 (0.48 ~ 1.30)
|
0.34 (-0.03 ~ 0.72)
|
Financial Support
(Ref: Non-Receiver)
|
Receiver
|
1.36* (1.04 ~ 1.77)
|
0.40† (0.23 ~ 0.58)
|
Number of Chronic diseases
(Ref: 1)
|
≥ 2
|
0.79 (0.56 ~ 1.11)
|
0.46* (0.10 ~ 0.83)
|
CCI
(Ref: 0)
|
≥ 1
|
1.31 (0.88 ~ 1.94)
|
0.33* (0.01 ~ 0.66)
|
Physical/Psychological Disability
(Ref: No)
|
Yes
|
1.41 (0.92 ~ 2.17)
|
0.10 (-0.19 ~ 0.40)
|
Types of Medical Institution
(Ref: General Hospital)
|
Tertiary hospital
|
1.92† (1.47 ~ 2.51)
|
-0.01 (-0.23 ~ 0.20)
|
Note. § CI = Confidence Interval * p < 0.05 † p < 0.00
Table 4 describes the incremental expenditures on caregiving costs of total study participants. Elderly inpatients spend more than nonelderly patients by approximately US$ 290 (95% CI: US$ 127 ~ US$ 453) on caregiving costs after controlling for predisposing factors, enabling factors, and needs factors. Additionally, those who received financial support for their healthcare spent on average US$ 254 (95% CI: US$ 145 ~ US$ 362) more than non-receivers. Similarly, inpatients diagnosed with a CCI score greater than 1 spent on average US$ 249 (95% CI: US$ 16 ~ US$ 482) more than inpatients with a CCI score of zero. In addition, inpatients who had completed junior high school or less spent an average of US$ 151 (95% CI: US$ 4 ~ US$ 299) more than individuals with more than a senior high school education.
Table 4. The incremental caregiving costs among elderly and nonelderly inpatients
Variable
|
Incremental Cost (US$, 95% CI§)
|
Gender
(Ref: Male)
|
Female
|
− 75 (-187 ~ 36)
|
Age Group
(Ref: Nonelderly group)
|
Elderly group (≥ 65)
|
290† (127 ~ 453)
|
Educational Level
(Ref: ≥Senior High)
|
≤Junior high
|
151* (4 ~ 299)
|
Household Type
(Ref: With spouse)
|
Alone
|
-111 (-262 ~ 40)
|
With spouse and another member
|
99 (-74 ~ 273)
|
With another member
|
73 (-128 ~ 274)
|
Household Income
(Ref: Low (1st ))
|
Low-Middle (2nd )
|
-89 (-261 ~ 83)
|
Middle (3rd )
|
-54 (-250 ~ 141)
|
Middle-High (4th )
|
-89 (-28 ~ 106)
|
High (5th )
|
-47 (-296 ~ 202)
|
Type of Public Insurance
(Ref: NHI)
|
Medicaid Type 1/Type 2
|
151 (-117 ~ 420)
|
Financial Support
(Ref: Non-Receiver)
|
Receiver
|
254† (145 ~ 362)
|
Number of Chronic diseases
(Ref: 1)
|
≥ 2
|
222 (− 42 ~ 488)
|
CCI
(Ref: 0)
|
≥ 1
|
249* (16 ~ 482)
|
Physical/Psychological Disability
(Ref: No)
|
Yes
|
106 (-84 ~ 298)
|
Types of Medical Institution
(Ref: General Hospital)
|
Tertiary hospital
|
108 (-11 ~ 229)
|
Note
adjusted to US$, § CI = Confidence Interval
* p < 0.05 † p < 0.00
Determinants of caregiver use and caregiving costs among elderly inpatients
Table 5 demonstrates the results of two-part regression among elderly inpatients. Elderly inpatients who reside by themselves were less likely to use caregivers (OR: 0.48, p < 0.00) than those who live with a spouse, but household type had no significant relationship with caregiving costs (β: 0.01, p = 0.97). However, those who had received financial support for healthcare management (OR: 2.70, p < 0.00), had a physical or psychological disability (OR: 1.76, p < 0.05), or used the tertiary hospital for inpatient service (OR: 2.44, p < 0.00) were more likely to use caregivers during hospitalization. Of these, patients with financial support (β: 0.55, p < 0.00) spent 55% more on caregiving costs than non-receivers, and patients diagnosed with more than two chronic diseases (β: 0.66, p < 0.05) spent 66% more on caregiving costs than patients with a single disease. Additionally, elderly patients who received financial support spent on average approximately US$ 552 (95% CI: US$ 328 ~ US$ 776) more on caregiving costs than non-receivers (Table 6). Likewise, patients with more than two chronic diseases spent an average of US$ 567 (95% CI: US$ 106 ~ US$ 1,029) more than patients with a single disease.
Table 5
Analysis of caregiver use and its costs among elderly inpatients
Variable
|
Logit Model (n = 819)
|
GLM Model (n = 574)
|
Odds Ratio (95% CI§)
|
Coefficient (95% CI§)
|
Gender
(Ref: Male)
|
Female
|
0.97 (0.65 ~ 1.46)
|
-0.05 (-0.32 ~ 0.22)
|
Educational Level
(Ref: ≥Senior High)
|
≤Junior High
|
0.73 (0.44 ~ 1.21)
|
0.26 (-0.06 ~ 0.59)
|
Household Type
(Ref: With spouse)
|
Alone
|
0.48† (0.30 ~ 0.75)
|
0.01 (-0.32 ~ 0.33)
|
With spouse and another member
|
1.24 (0.70 ~ 2.19)
|
0.29 (-0.08 ~ 0.68)
|
With another member
|
0.68 (0.37 ~ 1.24)
|
0.11 (-0.27 ~ 0.50)
|
Household Income
(Ref: Low (1st ))
|
Low-Middle (2nd )
|
0.92 (0.59 ~ 1.42)
|
0.01 (-0.27 ~ 0.29)
|
Middle (3rd )
|
0.91 (0.49 ~ 1.70)
|
0.16 (-0.25 ~ 0.58)
|
Middle-High (4th )
|
0.54 (0.25 ~ 1.17)
|
-0.14 (-0.56 ~ 0.28)
|
High (5th )
|
0.89 (0.41 ~ 1.92)
|
0.28 (-0.44 ~ 1.02)
|
Type of Public Insurance
(Ref: NHI)
|
Medicaid Type 1/Type 2
|
1.10 (0.64 ~ 1.89)
|
0.37 (-0.06 ~ 0.82)
|
Financial Support
(Ref: Non-Receiver)
|
Receiver
|
2.70† (1.84 ~ 3.97)
|
0.55† (0.30 ~ 0.81)
|
Number of Chronic diseases
(Ref: 1)
|
≥ 2
|
1.03 (0.62 ~ 1.70)
|
0.66* (0.28 ~ 1.05)
|
CCI
(Ref: 0)
|
≥ 1
|
1.18 (0.69 ~ 2.03)
|
-0.14 (-0.42 ~ 0.12)
|
Physical/Psychological Disability
(Ref: No)
|
Yes
|
1.76* (1.10 ~ 2.80)
|
-0.07 (-0.38 ~ 0.23)
|
Types of Medical Institution
(Ref: General Hospital)
|
Tertiary hospital
|
2.44† (1.69 ~ 3.53)
|
-0.16 (-0.42 ~ 0.10)
|
Note. § CI = Confidence Interval * p < 0.05 † p < 0.00 |
Table 6. The incremental caregiving costs among elderly inpatients
Variable
|
Incremental Cost (95% CI§)
|
Gender
(Ref: Male)
|
Female
|
− 40 (-247 ~ 167)
|
Educational Level
(Ref: ≥Senior High)
|
≤Junior High
|
124 (-97 ~ 347)
|
Household Type
(Ref: With spouse)
|
Alone
|
-129 (-343 ~ 83)
|
With spouse and another member
|
283 (-94 ~ 661)
|
With another member
|
7 (-284 ~ 299)
|
Household Income
(Ref: Low (1st ))
|
Low-Middle (2nd )
|
− 6 (-213 ~ 201)
|
Middle (3rd )
|
102 (-239 ~ 444)
|
Middle-High (4th )
|
− 188 (-454 ~ 77)
|
High (5th )
|
203 (-463 ~ 870)
|
Type of Public Insurance
(Ref: NHI)
|
Medicaid Type 1/Type 2
|
331 (-124 ~ 787)
|
Financial Support
(Ref: Non-Receiver)
|
Receiver
|
552† (328 ~ 776)
|
Number of Chronic diseases
(Ref: 1)
|
≥ 2
|
567* (106 ~ 1,029)
|
CCI
(Ref: 0)
|
≥ 1
|
-71 (-276 ~ 133)
|
Physical/Psychological Disability
(Ref: No)
|
Yes
|
43 (-190 ~ 277)
|
Types of Medical Institution
(Ref: General Hospital)
|
Tertiary hospital
|
63 (-132 ~ 259)
|
Note
adjusted to US$, § CI = Confidence Interval
* p < 0.05 † p < 0.00
Determinants of caregiver use and caregiving costs among nonelderly inpatients
Table 7 shows that nonelderly inpatients living alone (OR: 0.19, p < 0.00) or residing with spouse and another family member (OR: 0.50, p < 0.05) were less likely to use caregivers during hospital admission (Table 7). Additionally, those with low-middle income status were significantly less likely to be supported by caregivers than those with the lowest income status (OR: 025, p < 0.00). However, similar to elderly inpatients, tertiary hospital users were more likely to receive assistance from caregivers (OR: 1.80, p < 0.00). The analysis of the factors associated with caregiving costs among nonelderly inpatients shows that patients with financial support (β: 0.26, p < 0.00) or diagnosed with a CCI score greater than 1 (β: 0.80, p < 0.00) were associated with spending more on caregiving costs.
Additionally, the incremental caregiving costs among nonelderly inpatients showed that nonelderly inpatients with financial support spent on average US$ 84 (95% CI: US$ 7 ~ US$ 175) for caregiving costs (Table 8). In contrast to elderly inpatients, nonelderly inpatients with a CCI score greater than 1 spent on average US$ 396 (95% CI: US$ 60 ~ US$ 733) more on caregiving costs than those with CCI scores of zero. Although there was no significant relationship between gender and caregiving costs at the 95% significance level (β: 0.18, p = 0.08), nonelderly male inpatients spent an average of US$ 93 (95% CI: US$ 10 ~ US$ 176) more on caregiving costs than nonelderly female inpatients.
Table 7
Analysis of caregiver use and its costs among nonelderly inpatients
Variable
|
Logit Model (n = 731)
|
GLM Model (n = 378)
|
Odds Ratio (95% CI§)
|
Coefficient (95% CI§)
|
Gender
(Ref: Male)
|
Male
|
1.28 (0.89 ~ 1.83)
|
0.18 (-0.02 ~ 0.39)
|
Educational Level
(Ref: ≥Senior High)
|
≤Junior High
|
1.16 (0.70 ~ 1.91)
|
0.05 (-0.21 ~ 0.33)
|
Household Type
(Ref: With spouse)
|
Alone
|
0.19† (0.06 ~ 0.56)
|
-0.37 (-1.08 ~ 0.34)
|
With spouse and another member
|
0.50* (0.30 ~ 0.85)
|
0.94 (-0.17 ~ 0.36)
|
With another member
|
0.69 (0.32 ~ 1.49)
|
0.06 (-0.37 ~ 0.50)
|
Household Income
(Ref: Low (1st ))
|
Low-Middle (2nd )
|
0.25† (0.10 ~ 0.62)
|
0.01 (-0.62 ~ 0.65)
|
Middle (3rd )
|
0.64 (0.26 ~ 1.58)
|
-0.19 (-0.80 ~ 0.41)
|
Middle-High (4th )
|
0.63 (0.26 ~ 1.54)
|
-0.27 (-0.89 ~ 0.33)
|
High (5th )
|
0.64 (0.26 ~ 1.55)
|
-0.34 (-0.97 ~ 0.27)
|
Type of Public Insurance
(Ref: NHI)
|
Medicaid Type 1/Type 2
|
0.69 (0.23 ~ 2.02)
|
0.55 (-0.14 ~ 1.24)
|
Financial Support
(Ref: Non-Receiver)
|
Receiver
|
1.02 (0.71 ~ 1.46)
|
0.26† (0.06 ~ 0.45)
|
Number of Chronic diseases
(Ref: 1)
|
≥ 2
|
0.66 (0.41 ~ 1.06)
|
0.09 (-0.18 ~ 0.37)
|
CCI
(Ref: 0)
|
≥ 1
|
1.33 (0.77 ~ 2.31)
|
0.80† (0.31 ~ 1.28)
|
Physical/Psychological Disability
(Ref: No)
|
Yes
|
1.29 (0.56 ~ 2.91)
|
0.32 (-0.21 ~ 0.86)
|
Types of Medical Institution
(Ref: General Hospital)
|
Tertiary hospital
|
1.80† (1.26 ~ 2.58)
|
0.03 (-0.20 ~ 0.27)
|
Note. § CI = Confidence Interval * p < 0.05 † p < 0.00 |
Table 8
The incremental caregiving costs among nonelderly inpatients
Variable
|
Incremental Cost (95% CI§)
|
Gender
(Ref: Male)
|
Female
|
93* (10 ~ 176)
|
Educational Level
(Ref: ≥Senior High)
|
≤Junior High
|
39 (-75 ~ 155)
|
Household Type
(Ref: With spouse)
|
Alone
|
-256† (-409 ~ -102)
|
With spouse and another member
|
-55 (-173 ~ 62)
|
With another member
|
-23 (-208 ~ 162)
|
Household Income
(Ref: Low (1st ))
|
Low-Middle (2nd )
|
-217 (-531 ~ 97)
|
Middle (3rd )
|
-142 (-455 ~ 170)
|
Middle-High (4th )
|
-171 (-484 ~ 141)
|
High (5th )
|
-191 (-504 ~ 121)
|
Type of Public Insurance
(Ref: NHI)
|
Medicaid Type 1/Type 2
|
144 (-245 ~ 534)
|
Financial Support
(Ref: Non-Receiver)
|
Receiver
|
84* (7 ~ 175)
|
Number of Chronic diseases
(Ref: 1)
|
≥ 2
|
-27 (-135 ~ 81)
|
CCI
(Ref: 0)
|
≥ 1
|
396* (60 ~ 733)
|
Physical/Psychological Disability
(Ref: No)
|
Yes
|
163 (-123 ~ 450)
|
Types of Medical Institution
(Ref: General Hospital)
|
Tertiary hospital
|
91* (8 ~ 175)
|
Note. adjusted to US$, § CI = Confidence Interval
* p < 0.05 † p < 0.00