The EC mainly contains two scaled tank models, two pressure transducers, two CCDs, a liquid pump, a gas pump and and several valves, as shown in Figs. 1&2. Figure 1 shows the system schematic diagram, in which the black curved arrows represent the liquid flow direction. Figure 2 presents the real objects of the EC with lights working. The wall of scaled tank models is made of transparent polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and the PMD is made of titanium alloy. The system relies on the pressure provided by the liquid pump or gas pump to drive the liquid to be transported back and forth between two tank models. The frame rate of CCD is adjustable and it’s 24 frames/s during experiments.
One tank model is spherical (TA) and the other is capsule (TB), as shown in Figs. 3(a)&(b). The volumes of the two models are the same, both of which are 108 ml. Detailed description and comparison of these two models are shown in Table 1. These two models cover the technical state of most tanks, including the shape, components of PMD, type of management and so on, so as to verify the design states of tanks as many as possible in this EC.
Table 1
Comparison between TA and TB.
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TA
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TB
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Shape
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Spherical
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Capsule
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Size
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Inner radius 30 mm
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Inner radius 27 mm.
Height of cylindrical section 13.4 mm.
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Components of PMD
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4 guide vanes and 4 small liquid-storage vanes
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4 guide vanes and 4 anti-sloshing plates
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Type of management
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Fully managed
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Semi-managed
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Width of gaps between the guide vanes and the model wall
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Gradually reduced from 1.4 mm at the gas port to 0.8 mm at the liquid port.
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Gradually reduced from 1.4 mm to 0.8 mm at the liquid port.
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Scaled tank models can reflect the actual fluid behaviour according to the similarity theory based on two dimensionless parameters
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+94YYbdv0Dh630U/p2mraBtOStXDxL8thjj6X+iajsSZLq+UpgSdKk4quCJan3eKdEkjRp8MKAL3zhC6m51iC9WlqS+p13SiRJkiQ1yjslkiRJkhplpUSSJElSo6yUSJIkSWqUlRJJkiRJjbJSIkmSJKlRVkokSZIkNcpKiSRJkqRGWSmRJEmS1CgrJZIkSZIaZaVEkiRJUqOslEiSJElqlJUSSZIkSY2yUiJJkiSpUVZKJEmSJDXKSokkSZKkRlkpkSRJktQoKyWSJEmSGmWlRJIkSVKjrJRIkiRJapSVEkkD47777ituv/32sq8//PnPfy6uvPLKFPZ+0W/p3I9pLEmTjZUSSQPhtNNOKz755JPiW9/6VjmkNxx33HHFBhtsUEybNq148cUXy6FrfeYznylOPfXUYtmyZcWCBQvKob2rH9O539JYkiYjKyWS+h4F5ZkzZxZHHXVUOaQ33HPPPcWRRx5ZrFq1qjjnnHOKM844I121r3PCCScUK1asKC6//PJySO/p93TuhzSWpMnKSomkvkaBFL1WUMZhhx2WOsyZMyddyV+5cmXqr0Ohn6v5EadeMijp3MtpLEmTmZUSSX3r/fffL2666abi9NNPL4f0tj333LPYfPPNy756xIU4EbdeMWjp3ItpLEmTnZUSSX3r5ptvLo455pi2Bf1esHDhwmLu3LllX2vEhSZSxK1XDFo692IaS9JkZ6VEUl/iKveiRYuKXXfdtRzSPTxzQBOgvONB6tGiqdAf//jHjgv1NEF64IEHeuJK/qCmcy+lsSTJSomkPrV48eJiww03HJer9zx38MILLxRTp04tjj322PR8wg033FCOHRkKynfccUdaJm+FevLJJ8sxrRGn6dOnpzg2bVDTuZfSWJJkpURSn6IAyhuXxhOF5e9973vplbKjwZ2Ar3/968WNN96Y7gLMmjWr2G677cqxwyNur7/+etnXnEFO515JY0mSlRJJfYjXvf7lL38ptthii3LIyL355pvFwQcfvKbZEFfYc4899ljxuc99rmXhNj7I9+Uvf3nNdzEY9tWvfnVNEySWyWtqo1u6dGnHdxyI23PPPdfyFcITYazp3C6N0WQ690IaS5JWs1Iiqe/QzGf58uXFZpttVg4ZGa6sz58/P90FYFn7779/ccUVV6x5TSyF1Pvvvz8VWuuu3jP+8MMPL77//e8XTz/9dCpYg2l33nnn4r333htzQZe4EcdWr7adCGNJ53ZpjKbTuRfSWJK0mpUSSX3ngw8+KKZMmVJstNFG5ZDOUSi++uqr02thKdzS0XQI0ZSHK/xLlixp2WyJeR555JHi7rvvTv0vv/xy+g+Wu9dee9UWskeCuG299dZlXzNGm86dpDGaTudeSGNJ0mpWSiT1pS233HLEBVKuql911VUtv2Oxww47pP9cgUe7Zku8kWqbbbYp+1ajoP2Nb3yj7Bs94kahmYpBk0aazp2mMZpO515JY0mSlRJJfejxxx9PzXlG6oknnigeffTR9a7Mc/WeQm+89pYmR1/84hfbPiwdV9qjGREdheUvfelL5RRjw/MO77zzTtk38UaTzp2mMXohnZtOY0nSalZKJE0aFIJ5tmGfffYph6x9ruGkk05KV/b5bsVTTz3V8jmHHOPzq/w8iD179uyyb3LqJI1hOkuSclZKJE0KrQrB1157bfo/b9689J+mPCtWrGj5nMOCBQvWvAUKO+20U/H222+nYTw43a6APcg6TWOYzpKknJUSSZMCH8l766231mkCdNFFF6UHqX/1q1+lQi7DzjjjjDR9fmUeFKJ59eytt966XnMjCtd07ZohDbpO0himsySpykqJpEkhmhXxxiaeUdhqq62KjTfeOA2nSRGvsGU4z0N89NFHxS677FLE9zXomIZX2lY/8seD2+ecc05x2GGHlUMmr3ZpDNNZklTHSomkgRfNiviQ34UXXpg+sPfhhx8Wp5566pqCb/UDfK26aqGY/rqPAk42naQxTOd18QHIvFI2bdq04qijjlpnGB0fi+Th/hkzZqwZxm/SXZIGgZUSSX1n++23T12naFZEs5/99tuvHNIfdt9993S3oSkjSWfTeHRuuOGGNd9hueyyy1JFjqZry5YtK2bOnJneWPbCCy+kJnA0W7vzzjuLqVOnFv/yL/9SvPTSS2vuQElSv7NSIqnvvPHGG6nrFM2HOnn1bK9p+nW1I0ln03js8m+43HzzzcWiRYvSq5DzNL3pppuK66+/Pt2Nyu9ASZMdzUF5qQbPtXWC6S699NI0n3qDlRJJA423Nd17773rPaOg7jGNx4ZvuHD3Ix76Jz25M8KdkhzP40yfPn29pm006+KOD026aP7FF/WlyYS7hieffHJ6w198aJVKR94U8qCDDkpNTAPTzZo1q/j2t79txaRHWCmRNND4wB5NYqoFOXWPaTx2m2yySXrVMW8mu/jii4tzzz03vSQgXq9MRYW7OvlrlUFF5e///u9Tcy6exTn00EPTF/VZjjQZUKH45je/Wfz85z8vh6wedsABBxRTpkwpLrnkkuLEE08sHnzwwfQSDiowgYrJ+eefnyosap6VEkkaYNUHqes6ptHojTWNX3755dRMi7eS0fyEux7bbrtt+i4LoqJy9tlnr3Mnijsip59+emrOdcghh5RDV79m2TtWmiwuuOCC9DFV7jaGhx9+uPiP//iP4uqrry7OPPPM9H/+/PlpXHw3Key5555pXppyqVlWSiRpgPEgdfXNVtWOaTR6Y0ljKhx81wX53ZD4uCQfjYyKCnekAvNxR+TYY49dc4eKB+SjGZ00GdBE65prrklv/cvRbGvnnXcu+1aLu4zLly9P/3NHHHFEqvirWVZKJA2suivWvdYNgrp49VLXD2i+9bOf/Wy9uyH/+7//W9ts64knnkjfeuGL+FRm5s6dW5xyyinpCnFeeZEG2XXXXZf+c7ejU4cffnj5a63Pf/7zxccff5wq9mqOlRJJA6vuinWvdeNtIppv1cWrl7rxNpY0XrlyZWqm9Z//+Z/r3A3h7gnt4v/t3/5tvYoKeDgeX//619PzJxS0eIuYFRJNJryKfNNNNy37hsdD7rvttlu6i1LFCyTw+9//Pv1XM6yUSNIAs/nW+BtLGkczLb6En98NiUoHX7FvVdGgHTzfMLn//vvTMyVUXG6//XY/qKhJg4fXqcx3gjuRCxYsKPvWFW/sopKj5lgpkSSpQVQu/vVf/3W9uyHVikouPlJ51113pedL6C666KLid7/7XXpgXtJaNMuigl99zkS9xUqJJEkNoZkWz4NU74bwRfe6ikpgeh7M/fd///dUCaGSwndNeEVwq3mkyei+++4rdtxxRyskfcBKiSRJDeHNWaeddlrZtxaVi3bPh5xwwgnp+zA0D+Nh+Py1wNJkcOCBB6YmXK1QIeEV2e0qJPHxxGjGpWZYKZEkSVLfiWaMdV9k51XaN954Y6q08A2S6HjQPf+yO1577bX0f++9907/1QwrJZL6zvbbb5+6QccDnFtttVXZN/EmQzo3ncaSRm/WrFnpf1QqwnnnnVf8wz/8Q3HbbbcVZ5111jrd0qVL13uF8Kuvvpre4vW1r32tHKImWCmR1HfeeOON1A06muTwmtemTIZ0bjqNJY0eza1OPPHE9Aa63I9+9KP13oAX3aJFi8qp1nr88cfTq7fzr8Jr4lkpkSRJUl/6wQ9+UDz00EPp6+6j8dJLL6W7J2eeeWY5RE2xUiJJkqS+xN0Nvj9y0kkn1T5bMhym59mTBx54oByiJlkpkaQW+PYD77ffYYcd1vtCd3Rj/Rq6CtNZ0pjwdq1f//rXxZ133tlxxYQ7Kw8//HC602Kzrd5gpUSSalBQPvzww4ujjz562OcqjjzyyPKXRsN0ltQNVCz42GinFQyeR+FNXFZIeoeVEkmqiILykiVLiiuuuKJYuXJlekCSD9p997vfXdNPx3cmNDqmsyQpWCmR1Hf23XffYo899ij7uu+JJ54oHn300eL6668vTj311DVfyN58882Lv/71r8XJJ5+c+scTBfbp06c3+rraQU/nXkhjSdJqVkok9aU//elPqVA5Hu64445i//33L/bZZ59yyFo77bRT8d57743bunuN6SxJmghWSiT1nc0226zYZJNNyr7uev/999PXfg8++OA1V+4DBWTeh7/FFlusN67baLq0fPnyFNemDHo690IaS5JWs1Iiqe9stNFGxYoVK4o333yzHNI9LHvrrbcuXn755XLIWtHcaCIeuv7ggw+KKVOmpPA0ZdDTuRfSWJK0mpUSSX2Hq+ef+tSnUvOebmPZXL2/8cYb02tqwZX7K6+8sjj++OOLyy67bEIeuiZuu++++7jfkRnOoKdzL6SxJGk1KyWS+hJX0XkmYTycdtppxS9/+cvilFNOKfhGBg9Cv/baa8UzzzyTxk0E4sZ3O5o2yOncK2ksSSqKDVbxrkVJ6jM8k3DsscemK+28rWmQ9FLcBjWdBzn/SFI/8k6JpL5EQZI3NN18883lkMFBnA466KCeKCwPajr3UhpLkqyUSOpjp59+erFo0aJ01XtQEBfiNGfOnHLIavfcc09q4nTccccVCxYsKKZNm5aG8TxG/B4vg5bOrdI4RFpfdNFFxdy5c9Pvyy+/vBwrSRoPVkok9S2ucs+cOTM9FD0oiMsxxxyz3hV8vuXBNz148JwHsw899NDixRdfTOP4PZ4GLZ1bpXGItP7kk0/Sl+bvvvvu2reESZK6x0qJpL4WD0THG5z6GVfj+cJ43Vun+KbG22+/XWy//fbFV77ylfSNj09/+tPp97Jly4pdd921nHJ8DEo6D5fGgVcgT506Nd0poQL4+uuvpyZskqTxY6VEUt+joElznH4uMNMkiw8Vtnrr1OLFi9N3PebNm7febwrZE/FsRL+nc7s0DrwqOO5IEddHHnmkZVMvSVJ3WCmRNBAoMG+88cbF7bffXg7pD/FtDioWJ5xwQjl0fVytj6+f8yrb/PeGG244Lh84rNOP6dxpGgfSlLdy8SzJY489lvonotInSZOZrwSWJKnkq4IlqRneKZEkaQgvDvjCF76QmmsN4qumJamXeadEkiRJUqO8UyJJkiSpUVZKJEmSJDXKSokkSZKkRlkpkSRJktQoKyWSJEmSGmWlRJIkSVKjrJRIkiRJapSVEkmSJEmNslIiSZIkqVFWSiRJkiQ1ykqJJEmSpEZZKZEkSZLUKCslkiRJkhplpUSSJElSo6yUSJIkSWqUlRJJkiRJjbJSIkmSJKlRVkokSZIkNcpKiSRJkqRGWSmRJEmS1CgrJZIkSZIaZaVkyH333VecdNJJxUEHHVQOGQxvvvlmcfDBBxcbbLBB6k477bRyTHddeumlxZQpU4qPPvqoHNIdLO/WW28tZs6cmdaRY1uN5/Z66qmnUprxv5WXXnqpOO+881Lch5uuU2+99VZx7bXXFttuu+168Z0I452m/aiTfNDrOL6xDxEP8hb7lFbjGMP+28T+1usmOm2aPg8TT/YP9hP2F47t9Pfzvj/Rmj6HjQThG49yi8bGSsmQjTfeuHjooYfKvsFw+eWXF/Pnzy/uuOOOYuXKlcX+++9fXHHFFcU999xTTtEf2DbPP/982ddbNtpoo/T/448/Tv+74XOf+1yxdOnSsq839Eoh9s9//nMKyw477JAKDnXdcccdV04tUND7p3/6p+KBBx5I+YrCAgW/XkNhxsJfZ9gPrrzyyuLLX/5y8eKLL64Z9tWvfrXv8n9+bGnyPEwF5IUXXij+8Ic/FAsXLkzH9GuuuabnjsX9YDzOYeST6rGeY5kG0ColBx54YOoGwd13371qm222WbVs2bJyyOphbO7LLrusHNI/CPcll1xS9vUWwkX4hk5k5ZCxYTm9FN+hk0tP7BdDFetVQxXrlDbDdeRzrdUvx7UTTzyxa/vQIKvuB/nx/Pvf/34axzT94JZbblnvONdUfiUtq2GJY7H5cmTG8xzGcvvheKbR807JgOGK2VVXXVXsueeexeabb14OXYurzFInuK09e/bssq855OnDDz+8WLJkSbrbx52/oWNXMVTpLr773e+u6ac77LDDyrnUL7gKylVptfeZz3ymeOSRR4qhynfqf/nll9N/nH766cVee+2Vpul1NH3txTt26l3cTcX555+f/mswDVSlJL+1R7vUaA+ed8iHV9s9UhDjYMk4bg/GjhDy8XRHHXXUmjaJTBvPGDCMMOTPG3AgZhjzMZxpu+2JJ54oHn300eLII48sh6z2+uuvF9tss02x6667lkO6I3+uIkdBg2HElfa53TwBDdf2OG8XzH/CFtPFNqMLsT3yYXm72GqTEvrz9vk0jxsL1kUeYnmk1w9/+MNyzLqi/SvTsX7SHeSzPKykTcS/mr+YJ8bxn+WEujTlN03nHnzwwTRPnlbRBcIXw6r71FhFnr7++uuLU089dU2hi0r3X//61+Lkk09O/d3WKh8Ml44jEccIlsO25TfroYu0zLdHdVh127O9Gc+w2B5su3z7gfBHnqPL81Ng2eSHyHPMW50mz2v8z5vidIplHH300ek3BWqWFWkdYYhwtjrWIvYPumo4Il3oiAfpA5bFtAyr5tl8v4x15/EfyfrHA8dxjuc5niH8xje+UfaNTau0YTjDSBPiyu983+gEabfvvvumJlJnnXVWWlY1/fNtT95inhzbIg9H9VjXqVgGWoWlari8ke+7sSy6fBjrRD58pGk43HbIj+WEK85X0Z/rJB0JJ+OYpu5YkacH07U6h43Vc889l/5zwXWsiEO+/wbyfB5X0lETjNslg4KmJjNmzEi3+ALDNt1001W77bbbqg8//LAcumrVvffeu2r27NlrhnFLkGnmz5+fhsV8NCsIDI9pwG1KponbiUuWLEnLZP3cumQdTM9/xhG2uBXMMmK6bjr22GPXu4Uft/zHo+kW8Yk4B+JKupCGIK5jueWapxPbgHWSltVlsq1I73y9zJtPVw0r6sLP+hgW2wsMZ1h1+1en6xRxIR6EO/Ic4Wd5eb5gfHUa1hv9EVam4Xe+TQhzYB7yIiLsGC5N6c+Hsb7Yx5gvd+6556au2+rydCBPj1eTlVb5oFU6jhTbKNIrtmush7Stbo/qsOq2J0yMy/NOdfuBZbDuyD/0s+7AcPrzPEccmS7Q9IZpGMc0TFtNp04xT3XeCEMnx1rSkPAwDWHMt0cce1hehDPSh7CTZiwjT7OIb6ybfsLCsNifOl3/eIljeuR9ugULFpRjx65V2gyXZ0equmywrWK753mP7RZIe9I51su0dcsaibr5WT7D8/h1kjdivny/i7TM4wHScjThbrUdSDP+Ex6GsT76WQfrz/fhTtKR+eliW0Rc6Qf/WUZ1mupyuoF1VI9lo0WcY/8NpAdxIw4gPbq1PnVu3dLZAODkQEaLAwRih4wdCezQkfkQB8Mcw/JMSSZlx8ixnHx9sa582WAHIGy52MG7hWdIeJaEQlxuPAtuiDgHdvj84Idq3EeCZVcPcNVtE9s938ZgWD5dNayoG0YcGBYHbMTBNxfbP5+uUyyrmk7VgkCcOHIxTZwYI6wMD3Xhpz/Pl9VtUk1T1A2LZVfnJ5zV9B+ryNN1FeoomFXzezeNJh07Rbrm87LMfD2dbI9W2yLULYNjTuQdRB4OjKvmOY5f+bEqP3mD7c4ymG6k6tJ4JMfaPM9V92X6q8upphXTx/4Gpq+eC1gn0+Xx62T94ymvrD/55JPjcnyvpg15abg8OxLVZYPltzsPj8e5tC4sdfmy07zBdNXw1MVtNPsL2m2HunVF3oz52qVjJ+ce4tnuHNYt3V5mpEcg/apxqaaPxt/APVPyta99rRjaqdbcoscmm2yShl133XWpn1ufQzvxere/p06dWv5ai2nDb37zm9T2mVt70f34xz9O41577bX0P1SXfdttt6VmCvm8NI3hFnb11vRoLV68OC3rvffeS+3w6S666KLUBvlXv/rVhLU13nHHHdP//JYyt3fH029/+9ti6EBcuw27gdu95Jm99967HLIaeWu0uFV8wAEHlH2r8QaaHE1vWG+ebw499NA0rnobvTovnn766fJXkZ4PYX3RvGS024Tb56R13raX7cyyu53+vOFs6623XqftfGjVVHG8dSsdjzjiiNQ8gOYRHGc4Zoy2acKWW25Z/mpv+fLlxbx589I2Y/1xDAsc52gykyOuzAfm47g1dAJfkyenTZuWxnXrTXkjOdbW5bk47uyxxx4p7MQzjrPtthfrrTbJ23nnnYuhAls6jlcNt/7xtNNOOxVvv/12egPXZpttNiHH927m2VbanYcn4lzaSqd5Y86cOSk8cYwAaUU4I2/wf5dddkm/R6qT7VBNR47ZePfdd9P/dunYybmH+LU7h3VDvj+PlybKLVrfwFVK2BHJSOws7KxxMBuq0Re/+MUv0u+HH344PTjbiepJdqh2TdV6va6TzDtUE6+dt1qBGS2eb9h///1T22wKc1tttVU6QDC87qH38cI2+N3vflfst99+qY1zXVvWbuPgOZ5WrlyZ/o+k8NcOB3+2UTucTOryzdVXX11O0Rn2Cdr7Upmg0Enb49FiGaR5nHRZLgXdbqOgxbd2brzxxjXrorLNK1GPP/744rLLLpvwh9u7lY6k11133VU89thjxXbbbZcKGBOBAgf7JM/nUMnmmDYadXmSV6p2y1iOtYGCWhzDqURRkMsLuK1EBSxXV1hu2ooVK1JH/pkITeXZ6nl4vM+lw+kkb5DvyG88BwcKuVRUqLzcfPPNaRj/Z82alX6P1Gi2A5Wnqnbp2O7c0+k5bKzi4lq3K8C5JsotWt9Avn2LHZadhcoHd0e4e/Ktb31rTSGKA8Voa8B1DzZzkoua9XDuv//+8tdaYykY5t5///0UBgpwF154YTpwfPjhh+s8GDyR2MHPPPPM9PDlZz/72fRg43hexWJ9nRQ2xurVV18tf3UH78ZvhytWdXEbTd4h31NwnDt3brrqNdr8x8kh7pawXQlf3UmvG/jo5y9/+cvilFNOSVfrOAlytfyZZ54Ztw+CttPNdOQbIjfddFNx8cUXj/qB3U6xnSgYUehYtGhRy+NgPFSaYzvnx7m6OHfreIaxHGtzxJVC1JIlS1KcKWy00+oiB3fcewVvUjznnHMmvFI+0Xm2znieS9vpNG+cccYZ6djNfkMFhHQ74YQT0t0WCrtUbsZSiRrpdqg7h7RLx07OPZ2cw8aKylfc6RlPE11u0foGslISt1P5gCBXkdjxYxiFqNG+gYpbplyxiSu2gdeUxq2/VmjyEQejXLc+ZkjTLeJKLb9pFBqi4MBOTnpRSbzzzjvTsPHANmbbdHplIz/Qkm7tTJ8+Pf2nWUm3cCWNj4XVHfRDHIgvuOCC9D+M5gScX03jwMuyf/rTn5ZDRi7ulnD7frwrB5zMqWRHZZu7nhN1dbiqW+mYL+eQQw4pzj777PWaUlXzxnB5pU51eipz7ItctW2FYwjTVK++cleKghAdBTAufuTL5+T9yiuvlH1jM5ZjbY5mvBFGzgHcYWO5w1VsOFbXTcNyRnsxazxQGZnoSnkneXa8dftcOpJ9aiR5I+6CcHcumv3GsG9+85vFsccem36Pxmi2AxdpEWFol46dnHs6OYeNFccVKketyjZcZOhGxaGJcotqDJ3kBxIPKBG9eCgSPJzFsKGCVDlkNR5UHNq50gNe+UOLQ5WYNH0Mi+kYNrTDpgel4n8Y2tHT+PxBUsTDcHQ8HMY8LCt/OG0shntD0XiLOEdaEyfSLuLGf8aPJq6RbqwjxHagi20T07EN2fasizRmGNsoRL5gGzAND89G+BkXeSPySr4d40Fb5mW9dCw7pqvmq3bigUDSKubN1xHpGeEjvsSJcXmcIqx5Poxls7wQaQPWF8tDXZqCdcd+kT9IHwgH43OR7nl4+lVdPhguHUcijh2Rl0jrfLuynWPdpD3bkrzC+sm7zBPhy/ePEPtEvk1jGMsGy4k8zDromJZ1xHSEkWkizoj1Mh3hoqvmnU5FmCItIm4sj+GRTvE/xH7B9CH2n8irTM90sX/RT5ir6ZGnH8OYJt8viS/Doh+drJ//zJdv135RlzaxDUg/OsaNNm55ukS+Y5vn2wfV83CEiy7yJ/Pl22EkWu1DMZz/odO8EQgf43Ksh/CORbvtwO887ISNdZI/QyfpyHIZz3DGM12+HrYb44c7h8W66erSqB2Ww/Lqti9hYfxoRNwII1g+8Yj18L/VejV+BrZSEjtqrm4YyHh5F5mxOgzsVJGZOdiwo4Y4EESXjwPLiAMsO2icuMbqhRdeWDVUs2/ka9bVOBNHunw4cc0LNJ2q2w6oGwbSk3UxjG3E9uZ3fhBFbD+m5YDEdmKaCCP9sWy6fDvym+3OcA6GHIDZpszL+kYqDzNh4CRCP+uJAzjLZT35emNd1bCyjLphIJyxDP7nJ6h8eroQJ+FIqyrCmy8HEVa6flZNR/oxXDqOBNsxtj1d5NnA9o/jBduQcfxnPvaNVtsZ1XF0EX7CSz/rZjlRsMjjwbZmeTFd3f4beZVpmLYuf3SKOFXDMNJjbd0wwhhpSMfvCGf1+JKnXx5/OsKRF6g6XX+kbaR1v2iVNu3y7EiQp2LZLCOWGV01DDEM/I/tSnhGey6tbrNYB9suHxbxR7u8kYtl5QhrVBZGq912IHyMj3BW95/QLh1ZZhzPmYb1Vrc380RYWF/1HEbH/DGsU5E/2nWt0n44+fajIx3o8uGEt+64p/G1AX+GNoA0kHgGYehAk9reqvtoskCzgbq20YyrNr+RJiOa23AcGq/nrqRcPDfVS+c9mkbxTOZ4vBBFg2MgnymRNP6iHW9dhYR2yqN93aU0SGhv/84771gh0aQ2lreNafLwTokGFoUBvp+w2267pbfuaOy42sXrcKmIkKYLFixYr7DFg5CffPJJTz0ULDWByvmzzz6bCmM8PCuNN857vARkxowZ6U5J0/mOi1c8ZM9bUOsuYEk5KyUaSBSe+V5Lzqw+dqQr73CfMmVKerU2b2KSJDWv7ry3cOFCj9PqG1ZKJEmSJDXKZ0okSZIkNcpKiSRJkqRGWSmRJEmS1CgrJZIkSZIaZaVEkiRJUqOslEiSJElqlJUSSZIkSY2yUiJJkiSpUVZKJEmSJDXKSokkSZKkRlkpkSRJktQoKyWSJEmSGmWlRJIkSVKjrJRIkiRJapSVEkmSJEmNslIiSZIkqVFWSiRJkiQ1ykqJJEmSpEZZKZEkSZLUqElVKfnoo4+KW2+9tTjooIOKSy+9tBw6eRBvurHq1nJie8ycObOntkcv55OXXnqpOO+884opU6YUTz31VDl0fJAOrGc80uCtt94qrr322mLbbbcd93j0gm7tM+OhH7YFYSQfNh3GXt6Ovea+++4rTjrppGKDDTYoh6hXDWrZaDTny14tl0wWk+5OycYbb1w8+OCDZV9vY8do2niHge3x/PPPl33NqcazV/PJRhttlP5//PHH6X8/qabxihUriqVLl5Z9k9N47V8ULigMtuvipNvr22LlypXFO++809f5hYrVZKiAh//3//5fsWjRorJPE2Ekx5N+OeeNxWjPl71SLpmMJlWlZOrUqcUhhxxS9vW+888/v/zVHQ888EDqRqIuDKNZTp1e2h55PHs5n2yzzTbFJptsUvaNL9Jh+fLlxZlnnlkOGT0KZNdff33Ztzoee+yxR9k3+Or2GQoF7777btnXXZ/97GeLhQsXFqtWrUrdJZdckobnw+bPn5+G9cO22HnnnYvDDjus7GvOWI59l112WflrciBfcQzRxKgeY9vpl3PeWIzmfDmoadEvfKakR3Hbu+mrgr0QhokwWeLZFG6Hz549u+wTaFZAvhsvu+yyS7HnnnuWffXmzZtX/M3f/E3Z1/u4etmvqIBec801ZZ/UXSM9xnrOU68ayEoJbVlpD0jzhOHaxFMwiGYO1XbCjDvqqKPWNHNgeQwLnGSi/SW/WQ/To9284CDCgYH5Yv0xDW0g4wQWywhME2FmXqYNNA1gmbEs2l/Tsa5o31uNJ/PHOhhH2/IYXheGVssBacH6mJb/TDtakT6xbtKTYeCKULQTBevlN131lnR1OXnH8OHSOuRpXhfvOszTaf6pLj/iGdiukZ9J1zvuuKMc0znWF2FheSxnuLgQhjyMuVZ5phWm4VY4TQNinirySuSd6voQ25jxdftTK3naVjviN9w+E3kn1svwPH9Vlxfy9aG6z5B/991339Sk4KyzzkrTEb+YJ58X+bi6tKnT6d2tOGblxmNbkJaRLszLb9KeLuIW6YO6YbnIgyyrmv9iOzKe/4QxV92urCPikB9bIsz8JpzV7cj4fB/hd6yX6RgP5jv66KPT77322iuNZ3kY6b6EmJ51IPJH9CPCEesZDuGL4wtdfqzlf/68UZ43CHtVTMt4lvmHP/yhHDM8wh7rZz2kZfTn8arD9EwT25H100UcGMY4lsW2zMOdb1Omi3SIflTTILZZvq2G2yeYP18/v6vbpdX8naY/y2x3jA3MN9ZzXh4O/ufHxVaYhrzF8qrLJ57sezGMZeZpCMbn51R+V6cB6RTbkeXUnS9ZX57n8jyvhq0aMLfccsuqTTfddNXChQtT/7nnnruKaDI80D979uw1w+699971ppkxY0aa5sMPP1y1dOnS1L/bbrulcQyLeZhm/vz5aT0HHnhgGj/cvGA4/SeeeOKaaQgz04VLLrkkLT+3ZMmSNE3EjfUyDdOC4bEuhjGe34sXL14zLsIIxtNPGOgITywL1TAwTd1ywLysi7gwHeOZl/528jiA+VkW4QPrJH1inaQD6ct8pDvbLcLFdDmWQxdx5DfzsYxQjWdgWLt80gph6TT/kHaEP8IR8QbhzIdFWjCM351g+Uwf2yL68zSvYtoIYz5duzzTCvNU8wzhZ/lsw4hL7K95vmEddJGWpCNpQP9wmJbpmBekJf15HmG9sW2IB/HjN/MyH+P4zboiz8V6Y3n5sMAyGM/wWEc1/tW0ZT1MV7c80oVutFgPy22VZ8Z7W5B2Ef6YL9bDvNX0qRsWYYx9kvzJchjG70B4op958u3NcpknjwPjWRfYZrGdSbNYx1CBKi0rDxPzEg6mZRjTM03MH/kOEXb+h9HuSyAcrJvp6Zg34sAyCVvEYTjV6SKc+bZiXMSH33kcSa9AfEjLiCP9TEPXiUjLiA9i3Xm6VTGOuLOdmD7fhwkf46phYjrSnOGEOfIE/bHOSM9qGpAnYnuDYXSRn1gWy6Qfw+V9DDd/dd38Zt669CdMdJ2IZVYxjGXHOY64Miz6we9IX8JIuJgmj1MV0zGe6SLvgvAzLNIz4sw0hCMwjDRh+0V/pFOeBrG8mI51Mk0ePtbBvNVpqmnHPLGNNXE6O1r0ETJXvgNVMynoj4NEqGbAfAdAnKBz9LNDVrWbl3FxwAvsgMwX6g4a+cEixI4Z2LGqyw7VgxbrqIY/X35dGFBdTqQxB4pAHBmWHzBaYbo87Zm3Gq5Iw1hehI0DTKiGNw6CeZxiWL6+VvFkWLt80kqn+afd8tmWrdIiDrLDibjl2yaGdTJ/NTz8Hi7PtFLNM4htkRcoY1iEje1dzc9xoszTt06ncSdcdfsM+1t+Yoz15vPWrYPf1TSqiz/z5WmLiH81TQlfntdHqi7euVjveG0L4p7HiTTKw1KXPtVh1fCANGFfy8PFNPn2yNdLOKtxaHXszZcR6sLJtNX9mGnyZdSFnfWMZl9imSyLaSP/RLjoZx35NMOJY3d+nOackscxwj5c3mi1PpbF8E6QFkwbcUKsp108CG+rfbguTNVzJsNykQdi3lbh6GSfYPn5fKRVpFsn88e6h0t/sJ58uw0n4lfFsHbnJNIu8jXYB5kmP1a2wnTVMNaFm/48fOSN6jaKvJuvl7Ss7lPV8yXp2mqafD+gP4+3JsZANd/ith1NIrbccstyyOoHJIfimdpP5+oefuINNIEHfJmHZXKb78c//nE5Zl1bbbVV+WutdvP+5je/SbcVc9zaZL7h3HbbbakZQNxypOOWLXHm1maoLrsVHm5lvYQx5uc25kjFGzt4qCwQf9Kd9B8p0ofby3k8Iw1fe+219D/UPUhJuiPevFH3MHGnbenb5ZNWOs0/dct/7LHH0n9uTQ8d/Iu999479YdOH9xjm9I8aOjAus62Ce2eOajTrTyTq3tW4JNPPkn/yVukQZ4XDj300DSu7tZ9LtJp2bJl6X9u+vTp5a/V6vYZ4klHPGnycMwxx5Rj1vrOd75TDJ2k13mI+c4771zveNMptsnQCXmdh1DJQwcccMCEPDQ8XtviiCOOSHmGZio0kyA/jib/VZEm5D/CFYYKKSm92HbI8+dIjr11+0wr1X2S+KIu74XR7kvPPfdcMVT4Kp588sk1zfTYNhFe0pVpsPvuu6f/rcT5kf+EheYzrd46VJc3nn766fT/4YcfTv+r6xtJnn3ooYdS3s+bHv7pT39K//Nzeit1+3Cn58xqOAkHqueOajg62SeGy/sj2aeGS/9uGu6cx7GItCP/RXinTZuWxrXKN91AeYAmWTny7FBFJW1jdHq+HEn5QhPPB90zixcvLn+tLtBxgD711FNTJqdg16mxzNvOUG0/nUSq3UhOoIEDYxxIOMhw4OyVdpWkWV08R1IA5qB14oknFr/4xS/WnIBuvvnmVIj82te+lvpHI88nrXQjD/AaVHRyQq5D4RjV5wuo9MRJd6QmKs+88sor5a/VBYS6vHD11VeXU9SbNWtWOmn97Gc/S2Gko30xy+tkf2F6KiMsg0rsTTfdVI5ZKwrFnOTY5szzwgsvjKoyHqiQcHKNQvUPf/jDUVdyuqEb24Lw33XXXSnvbbfddqmA1i3VC0OkG2lGOlJQpf37RPv85z9f/mpttPsSlRHyx+mnn5764yIMhfrY15mGZXaSz5mfdPrtb3+b0mw0x4YotI7mPAT2HeKUV8ZBPBCF+NEYzTlzJPtvu32iXd4f7T41karnvLrwdvr80GjVXTjIK5MjOV92o3yh8TGQlZJXX321/LVWnOA7wYmBgggHLd6zPpKM2um8cSUrx4E5TjCt3H///eWvtcZy0iWcHPyWLFmSwktBerTqrpaOJN1zrR5Oa5c+VT/4wQ/S9uDKKVdESOPHH398RFfwRmos+adOXX7uBJUxKmU54s/Vuf32268cMnLdzDOdILx1hbV2+Z5tvGDBguJ//ud/UmGAK3pcbfv1r39dTjG8b3/726mg9+abb6aCRau3P0Xh8LrrrktXjA8//PDUP1oUwCioUECLis5YKjndNNptAeLF63Sp3F188cXrPKg7FhSIudCQY5+jkDR37tx05TkP32iPvSMRd5faGc2+RJ5kv2ZexNXy/HWwTMMxrx3izMP3VOI4Vo+l8I92d8xaiW1SXT+V/bFe1BvNObMuj7fSyT4xXN4fyz7VlLqwjXd4qbTWqe77nZwvu1W+UPcNVKVkxx13TBn0nHPOWWcn50DZSZObwC08blHOmTOnHNK5TualQMg01SsmNAEZ7qRAswQO0tUD/z333FP+Ghne6hHpRKHnyiuvTFfuRrpjxjcOaCqUY/lsk5HidjfhqFZorrjiihEvj4LlKaeckgooXAnhxDDeBbyx5J9cNDHidvNocBCvXkWOgspov0vRrTzTqbhqe8EFF6T/oZMTIOHkLVdsc66ysf0pAHZaIaWwcOSRR7adnsJh7JsUDLtxtS3ulrC9TjvttHJos8ayLfJjHd8AOPvss9dr0pgfs1Htb4XmG3ma5+vizgHh/ulPf5r6R3vsHSmOydypGG6Zo9mXqDyRL/ImKnHnM9YV03Ry/IkKzVjzbDSHZZ8ZDe6IRP4K3DkiDat3ekditOfMaI7G3dbhdLJPDJf3x7JPNYE8RhnrwgsvXGf/JM/ld1S7je1Yt28Qhsi7nZ4vu1m+UPcNVKWEwgM7PCedv/u7v0sHA65IUFiOg0scnKLdPmLniv/xLAJNfcCOENNzsKCL5XA1Ot85O5k32qETrmhryhWy/EQT7SCZn3Wx01PZIm5f/OIX18zHbfc4+RAOCt+cGKoH4RhHF+GlonbyySenZYMTFOGKHbMuDHXL4UDFwZX1Eg/CRfiYp10FIMJJk5fAtuJkRFvgWB7/CU8UEGP6/CAVFc/8KiVhOv7449P8dJFu+Xx18YxwDZdPWhlJ/hlu+RR2zz333BQHws1wupiHK0Kx7eqQhvnyuVOUXz1tdxerbtu0yzOt8DE/roYSfuKPuKKVt4uObRfbkvwTBQvyeuQtCpntPnAVlUPujsT253jAMiL8hKfVPkO8uKLGNEwf25NwU6DMUfFlXXV3oGId+T4Dlp/ni1zsU1Sm8gIjeYntSBw6xTrjymCrq4jjvS2IJ9MTFjryVF4IJa9TUCBdSYu4kkyeIc55urEd2B4MY/2kI3dEA1eiI28zHeke26WTY2/k9+o2Zn112xGsM44p/CeNoiKEOCaQvszLNKPZl+KOQp4nyLt5vsvvBLXLJ3Hsi/Tif8SP+BO2TvIG4eHuMOka6cb+xLJQ3YZV3NmJOz9g25CGDG8ntkvdPtzunBmYN8JNnLkowLE3whRpQFPQXCf7xHB5v5P5O0l/1B1jWxnLOe8nP/lJ2le5+8x+Ssd5hX1rOJHP82Xxu26fit8xD9uRfYPm0DGM7UXlO+5Ud3q+7KR8EWmRn/s0QVYNoEsuuSS9IYLoDe3wa95aE2+syLu6YYi3MQxl3jRNvBGD4a3mCcPNG3jLw9CBac101bd6EOahg3yKRz6O5TE85svfyMGwvGPaUB0H3kIRy6Ljd/72ibow5MugC0zLGy0YxvR5XFsZLh2HDjZp28Xy2KYh0i06xtUNA2HK45h3kT7VeNaFa7iw1hlp/hlu+Xl+Jj4sg/AS1sjbdRhfXR7L4jfpNZxqeGL6dnmmFaYhDqQHvyMc+fLrhoE4Euc8DYaLd4jtmoc3OpbF+Opw4h1IP6ajI97kSX4Trrr1txpeXUeI7dNqPtZZ3Y8IX4SnE3X5ii43EduC6dj2sbz8uAzSNrZTpAf/mS/fJnn+IwyEpbp+xkf4YprccMfeGB4d6RDy4XSB38wX8eN/flwOxIXxEZ7R7Essg3WF2L6kX4htl0/XSqRzTM9yYvuSLiPNGxFH5mc6xrGt69IjsM58efkyO1GdN88voD/SuW7bsC6G859pIuyhVXwD8R5un6A/8gZdNe8PN/9I0r96jB0Oy4/9hO1cd5yoGxbIuxEn1t9ufZ0uv9Uw5PstHemY5/tA+uRpSdoSV+IZ6cp8rcoXw8Vb428D/gwlujRwuErCLdkf/ehH5ZDVGE77f4ylaYB6G1e7nn322fUeEudq2dCJKt3dGK55TdO4+kwzj/wKsnoPd66GCjUeS0aJuzNctW6qKMJVctDMU1KzfPuWBhbPk8Rt6hy3aP/2b/+249cCq/9Q8eR5krq3IFHInzFjxnqvBe4l0UTBCokGXd3zJJImJyslGlgUTGnrTdvTvL03V+b++7//e5122Ros0daaNshsb+6akB/Y/rQh/sIXvtBzBX7CxlVb2kPPnj07taNWb4vjyjvvvJP+a+R4noLn/prAMSGew6CT1Cybb2lgcZKh+RZv51m6dPXrBLkixwnQCsngoyJChZRKCQ+7brrppumBzF5ttkUB9xvf+EYxZcqU9BavXm5aptUPkVffOOjptHNUvqmQBI7NE9mEiv2N1yHnFi5c6H4nNchKiSRJkqRG2XxLkiRJUqOslEiSJElqlJUSSZIkSY2yUiJJkiSpUVZKJEmSJDXKSokkSZKkRlkpkSRJktQoKyWSJEmSGmWlRJIkSVKjrJRIkiRJapSVEkmSJEmNslIiSZIkqVFWSiRJkiQ1ykqJJEmSpEZZKZEkSZLUKCslkiRJkhplpUSSJElSo6yUSJIkSWqUlRJJkiRJjbJSIkmSJKlRVko69NJLLxXnnXdeMWXKlOKpp54qh0rtffTRRynfXHrppeWQ7iFfnnTSSWn5kiRJ/cpKSYc22mij9P/jjz9O/3vBrbfeWv4aubHMq+FNdNouX768p/KlJEnSSFkp6dA222xTbLLJJmVfbzj//PPLXyM3lnnV2ltvvVVcf/31Zd9qU6dOTRWHM888sxzSPTvvvHOxyy67lH2SJEn9yUpJn6LJztKlS8u+kRnLvGqNZlqzZ88u+yRJktSpgauU0Mb+qKOOKjbYYIPUzZw5Mw0LNK056KCDUvt+hvOb6fhPoTLHsyPMz/htt922uOOOO8ox9Zg/Xz6/mY/5qQjE8rmaHs+nMIzp82dVGBbjIw733XdfGgfGXXPNNek34+kCy87jz+88/nXzRhpEF+Hgfz4NYSAe/GaZkTbRnyMOTBvzE46Ifx3WlS+bdKOLeVh3pCX/q02kiFesi2Vce+21aTjLytM60oZl5Gka2G55ulfjRX+evvl2Zb3PP/988eCDD64JB+PyPAH+x/x0MTxP7xiGdnHP5cugY72B3zE8trEkSVJPWDVgZsyYsWr27NmrPvzww1VLly5N/bvttlsax7B77713FdFmmhNPPHHVwoULV11yySVp2Pz589N0WLJkyTrDmG7TTTdNw/hdh/XdcsstaZoDDzwwLZdpWRfDWB9YdgxjGsJEGPkPfjMt4aXjN9Oy7BBhzrF+whhhpp9lMYx1huq8rCPCE2EI9BMXlhVpEOHL0450DiyPaappx3JaYZrYViyTefkdaRq/8/RgHjAty87Ti2WAaRjH9Oeee26KD8uLbckyA/PRsYw87egHaUh/xItlsQzmCawrjyfLiekiTIg4EKYc07ItQru4o7o9GUc/81UxjHVIkiT1koGrlOSFRlDoywtsqCsMMiwvNFJAzgubiGXlBcI6dcuPgnEUgqMgmReKEZWaKAiD34SHuIVqQRSEt1oQjcpVXtCtm5d1sPxqnOnPC7HEo7qOWF5Umkj/VmmXV46qWHZeuQmEK08nwprHifVX1xdhQYQvT9MouMd8hKu67qhMRH5ifdX1ELY8bauVksByCEcYLr3zuLaLO+q2ZwzL5+V3XUVFkiSpaQPXfIsHiufNm7emOdCPf/zjcsy66h5af+yxx9J/mugMFeCKvffeO/WHkTzoXp32iCOOSP+XLVuW/gceoM/xkPRQ4Tg9HB34PVQITW9YGq7ZDc2yaHKU40HooYJocdttt5VD6rGOs88+Oy2DJmCg6dGiRYuKQw45JPWHPGwYKoSn/++++276/5vf/CYtJ29GFNvhtddeS/9boXlSjvgSb9IkljVt2rQ0jqZS2GOPPVKTJrZ3hJ0mVlV5uPfcc89iqMC/ZnqaXLHN8zAfeuihaVw04SINt9pqq/Q7kN+Ga07VSqv0RuSJTuLeyne+850Uv8suu6wcUhR33nlncdppp5V9kiRJvWPgKiUU8Gg7f+qpp6ZKxSWXXFKO6dzKlSvT/y233DL974bPf/7z5a/2KOhWdVohqpu3WolopVqQve6664oTTjgh/R4OFZ8q0n2o0rteV1dZ6ETdsv7whz+kcVQwopBOAT5/zmM4u+++e/lrNSpXdeu5+uqryym6a9asWel/nt5z5sxJv3N1YYq4t1Kt9JAev/jFL0ad/pIkSeNpoColFLy4K8CVZq7wj7UA9uqrr5a/xu6TTz4pf7XH1fFWher4XkorXO2vQ2WjnWpBlkJsFJyHUxfWupcCMN1oH7Cueyg9H8Y2p/KwZMmStO3zB7xbqYabuyV1ccnX88ILL5S/1hrNnRIQ5hNPPDGlN+vlTh0VrKp2cW8lr2Q+/PDDvhlMkiT1rIGqlNA0iAJ93dXmkZg+fXr6TzOkbrnnnnvSVfy6Qmcumnlx1Ty3YsWKNH/dXYlAoZM7BtWCPwXeTitoUZA94IADUtfJXRYKvIgKDHEgHNXC+hVXXFHsuOOOZV9nopnVhRdeuE6FgUrTK6+8kn7zpq0YR/pceeWVtemQY36mOf7441N/NEG74IIL0v+QF/6ZhiZc+XJZ7+9///uyb+RoaggqURGW0Ench5NXMvkuDdtWkiSpJ60aIPFQdzw8nL95iYeW6WIahod4eDh/CDgezGZZjKeLZfHgc/4AcRXTDBUm1zwQHw9V5w+M86ByLCvHeghHdX768/mZj/kZR5wID/+ZjvkjfEzHsDy8dfPm4iFpxlXlaQDmHaosrfNgP3FgGNMxPcuL/63k81TXG+ElHqyHjmmZByyX9Ix40M+0+Xjmz7cl0+fbG7FNWDbzMH2eT2I7RjiYhmXk4WUZse7YXoxnPsbVYR15eHPt4o4Id932Yjrmra470iTymCRJUpMGqlICCm0Utii4UeCiYEg/w6NQmXd1w0IUbhlGAZVlUAjlzU51BcjA9BQ0o5DN/7xCwbhYFx3rybFs1hfjWWe18Mg0DCd8+ZumKJjmy6cwWq10tJo3sAzG14l4xTpYRjX8YJ1RWG41TS7CG101vhTOIz1Zd14AZxzhjXn5nY+PAnieplFBydHPNs63eXUatmOEo7oe0M/8TMPvav4i7FUsc7j0GS7usR2iq1sO2yHPf2CZhLOazpIkSU3YgD9DhRl1EW9JGiocFmeeeWY5pL/QHIoH6+uafMWzGg888ED63w/4EOFZZ52VHhCfjHgjG8/ZSJIk9aqBe/uWxm7BggW+pWlA8FxPJ29QkyRJapKVki6Lh6Dfeeed9L8f8BA1d0CoiNC1KsQy3XPPPZf+5w9e97r4/gwPiE8G3Olie5533nnF5Zdf3tEb1CRJkppkpaSLaCa01157pd+88YhmXP2C71489NBDxb777rvmjVA5Klt8uI+3m/HWKn4P93arXsE24FW/mDFjRtpGkwFxXrx4cXpbWKffqZEkSWqKz5RIkiRJapR3SiRJkiQ1ykqJJEmSpEZZKZEkSZLUKCslkiRJkhplpUSSJElSo6yUSJIkSWqUlRJJkiRJjbJSIkmSJKlRVkokSZIkNcpKiSRJkqRGWSmRJEmS1KCi+P8Bucc/HhwaZFYAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
A kind of silicone oil, SF 10, which is named by its kinematic viscosity, is adopted in experiments because of its good wettability on the surface of PMMA and titanium alloy (contact angle is 0°). Fluid properties are shown in Table 2. And before experiments SF 10 is all stored in TA.
Table 2
Fluid
|
ρ
(kg/m3)
|
σ
(N/m)
|
ν
(10− 6 m2/s)
|
SF 10
|
935
|
0.0201
|
10
|
Air
|
1.225
|
/
|
1.460e-5
|
Experiments of filling tank models aboard CSS
Liquid transportation speed along guide vanes is great helpful for providing liquid without air entrapment, therefore experiments of filling tank models under various working conditions are carried out. Figures 4(a)&4(b) show meniscus position along guide vanes in TA and TB respectively, in which liquid meniscus is marked with red curves. SF 10 climbs quickly along guide vanes, and reaches the top of guide vanes in TA and TB at 12 s and 15 s respectively. And during this process liquid pumped into tank models mainly flows along guide vanes, only a small amount of liquid spreads on other regions, which reveals the unique law of fluid behavior in the replenishment process of plate type tanks under microgravity.
Numerical simulation matching with experiments
A quarter of TA is adopted to establish a finite element model by considering its symmetry as shown in Fig. 5. Four small liquid-storage vanes in TA has little effects on liquid flow along guide vanes so they are simplified. The radius of the gas port and liquid port of the finite element model is consistent with the actual condition. Besides, the grids near the wall are densified to accurately simulate the fast change of velocity in the boundary layer region.
Numerical simulation matching with experiments in CSS is performed at first. The liquid inlet speed is set to be 18.5 ml/s by considering the efficiency of the liquid pump. Liquid meniscus alone guide vanes at t = 10 s is shown in Fig. 6. The yellow surface in the left half part is the liquid-gas interface, and the meniscus in the right half part is marked by red curves. Experimental and numerical results both show that the liquid mainly climbs up along the guide vanes during the filling process, which verifies the liquid transportation efficiency of guide vanes. Besides, at t = 10 s, the meniscus position in experimental and numerical results are both a little higher than the middle of TA.
In order to compare the flow speed more accurately, the meniscus position along guide vanes at different times in numerical results can be output directly, and the flow distance can be obtained according to the geometry of TA. The vertical coordinates of the meniscus along vanes in experiments are extracted every second, and then the flowing distance is calculated according to the proportional relationship between the picture pixels and the actual size and the geometry of tank models’ wall. The results are plotted in Fig. 7, in which the abscissa represents time and the ordinate represents liquid flow distance measured from the inlet. At t = 0 s the distance is about 28 mm, this is because a small amount of liquid climbed a certain distance along guide vanes before filling experiments, there is also a small amount of liquid before filling simulation, and the meniscus position is basically consistent with experiments. Numerical flow distance is in good agreement with experimental results, and at t = 14 s the flow distance in experimental an numerical results are 53.49 mm and 50.32 mm respectively. This verifies the accuracy of numerical simulation.
Numerical simulation with methylhydrazine
For security only SF 10 is adopted in CSS, to carry out more numerical simulation one kind of satellite propellants named methylhydrazine (MMH) is used by considering different liquid contact angles and different surface tension. Properties of MMH are shown in Table 3.
Table 3
Properties of MMH (25 ℃).
Fluid
|
µ
(kg/(m*s))
|
ρ
(kg/m3)
|
σ
(N/m)
|
MMH
|
0.00090
|
874
|
0.034
|
To explore effects of contact angle on capillary flows along the guide vanes, simulation with contact angles of 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°and 40° are performed respectively. Liquid flows into TA with a constant speed of 18.5 ml/s. At t = 14 s the free surfaces with different liquid contact angles are presented in Fig. 8. It can be seen that although the contact angle differs from 0° to 40°, liquid still mainly flows along guide vanes, which shows the guide vanes have good transportation ability of liquids with different contact angles. Liquid flow distance and speed vs time are plotted in Figs. 9(a)&9(b). Smaller liquid contact angle is beneficial to faster flow speed, but when the contact angle is smaller than 10°, liquid flow speed increases little with the decrease of contact angle. It’s difficult to find a solid material that completely wets the propellant, but it’s much easier to find a material with a contact angle smaller than 10°. When the contact angle is 10°, the fluid transmission speed is similar to that at 0°.
To explore effects of surface tension numerical simulation with surface tension of 0.014 N/m, 0.024 N/m, 0.034 N/m, 0.044 N/m and 0.054 N/m is performed respectively. Liquid flows into TA with a constant speed of 18.5 ml/s and liquid contact angle is set to be 10°. Liquid flow distance and speed vs time are shown in Figs. 10(a)&10(b). The bigger the surface tension, the faster the flow speed, this is because with the same liquid contact angle and flow channels, bigger surface tension can lead to bigger capillary driven force.