Table 1 shows the demographic characteristics of the participants. One-way ANOVA analysis of the demographic characteristics revealed statistically significant differences in all variables according to sarcopenia status (age, height, weight, body fat mass, BMI, ASM, p < 0.001; disease, p = 0.012).
Table 1
The demographic characteristics of the participants
Variables | Total n (%) | Normal n (%) | Possible n (%) | Sarcopenia n (%) | Severe n (%) | F | P |
Age (years) | 60–69 | 101 (19.7) | 77 (39.1) | 19 (12.8) | 3 (4.3) | 2 (2) | 76.058 | <0.001*** |
70–79 | 165 (32.2) | 85 (43.1) | 45 (30.4) | 22 (31.8) | 13 (13.3) |
80–89 | 204 (39.9) | 32 (16.2) | 72 (48.6) | 35 (50.8) | 65 (66.3) |
< 90 | 42 (8.2) | 3 (1.5) | 12 (8.1) | 9(13.1) | 18 (18.4) |
Height (cm) | ~ 149.9 | 191 (37.3) | 36 (18.3) | 68 (45.9) | 31 (44.9) | 56 (57.1) | 38.027 | <0.001*** |
150–159.9 | 287 (56.1) | 134 (68.0) | 76 (51.4) | 37 (53.6) | 40 (40.8) |
< 160 | 34 (6.6) | 27 (13.7) | 4 (2.7) | 1 (1.5) | 2 (2.1) |
Weight (kg) | ~ 44.9 | 50 (9.8) | 8 (4.1) | 0 (0) | 10 (14.5) | 32 (32.7) | 109.464 | < 0.001*** |
45–49.9 | 66 (12.9) | 20 (10.2) | 2 (1.4) | 18 (26.1) | 26 (26.5) |
50- 54.9 | 123 (24) | 50 (25.4) | 14 (9.5) | 36 (52.2) | 23 (23.5) |
< 55 | 273 (53.3) | 119 (60.3) | 132 (89.1) | 5 (7.2) | 17 (17.3) |
Body fat mass (%) | ~ 19.9 | 12 (2.3) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | 6 (8.7) | 4 (4.1) | 92.899 | < 0.001*** |
20–29.9 | 88 (17.2) | 39 (19.8) | 5 (3.4) | 15 (21.7) | 29 (29.6) |
30–39.9 | 271 (52.9) | 122 (61.9) | 60 (40.5) | 40 (58) | 49 (50) |
< 40 | 141 (27.6) | 34 (17.3) | 83 (56.1) | 8 (11.6) | 16 (16.3) |
BMI (kg/m2 ) | ~ 18.5 | 33 (6.5) | 16 (8.1) | 0 (0) | 6 (8.7) | 11 (11.2) | 93.037 | <0.001*** |
18.6–24.9 | 197 (38.5) | 108 (54.9) | 20 (13.5) | 4 (5.8) | 65 (66.3) |
25–29.9 | 189 (36.9) | 63 (31.9) | 91 (61.5) | 13 (18.8) | 22 (22.5) |
< 30 | 93 (18.1) | 10 (5.1) | 37 (25) | 46 (66.7) | 0 (0) |
ASM | ~ 5.9 | 262 (51.1) | 93 (47.2) | 37 (25) | 65 (94.2) | 97 (98.9) | 137.385 | < 0.001*** |
6–8.9 | 222 (48.9) | 103 (52.2) | 111 (75) | 4 (5.8) | 1 (1.1) |
< 9 | 1 | 1 (0.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Disease | Yes | 301 (58.8) | 103(52.2) | 89 (60.1) | 40 (58) | 69 (97.9) | 3.701 | 0.012* |
No | 211 (31.2) | 94 (47.8) | 59 (39.9) | 29 (42) | 29 (2.1) |
Total | 512 | 197 | 148 | 69 | 98 | | |
Possible, possible sarcopenia; severe sarcopenia; BMI, body mass index; ASM, appendicular skeletal muscl |
Table 2 shows the results of the two-way ANOVA analysis of the factors of sarcopenia and the fitness test. All sarcopenia factors showed statistically significant differences; in particular, ASM (age, p = 0.012; sarcopenia, p < 0.001; age × sarcopenia, p = 0.017), SPPB (age, p < 0.001; sarcopenia, p < 0.001; age × sarcopenia, p = 0.003), and TUG (age, p < 0.001; sarcopenia, p < 0.001; age × sarcopenia, p = 0.016) showed statistically significant differences in the analysis of sarcopenia by age group. In addition, all factors related to the fitness test showed statistically significant differences. In particular, both DDF (age, p = 0.018; sarcopenia, p < 0.001; age × sarcopenia, p = 0.005) and the 2-minute walk test (age, p < 0.001; sarcopenia, p = 0.002; age × sarcopenia, p = 0.044) showed statistically significant differences in the analysis of sarcopenia by age group.
Table 2
The results of life style factors affecting sarcopenia
| Variable | 60s | 70s | 80s | 90s | | F | p |
A | ASM | Normal | 6.37 ± 0.08 | 5.99 ± 0.08 | 5.83 ± 0.12 | 7.19 ± 0.41 | | A: | 3.687 | 0.012+ |
Possible | 7.04 ± 0.16 | 6.53 ± 0.10 | 6.41 ± 0.08 | 6.26 ± 0.20 | | S: | 62.439 | < 0.001### |
Sarcopenia | 5.16 ± 0.49 | 5.34 ± 0.15 | 4.93 ± 4.68 | 4.42 ± 0.29 | | A×S: | 2.272 | 0.017* |
Severe | 5.12 ± 0.49 | 5.15 ± 0.19 | 4.87 ± 0.09 | 4.55 ± 0.17 | | | | |
CC | Normal | 34.66 ± 0.28 | 34.03 ± 0.27 | 32.93 ± 0.43 | 34.00 ± 1.41 | | A: | 1.148 | 0.329 |
Possible | 35.52 ± 0.56 | 34.13 ± 0.37 | 34.43 ± 0.30 | 34.50 ± 0.70 | | S: | 35.216 | < 0.001### |
Sarcopenia | 31.50 ± 1.41 | 32.05 ± 0.52 | 30.91 ± 0.44 | 28.50 ± 1.01 | | A×S: | 1.828 | 0.061 |
Severe | 28.50 ± 1.73 | 30.36 ± 0.62 | 30.27 ± 0.31 | 30.81 ± 0.58 | | | | |
SPPB | Normal | 11.83 ± 0.21 | 11.53 ± 0.20 | 11.29 ± 0.36 | 11.00 ± 1.85 | | A: | 7.927 | < 0.001+++ |
Possible | 9.78 ± 0.42 | 9.47 ± 0.28 | 7.31 ± 0.26 | 8.25 ± 0.92 | | S: | 23.961 | < 0.001### |
Sarcopenia | 10.67 ± 1.07 | 9.77 ± 0.39 | 8.67 ± 0.38 | 6.50 ± 1.31 | | A×S: | 2.808 | 0.003** |
Severe | 8.50 ± 1.31 | 6.62 ± 0.51 | 6.44 ± 0.28 | 5.50 ± 0.58 | | | | |
TUG | Normal | 7.44 ± 0.55 | 7.52 ± 0.52 | 9.11 ± 0.92 | 12.13 ± 4.82 | | A: | 6.012 | 0.001+++ |
Possible | 10.87 ± 1.11 | 10.13 ± 0.72 | 12.53 ± 0.68 | 16.62 ± 2.40 | | S: | 8.400 | < 0.001### |
Sarcopenia | 8.25 ± 2.78 | 9.46 ± 1.03 | 10.54 ± 0.98 | 14.80 ± 3.41 | | A×S: | 2.288 | 0.016* |
Severe | 9.90 ± 3.41 | 15.48 ± 1.37 | 15.95 ± 0.71 | 15.50 ± 1.54 | | | | |
B | DHG | Normal | 24.81 ± 0.45 | 22.71 ± 0.43 | 20.72 ± 0.76 | 20.39 ± 3.94 | | A: | 1.671 | 0.173 |
Possible | 19.63 ± 0.90 | 10.0597.93± | 16.69 ± 0.55 | 14.18 ± 1.97 | | S: | 16.829 | < 0.001### |
Sarcopenia | 17.93 ± 2.27 | 19.47 ± 0.84 | 18.70 ± 0.80 | 16.64 ± 2.79 | | A×S: | 1.084 | 0.373 |
Severe | 10.85 ± 2.79 | 14.47 ± 1.09 | 14.53 ± 0.59 | 13.27 ± 1.25 | | | | |
DPF | Normal | 17.89 ± 0.44 | 15.82 ± 0.42 | 13.77 ± 0.75 | 15.10 ± 3.89 | | A: | 4.092 | 0.007++ |
Possible | 16.18 ± 0.89 | 12.78 ± 0.58 | 10.68 ± 0.53 | 10.06 ± 1.94 | | S: | 10.986 | < 0.001### |
Sarcopenia | 16.70 ± 2.24 | 13.71 ± 0.83 | 12.35 ± 0.79 | 11.56 ± 2.75 | | A×S: | 1.268 | 0.252 |
Severe | 7.60 ± 2.75 | 9.20 ± 1.08 | 10.05 ± 0.58 | 7.87 ± 1.23 | | | | |
DDF | Normal | 15.27 ± 0.38 | 13.64 ± 0.36 | 11.04 ± 0.64 | 14.20 ± 3.34 | | A: | 3.408 | 0.018+ |
Possible | 13.27 ± 0.76 | 9.62 ± 0.49 | 7.89 ± 0.46 | 5.99 ± 1.67 | | S: | 15.413 | < 0.001### |
Sarcopenia | 12.00 ± 1.92 | 10.25 ± 0.71 | 9.37 ± 0.68 | 7.54 ± 2.36 | | A×S: | 2.664 | 0.005** |
Severe | 4.40 ± 2.36 | 6.31 ± 0.93 | 7.88 ± 0.50 | 5.66 ± 1.06 | | | | |
2 min | Normal | 97.70 ± 2.85 | 98.25 ± 2.71 | 83.66 ± 4.81 | 46.00 ± 24.99 | | A: | 9.132 | < 0.001### |
Possible | 81.47 ± 5.73 | 68.73 ± 3.73 | 47.31 ± 3.47 | 30.00 ± 12.49 | | S: | 4.904 | 0.002++ |
Sarcopenia | 79.0014.43 | 75.50 ± 5.33 | 68.63 ± 5.10 | 28.00 ± 17.67 | | A×S: | 1.947 | 0.044* |
Severe | 55.50 ± 17.67 | 51.84 ± 6.93 | 48.53 ± 3.73 | 29.60 ± 7.90 | | | | |
Values are means ± SD + p < .05, ++p < .01, +++p < .001 by ages; #p < .05, ##p < .01, ###p < .001 by sarcopenia; *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001 by ages × sarcopenia; Possible, possible sarcopenia; severe sarcopenia; A, the factor of sarcopenia; B, the factor of fitness test; ASM, Appendicular skeletal muscle; CC, Calf circumference; DHG, Dominant Hand grip; DPF, Dominant plantar flexion; DDF, Dominant dorsal flexion; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery; TUG,Timed up and go; 2 min, 2 minute Walking test |
Table 3 shows the results of the hierarchical regression analysis of the characteristic factors affecting sarcopenia. In Model 1 (basic characteristics), statistically significant results were found for age (B, 0.054; t, 6.271; p < 0.001), resistive area (B, -0.042; t, -2.214; p = 0.028), and physical activity type (B, 0.072; t, 2.500; p = 0.013). In Model 2 (Model 1 + additional characteristics), statistically significant results were found for age (B, 0.045; t, 4.973; p < 0.001), resistive area (B, -0.044; t, -2.338; p = 0.020), type of physical activity (B, 0.063; t, 2.159; p = 0.032), income (B, -0.110; t, -2.517; p = 0.013), and drinking frequency (B, 0.095; t, 2.724; p = 0.007). The Durbin-Watson value of the model in Table 3 was 1.956, which was close to 2, and all values were below VIF 5.
Table 3
The results of characteristics factors affecting sarcopenia
| independent variable | Model 1 | Model 2 |
B | β | t | p | B | β | t | p |
A | (Constant) | -3.222 | | -3.951 | <0.001*** | -2.902 | | -2.739 | 0.007** |
Age | 0.054 | 0.420 | 6.271 | <0.001*** | 0.045 | 0.346 | 4.973 | <0.001*** |
Residential area | -0.042 | -0.142 | -2.214 | 0.028* | -0.044 | -0.149 | -2.338 | 0.020* |
Religion | 0.043 | 0.053 | 1.035 | 0.302 | 0.054 | 0.066 | 1.276 | 0.203 |
Education level | -0.083 | -0.082 | -1.415 | 0.158 | -0.030 | -0.030 | -0.480 | 0.631 |
Regular physical activity | 0.154 | 0.044 | 0.844 | 0.400 | 0.056 | 0.016 | 0.300 | 0.764 |
Type of physical activity | 0.072 | 0.138 | 2.500 | 0.013* | 0.063 | 0.120 | 2.159 | 0.032* |
Family | | | | | 0.013 | 0.014 | 0.275 | 0.783 |
House | | | | | 0.012 | 0.008 | 0.168 | 0.867 |
Education level of Family | | | | | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.114 | 0.910 |
Income | | | | | -0.110 | -0.156 | -2.517 | 0.013* |
Drinking frequency | | | | | 0.095 | 0.143 | 2.724 | 0.007** |
Smoking frequency | | | | | 0.124 | 0.021 | 0.410 | 0.682 |
| F (p) | 25.504 (< 0.001***) | 14.415 (< 0.001***) |
| R2 | 0.391 | 0.427 |
| adjR2 | 0.376 | 0.398 |
Significant difference, *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001; tested byHierarchial regression analysis. A(dependent variable); Model 1, basic characteristics; Model 2, Model 1 + additional characteristics |
Table 4 shows the results of the hierarchical regression analysis of the sarcopenia diagnostic and fitness factors. The analysis of Model 1 (basic characteristics) revealed statistically significant results for age (B, 0.066; t, 11.374; p < 0.001), regular physical activity (B, 0.191; t, 2.047; p = 0.041), and hyperlipidemia (B, -0.366; t, -3.830; p < 0.001). In contrast, that of Model 2 (Model 1 + body composition) revealed statistically significant results for age (B, 0.045; t, 6.846; p < 0.001), diabetes (B, 0.237; t, 2.413; p = 0.016), hyperlipidemia (B, -0.267; t, -2.943; p = 0.003), appendicular skeletal muscle (B, -0.1364; t, -3.913; p < 0.001), calf circumference (B, -0.047; t, -2.055; p = 0.041), and percent body fat (B, 0.020; t, 2.240; p = 0.026). The analysis of Model 3 (Model 2 + fitness factors) revealed statistically significant results for appendicular skeletal muscle (B, -0.312; t, -4.243; p < 0.001), DHG (B, -0.057; t, -6.924; p < 0.001), DPF (B, 0.026; t, 2.256; p = 0.025), dominant single leg stance test (B, -0.007; t, 2256; p = 0.007), 2 minute walk test (B, -0.004; t, -2.516; p = 0.012), CC (B, -0.184; t, -8.444; p < 0.001), and SPPB (B, 0.095; t, 2.724; p = 0.007). The Durbin-Watson value of the model in Table 3 was 1.747, which was close to 2, and all values were below VIF 5.
Table 4
Results of hierarchial regression analysis of sarcopenia diagnostic factors
| independent variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
B | β | t | p | B | β | t | p | B | β | t | p |
A | (Constant) | -4.213 | | -9.53 | < 0.001*** | 0.384 | | 0.498 | 0.619 | 6.877 | | 8.865 | < 0.001*** |
Age | 0.066 | 0.495 | 11.374 | < 0.001*** | 0.045 | 0.337 | 6.846 | < 0.001*** | -0.003 | -0.019 | -0.388 | 0.698 |
RPA | 0.191 | 0.088 | 2.047 | 0.041* | 0.169 | 0.079 | 1.951 | 0.052 | 0.042 | 0.020 | 0.623 | 0.534 |
Diabete | 0.203 | 0.084 | 1.940 | 0.053 | 0.237 | 0.098 | 2.413 | 0.016* | 0.049 | 0.020 | 0.632 | 0.528 |
Hyperlipidemia | -0.366 | -0.166 | -3.830 | < 0.001*** | -0.267 | -0.121 | -2.943 | 0.003** | -0.131 | -0.060 | -1.815 | 0.070 |
ASM | | | | | -0.364 | -0.32 | -3.913 | < 0.001*** | -0.312 | -0.274 | -4.243 | < 0.001*** |
CC | | | | | -0.047 | -0.127 | -2.055 | 0.041* | -0.004 | -0.012 | -0.236 | 0.814 |
Percent Body Fat | | | | | 0.020 | 0.136 | 2.240 | 0.026* | -0.008 | -0.056 | -1.154 | 0.249 |
DHG | | | | | | | | | -0.057 | -0.28 | -6.924 | < 0.001*** |
DPF | | | | | | | | | 0.026 | 0.116 | 2.256 | 0.025* |
DDF | | | | | | | | | -0.022 | -0.093 | -1.686 | 0.093 |
DSLT | | | | | | | | | -0.007 | -0.118 | -2.711 | 0.007** |
Chair sit and reach | | | | | | | | | -0.003 | -0.030 | -0.827 | 0.409 |
2 minute Walking test | | | | | | | | | -0.004 | -0.108 | -2.516 | 0.012* |
Timed up and go | | | | | | | | | -0.024 | -0.117 | -1.862 | 0.063 |
Gait speed | | | | | | | | | 0.012 | 0.023 | 0.388 | 0.698 |
SPPB | | | | | | | | | -0.184 | -0.427 | -8.444 | < 0.001*** |
| F (p) | 44.115 (< 0.001***) | 38.706 (< 0.001***) | 45.291 (< 0.001***) |
| R2 | 0.318 | 0.419 | 0.664 |
| adjR2 | 0.311 | 0.409 | 0.650 |
Significant difference, *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001; tested by Hierarchial regression analysis. A(dependent variable), Sarcopenia; Model 1, basic characteristics; Model 2, Model 1 + body composition; Model 3, Model 2 + fitness factors; RPA, Regular physical activity; ASM, Appendicular skeletal muscle; CC, Calf circumference; DHG, Dominant hand grip; DPF, Dominant plantar flexion; DDF, Dominant dorsal flexion; DSLT, Dominant Single leg stance test; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery |