Table 6 demonstrates the determination of the trace metal contents of the topsoil in the harmattan and rainy season. In the harmattan season, Zn varies from 1.41 ± 0.23–1.96 ± 0.44 µg/kg with OGB and BAA respectively. With the exclusion of BAA (1.96 ± 0.44 µg/kg) that was greater than the control (1.66 ± 0.01 µg/kg) (Etim & Adie, 2012). In the rainy season, Zn across the locations showed that IWA and ILA vary from 0.06 ± 0.00–0.12 ± 0.10 µg/kg respectively. Comparing these with the control (0.02 ± 0.00 µg/kg), it was discovered that none was lesser than the control (Etim & Adie, 2012). However, the values of the Mg in the harmattan season, vary from 0.11 ± 0.91–0.97 ± 0.29 µg/kg with IDO, and BAA respectively; with the exception of IWA (0.21 ± 0.27 µg/kg), IDO (0.11 ± 0.91 µg/kg), and ISA (0.31 ± 0.21 µg/kg) that lesser than the control (0.41 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Ayodele et al., 2014). As far as Mg across the locations in rainy is concerned, the values vary as follow; 0.31 ± 0.14 µg/kg (IGO) − 0.45 ± 0.12 µg/kg (IWA), and were greater than the control (0.01 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Ayodele et al., 2014). Si content in the dry season varies from 3.32 ± 0.47–32.15 ± 0.93 µg/kg with corresponding locations; ILA and IDO. However, ILA (3.32 ± 0.47 µg/kg), ADE (3.42 ± 0.38 µg/kg), BAA (3.52 ± 0.21 µg/kg) and IGO (3.35 ± 0.24 µg/kg) were lesser than the control (19.94 ± 0.14 µg/kg); whereas OGB (23.67 ± 0.11 µg/kg), ISA (29.34 ± 0.29 µg/kg), IDO (32.15 ± 0.93 µg/kg) and IWA (26.29 ± 0.73 µg/kg) were greater (Olatunde et al., 2021). Si (rainy season) across the locations, the values were within the range 0.0001 ± 0.0–3.474 ± 0.34 µg/kg with OGB and IGO respectively; with the exclusion of OGB (0.0001 ± 0.0 µg/kg), all other locations were greater than the control (0.0007 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Olatunde et al., 2021). Al (harmattan season) varies from 10.45 ± 0.17–16.09 ± 0.49 µg/kg; with the OGB and BAA respectively. All the locations were greater than the control (11.40 ± 0.10 µg/kg) (Olatunde et al., 2021). Furthermore, Al (rainy season) ranges between 0.0012 ± 0.0–0.0021 ± 0.01 µg/kg with corresponding locations; 1GO and IDO/BAA. In fact, all the locations were greater than the control (0.0004 ± 0.00 µg/kg). (Olatunde et al., 2021). Furthermore, K (harmattan season) values across the locations vary from (ILA) 0.04 ± 0.11–0.07 ± 0.41 µg/kg (IWA). However, three locations; IWA (0.07 ± 0.41 µg/kg), IDO (0.07 ± 0.7µg/kg) and ISA (0.07 ± 0.39 µg/kg) were more or less the same values as the control (0.07 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Olatunde et al., 2021). Finally, the K (rainy season) values across locations vary from 0.003 ± 0.0–0.228 ± 0.11 µg/kg with their respective locations; OGB and IDO. None of these values was lesser than the control (0.003 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Olatunde et al., 2021).
Generally, in the locations where the trace metal higher than the control connote that they were affected by quarry activities but good for the surrounding soil as they are good as plants nutrient (Adeyanju & Okeke, 2019; Morkunas et al., 2018), which could invariably be consumed by man, hence good health. However, the locations where the trace metal were lesser than the control; though they were few but could be as a result of the following reasons; rigorous farming that was going on there as at the time of sampling in both season (Hassan, 2022b). In addition, those locations where within the sphere of the quarries that opposed the tax levied by the Ogun state government in 2014, on the quarries (Hassan, 2022a). Hence, there were brief cessation of activities by the affected quarries. These might have affected the deposition of the trace metals (Hassan, 2022b). However, most results in wet season were lesser than dry season, because the construction and infrastructure sectors that are customers of the quarries are usually on holiday in rainy season; this bring about little demand for the quarry merchandises; hence, quarry events are lower (Hassan, 2022b).
The determination of the trace metal of subsoil in harmattan and rainy seasons were demonstrated in Table 7. Zn level in subsoil during harmattan season varies from ILA (1.32 ± 0.19) – BAA (1.76 ± 0.19 µg/kg). Many of the locations namely; OGB (1.36 ± 0.12 µg/kg), IWA (1.5 ± 0.42 µg/kg), IDO (1.49 ± 0.31 µg/kg), ISA (1.54 ± 0.28 µg/kg), ILA (1.32 ± 0.19 µg/kg) and IGO (1.52 ± 0.29 µg/kg) were below the control (1.58 ± 0.18 µg/kg) (Ayodele et al., 2014). The Zn levels of subsoil in rainy season were IDO (0.04 ± 0.02–0.06 ± 0.03 µg/kg) OGB/ADE and all the levels of the Zn were greater than the control (0.01 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Ayodele et al., 2014). Mg level (harmattan season) varies from IDO (0.13 ± 0.39) – ADE (0.91 ± 0.21 µg/kg) across locations; with locations like IWA (0.19 ± 0.23 µg/kg), IDO (0.13 ± 0.39 µg/kg) and ISA (0.26 ± 0.11 µg/kg) lesser than the control (0.36 ± 0.09 µg/kg) (Ayodele et al., 2014). Mg (rainy season), the levels vary from 0.01 ± 0.01–0.02 ± 0.01 µg/kg and all locations were greater than the control (0.003 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Ayodele et al., 2014). Si (harmattan season) across locations vary from (IGO) 3.35 ± 0.49–33.64 ± 1.02 µg/kg (IDO). Some of these locations namely; ILA (3.45 ± 0.47 µg/kg), ADE (3.52 ± 0.39 µg/kg), BAA (3.68 ± 0.27 µg/kg) and IGO (3.35 ± 0.49 µg/kg) were lower than the control (20.64 ± 0.99 µg/kg) (Ayodele et al., 2014). The subsoil Si levels (rainy season) around the quarries vary from IWA/ISA/ADE (0.0004 ± 0.00–3.4 ± 0.02 µg/kg) IGO. However, none of these levels of Si was smaller than the control (0.0004 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Ayodele et al., 2014). The Al levels (harmattan season) across locations were (OGB) 9.98 ± 0.79–14.09 ± 0.33 µg/kg (BAA); with only OGB (9.98 ± 0.79 µg/kg) that was lower than the control (10.69 ± 0.19 µg/kg) (Ayodele et al., 2014). The Al levels (rainy season) in all locations vary from ISA/ILA/ADE (0.0011 ± 0.00–0.0014 ± 0.00 µg/kg) IWA/ BAA / IGO and all these values were above the control site (0.0007 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Ayodele et al., 2014). Moreover, K levels (harmattan season) in the subsoil around quarries vary from 0.05 ± 0.0–0.07 ± 0.0 µg/kg with their respective locations ILA/ADE/BAA/IGO and OGB/IWA/IDO/ISA. However, four among these locations were lower than the control (0.07 ± 0.00 µg/kg) and the other four locations had the same values as the control (Ayodele et al., 2014). Finally, the K levels (rainy season) in the subsoil across locations vary from ILA (0.003 ± 0.00–0.21 ± 0.01 µg/kg), BAA and none of these levels were lower than the control site (0.001 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Ayodele et al., 2014).
Furthermore, the reason why some locations low in deposition of certain trace metal in sub soil is ditto to the topsoil as what was deposited to the topsoil is likely to be percolated to the subsoil or washed away from topsoil especially during wet season; hence, able or unable to reach subsoil respectively. However, among the trace metal that showed increase in the value in subsoil especially during wet season are Al, K, Si and Mg; and they are good for the soil being trace elements needed by plants (Hassan, 2022b). Si is also economically important as it is used in production of many components of electrical and electronic gadgets. Where the deposition of trace metals higher enough, they could reach the ground water as most of the locations where the quarries sited are villages or hamlet, and their water sources are merely ground water, which could affect them positively or negatively depending on the trace metal involves (Hassan, 2022b).
Table 8 is the t-test result of trace metal concentrations for the soil in dry and wet season in all locations. However, the result of the analysis shows that there was significant difference between the mean of the Zn in all locations (1.57 µg/kg) in the harmattan season and that of the rainy season (0.06 µg/kg); moreover, the harmattan season mean was higher than the rainy season. There was significant difference between the mean of the Mg level (0.58 µg/kg) in the harmattan season and the rainy season (0.19 µg/kg) but the means of harmattan season was greater than the rainy season. The Si mean of all locations (14888.56 µg/kg) in harmattan season was not insignificantly different from that of the rainy season (34035.22 µg/kg) but the mean of harmattan season was lesser than of the rainy season. Al mean of all locations was 12.60 µg/kg in harmattan season and was insignificantly different from the mean of all locations in rainy season (11.94 µg/kg); however, harmattan season mean was greater than the mean of the rainy season. The mean of K for all locations (0.06 µg/kg) in harmattan season was insignificantly different from that of the rainy season (0.06 µg/kg) and they were more or less the same in both seasons (Hassan, 2022c)).
Figure 2 shows heat map of trace metal (mg/L) by location; there was a very strong positive correlation in the level of trace metals of control site and the following locations; OGB, IWA, IDO and ISA, while there was a weak positive correlation in the trace metals of the control site and ILA, ADE, BAA and IGO. This implies that the trace metals in ILA, ADE, BAA and IGO have been affected by quarry activities and that there were unobserved variables that affect the trace metal in ILA, ADE, BAA, and IGO. This is buttressed by the correlation table in Appendix 26, showing that the correlation between control and OGB is 0.9939, between control and IWA is 0.995, between control and IDO is 0.9929, between control and ISA is 0.9952; while between control and ILA is 0.5719 between control and ADE is 0.5991, between control and BAA is 0.5874, between control and IGO is 0.5535. Based on the result of the correlation, there is a need for a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Hence, Table 9 shows that 99.56% of the variation in the trace metals is explained by the first principal component, while 99.91% are explained by the first two principal components. Thus, the variation in the trace metals in the locations are explained by two unobserved variables, which could be quarry activities and any other environmental factor. Figure 3 is the PCA biplot of the trace metal in the locations, and it supports the PCA results. The control, OGB, IWA, IDO, ISA are negatively related to the quarry activities, while ILA, ADE, BAA, and IGO have positive relationship with the quarry activities. This means that quarry events are responsible for the variation in the trace metals in all the locations as depicted in the scree plot in Appendix 6. Appendix 7 is the Cos2 of variables to Dimension-1-2 plot (cos2 plot) of trace metals in the locations, and it shows that the variables with a high cos2 indicates that when all the principal components’ sums of cos2 equal one, the variable is well represented on the model. The location that is most represented by the principal components is IDO, followed by OGB, IWA, ISA, IGO, ILA, BAA, ADE, and the least represented is control.
Table 10 shows the determination of the heavy metal of the topsoil (harmattan and rainy season). In the harmattan season, Pb varying from 0.018 ± 0.01–0.035 ± 0.01 µg/kg across locations; IDO (lowest) and BAA (highest) respectively. On a general note, none was lesser than the control (0.012 ± 0.01 µg/kg); (Bada & Fagbayigbo, 2009). In the rainy season, the Pb content in various locations varies as follows, (IDO) 0.014 ± 0.00–0.026 ± 0.01 µg/kg (BAA) and all of these values were greater than the control (0.010 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Bada & Fagbayigbo, 2009). In addition, all the values of Pb across locations in both seasons were greater than the Earth crust (0.014 µg/kg). As deposit (harmattan season) varies from 0.004 ± 0.00–0.012 ± 0.01 µg/kg across locations; with OGB (lowest) and BAA (highest); however, of all these values only OGB (0.004 µg/kg) was lower than the control (0.005 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Bada & Fagbayigbo, 2009). With As deposit (rainy season), the values range 0.004 ± 0.00–0.007 ± 0.00 µg/kg and their respective locations were IDO and ILA/BAA Ake. However, all values of As deposit, with no exception were higher than the control (0.003 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Bada & Fagbayigbo, 2009). In both season, As values (all locations) were greater than the Earth crust (0.0015 µg/kg). Furthermore, the Ni values (harmattan season) across locations range from (OGB) 0.012 ± 0.00–0.024 ± 0.00 µg/kg (ADE/BAA). However, only OGB was lesser than the control (0.017 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Bada & Fagbayigbo, 2009). The values of the Ni (rainy season) vary from 0.001 ± 0.00–0.24 ± 0.13 µg/kg with ADE and IGO respectively. Moreso, all the values of Ni were greater than the control (0.001 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Bada & Fagbayigbo, 2009). The values of Ni (harmattan season) across locations were lesser than the Earth crust (0.08 µg/kg), whereas in rainy season, only IWA, IDO and ADE (0.001 ± 0.00 µg/kg) were lesser than the Earth crust. The values of the Se across locations range from 0.002 ± 0.00–0.003 ± 0.00 µg/kg in these corresponding locations; OGB/ADE/BAA and IWA/ IDO/ISA/ ILA/ IGO; while control (0.004 ± 0.00 µg/kg) was greater than any of the Se values across locations ((Ayodele et al., 2014)). In rainy season, the Se concentrations were determined in all sampled locations and the following results range were obtained; 0.000 ± 0.00–0.001 ± 0.00 µg/kg with the corresponding locations; IDO/ADE/BAA, and OGB/ IWA/ ISA/ILA/IGO. However, all values across locations were greater than the control (0.000 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Ayodele et al., 2014). The values of the Cu (harmattan season) range from 2.95 ± 0.02–5.1 ± 0.05 µg/kg with their respective locations; Iwa and BAA. Moreover; the values were greater than the control (2.83 ± 0.02 µg/kg) (Bada & Fagbayigbo, 2009). Cu concentration (rainy season) varies in all locations from 0.031 ± 0.01–0.045 ± 0.02 µg/kg with their respective locations; IDO and BAA. However, all the values across the locations were greater than the control (0.014 ± 0.01 µg/kg) (Bada & Fagbayigbo, 2009). All the Cu values (harmattan season) were higher than the Earth crust (0.05 µg/kg) whereas all the values in wet season were lower. Fe deposits (harmattan season) in all locations vary from 968.91 ± 15.62–1824.75 ± 35.66 µg/kg with ILA and IDO respectively; which were lower than the control (2157.74 ± 36.01 µg/kg) (Ayodele et al., 2014). The Fe content (rainy season) are (IGO/IDO) 0.035 ± 0.01–0.051 ± 0.01 µg/kg (Adelokun) and all them, were greater than the control (0.012 ± 0.01 µg/kg) (Ayodele et al., 2014). The topsoil (Cd) in the harmattan season ranges from ISA (0.005 ± 0.00–0.009 ± 0.01 µg/kg) BAA and all the values were greater than the control (0.004 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Ayodele et al., 2014). The values of the topsoil (Cd) during rainy season vary from 0.012 ± 0.00–0.016 ± 0.01 µg/kg with their respective locations; IDO and OGB; however, all values lesser than the control (0.058 ± 0.01 µg/kg) (Ayodele et al., 2014). However, in both season the Cd values in all locations were greater than the Earth crust (0.0001 µg/kg).
Table 11 shows the heavy metal contents of sub soil in the dry and wet seasons. However, the Pb values across locations range from (OGB) 0.021 ± 0.01–1.487 ± 0.51 µg/kg (IDO) and all the values across locations were greater than the control (0.010 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Ayodele et al., 2014). In the wet season, the Pb values in all locations vary from (IDO) 0.009 ± 0.00–0.019 ± 0.01 µg/kg (BAA) and all these values were greater than the control (0.007 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Etim & Adie, 2012). All Pb values across locations in both seasons were greater than the Earth crust (0.014 µg/kg) except IDO (0.009 ± 0.0 µg/kg), ISA (0.012 ± 0.0 µg/kg) and ADE (0.013 ± 0.0 µg/kg) in rainy season. As levels (dry season) from different locations vary from 0.004 ± 0.00–0.010 ± 0.00 µg/kg with their respective locations; OGB, and ADE/BAA. In all these, only OGB (0.004 ± 0.00 µg/kg) was below the control (0.005 ± 0.00) (Bada and Fagbayigbo, 2009). The As contents (rainy season) of the various locations range from (IDO) 0.003 ± 0.00–0.005 ± 0.00 µg/kg (Ogbere/Iwaye/Baaki Ake/Igodo) and none of these values was found to be lesser than the control (0.002 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Bada & Fagbayigbo, 2009). Every value of As (both season) in all locations was lower than the Earth crust value of 0.0015 µg/kg. The values of Ni (harmattan season) in all locations vary from 0.011 ± 0.01–0.025 ± 0.01 µg/kg with OGB and BAA respectively. However, with the exception of OGB (0.011 ± 0.01 µg/kg), no other locations was lower than the control (0.015 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Olatunde et al., 2021). In addition, the Ni levels (rainy season) among the sampled locations vary from 0.000 ± 0.00–0.010 ± 0.00 µg/kg with their corresponding locations; IDO/ADE and BAA/IGO. However, none of these levels was lower than the control (0.000 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Olatunde et al., 2021). All Ni values in both season were lower than the Earth crust (0.08 µg/kg). The Se (dry season) were varying from 0.002 ± 0.00–0.003 ± 0.00 µg/kg with their respective locations; OGB/IWA/ ISA /BAA and IDO/ILA/ADE/ IGO. In all of these locations, none was greater than the control (0.003 ± 0.00 µg/kg) Ayodele et al., 2014). The Se values (rainy season) vary from (BAA) 0.000 ± 0.00–0.001 ± 0.00 µg/kg (all other locations). All these values were more or less the same with the control (0.000 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Ayodele et al., 2014). The levels of Cu content (harmattan season) range from (IWA) 2.76 ± 0.26–4.75 ± 0.45 µg/kg (BAA). None of these values was lower than the control (2.73 ± 0.23 µg/kg) (Olatunde et al., 2021). The Cu level (rainy season) varies from (IDO) 0.010 ± 0.01–0.034 ± 0.01 µg/kg (OGB) and all of these levels were higher than the control (0.006 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Olatunde et al., 2021). The Earth crust value (0.050 µg/kg) lower than all the Cu values in all locations in harmattan season but higher than all the Cu values across locations in rainy season. Furthermore, Fe content (harmattan season) varies from (1GO) 853.30 ± 5.3–1795.75 ± 19.7 µg/kg (IDO) and none of these was higher than the control (1963.27 ± 16.2 µg/kg) (Etim & Adie, 2012). Fe content (rainy season) ranges from 0.030 ± 0.01–0.040 ± 0.01 µg/kg with the corresponding locations; IDO and BAA. However, none of these locations was found to be lower in Fe contents than the control site (0.009 ± 0.01 µg/kg) (Etim & Adie, 2012). The Cd levels (harmattan season) of the various sampled locations fell between (ISA/ILA) 0.005 ± 0.00–0.007 ± 0.00 µg/kg (ADE) and none of these values were lower than the control site (0.004 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Etim & Adie, 2012). Finally, the Cd levels (harmattan season) vary from (IDO) 0.008 ± 0.00–0.011 ± 0.00 µg/kg (BAA/IGO) and none of the Cd levels in all locations were lesser than the control site (0.003 ± 0.00 µg/kg) (Etim & Adie, 2012). All the Cd values in all locations (both season) were greater than the Earth crust value (0.0001 µg/kg).
Table 12 is the T-test data for heavy metal concentrations of soil at dry and wet season in all locations. The result of the analysis shows that there was insignificant difference between the mean of the Pb in all locations (0.11 µg/kg) in the harmattan season and that of the rainy season (0.02 µg/kg); although, the harmattan season mean was higher than the harmattan season. There was significant difference between the mean of the As level (0.01 µg/kg) in the harmattan season and the rainy season (0.01 µg/kg). Although, the mean of harmattan season and rainy season are almost the same. The Ni mean of all locations (0.01 µg/kg) in harmattan season was significantly different from that of the rainy season (0.01 µg/kg) but in actual fact they were the same in both seasons. Se mean of all locations was 0.02 µg/kg in harmattan season and was insignificantly different from the mean of all locations in rainy season (0.07 µg/kg). However, rainy season mean was greater than of the mean of the harmattan season. The mean of Cu for all locations (3.57 µg/kg) in harmattan season was insignificantly different from that of the rainy season (3.38 µg/kg). However, the harmattan season mean was greater than that of the rainy season. The analysis of Fe mean shows that in the harmattan season, it was (1460.17 µg/kg). Also, it was significantly different from that of the rainy season (1059.26 µg/kg). More so, the harmattan season mean was higher than that of the rainy season. Lastly, the mean of the Cd in all locations (0.01 µg/kg) lesser in the hamattan season than the wet season (0.01 µg/kg) although there was insignificant difference between the two.
Figure 4 depicts heat map of heavy metal; that there is a very strong positive correlation in the level of heavy metals between Control and all the locations. This means that the heavy metals in all the locations have not been seriously affected by quarry activities because all the locations have very high positive correlation with the control location. However, this is explained by Appendix 27 that the correlation between the heavy metals in control and OGB is 0.9999, between control and IWA is 0.999, between control and IDO is 0.9992, between control and ISA is 0.9993, between control and ILA is 0.9999 between control and ADE is 0.9998, between control and BAA is 1, between control and IGO is 0.9999. Table 13 shows that 87.764% of the variation in the heavy metals is explained by the first principal component, while 100% are explained by the first two principal components. Thus, the variation in the heavy metals in the locations are explained by quarry activities and any other environmental factor as shown in Fig. 5. Figure 5 is the biplot of heavy metals in the locations, and it shows that the control has the same variation with all the other locations, but its variation is the closet to that of BAA and OGB. Appendix 8 is the scree plot of heavy metal in the location, and it shows that the first principal component has explained 89.8% of the variation in the heavy metals in all the locations, while the second principal component explained 10.2% of the variation in the heavy metals in all the locations. This implies that quarry activities and any other environmental factor are responsible for the variation in heavy metals in all the locations. Appendix 9 is the Cos2 of variables to dimension-1-2 plot of heavy metals in the locations, and it shows that the first two principal components combined affect the variation in ADE most, followed by ILA, IWA, IDO, ISA, IGO, Control, BAA and the least affected is OGB.
Appendix 10 is a heat map of trace metal and it shows that there is a high positive correlation between Zn and Mg, Zn and Si, Zn and Al, Mg and Al, and Si and Al. More so, there is a weak positive correlation between Mg and K. On the other hand, there is a weak negative correlation between Mg and Si, Si and K, and Al and K (Appendix 28). Appendix 11 shows that 74.3% of the variation in the trace metals have been caused by an unobserved factor (other environmental factor). K is positively affected by quarry activities, while Zn, Mg, Silicon and Al are negatively affected by it.
Appendix 12 is a heat map of heavy metal and it shows that there is a high positive correlation between As and Cu, Se and Cu, Se and Fe, and between Cu and Fe. More so, there is a weak positive correlation between Pb and Se, Pb and Cu, Pb and Fe, As and Ni, As and Se, As and Fe, and between Ni and Cd. On the other hand, there is a weak negative correlation between Pb and As, Pb and Ni, Pb and Cd, As and Cd, Ni and Se, Ni and Cu, Ni and Fe, Se and Cd, Cu and Cd, and between Fe and Cd (Appendix 29). Appendix 13 shows that 78.5% of the variation in the heavy metals have been caused by an unobserved factor. Ni and Cd are positively affected by quarry activities, while As, Cu, Se, Fe and Pb are negatively affected by it.
Table 14 illustrates the pollution index of trace metal in topsoil (harmattan and rainy seasons). In harmattan season, Zn ranges from OGB (0.85 - 1.17). BAA. OGB (0.85), IWA (0.95), IDO (0.97), ISA (0.98), ILA (0.89), and IGO (0.92) were polluted with Zn lowly while ADE (1.11) and BAA (1.17) were moderately. The pollution index of Mg (0.51) in IWA is the lowest, while BAA (2.37) is the highest; however, IWA (0.51), IDO (0.27), and ISA (0.76) were lowly polluted, while the rest were moderately polluted with Mg. The ILA (0.17), ADE (0.17), and BAA (0.18), and IGO (0.17) were lowly polluted with silicon, while the rest locations (1.19 – 1.61), OGB and IDO respectively were moderately polluted. With the exception of OGB (0.92) that the pollution with Al was low, the rest locations were within IWA (1.11 – 1.41) BAA and the pollution with Al were moderate. All locations, ILA (0.57 – 0.86) OGB/BAA were lowly polluted with K, while IWA, IDO, and ISA were 1.00 each (moderately polluted with K). In the wet season, Zn in all locations range from 3.00 – 6.00, OGB/IWA/BAA and ILA respectively and they were all considerably polluted with Zn. Mg in all locations, ISA/ ILA (38.00 – 45.00) IWA; hence, all were very highly polluted with Mg. OGB (0.14) lowly polluted with Si; IWA (1.43), IDO (1.29), ISA (1.29), ADE (1.14), and BAA (1.43) were moderately polluted with Si and ILA (4950.29) and IGO (4962.57) were very highly polluted with Si. Al in all locations range from IGO (3.00 – 5.25) IDO/BAA, all were considerably polluted with Al. Furthermore, the K pollution index in OGB (1.00), ISA (1.67), and BAA (1.33) were moderately polluted with K, whereas IWA (64.67), IDO (76.00), ILA (60.67), ADE (72.00), and IGO (56.33) were very highly polluted with K (Hassan, 2023b; Olatunde et al., 2020).
Table 15 demonstrates the pollution index of trace metals in sub soil (dry and wet season). In dry season, the soils in OGB (0.86), IWA (0.95), IDO (0.94), ISA (0.97), ILA (0.84) and IGO (0.96) were lowly polluted with Zn, while ADE (1.07) and BAA (1.11) were moderately polluted with Zn. The soil in IWA (0.53), IDO (0.36), ISA (0.72) were lowly polluted with Mg, while OGB (2.25), ILA (2.28), ADE (2.53), BAA (1.83), and IGO (2.39) were moderately polluted with Mg. The soils were moderately polluted with Si in OGB (1.18), IWA (1.35), IDO (1.63), and ISA (1.46) while they were lowly polluted in ILA (0.17), ADE (0.17), BAA (0.18), IGO (0.16). The pollution indices of the Al range from OGB (0.92 – 1.41) BAA; however, except Ogbere (lowly polluted), all other locations soil were moderately polluted. With the exception of OGB, IWA, IDO, and ISA (1.00 each) and the pollution of K were moderate, other locations were 0.71 each; thus the pollution of K there were low. In the wet season, the pollution indices Zn across locations range from 4.00 – 6.00; IDO and OGB/ADE respectively; hence, the pollution of Zn in the soils around these localities were considerable. The pollution index of Mg in all locations was 3.33 each (considerably polluted), with the exception of BAA and IGO that were 6.67 each (very highly polluted). The pollution index of Si ranges from IDO/ISA (1.00 – 1.50) BAA, except ILA (8,300.00), and IGO (8,500.00); therefore, the rest locations were moderately polluted while ILA and IGO were very highly polluted with Si. Al ranges from 1.57 – 2.00; ILA/ADE and IWA/BAA/ IGO respectively; hence, all locations were polluted moderately. All locations pollution indices range from ILA (3.00 – 5.00) ADE, with the exception of ISA (170.00) and BAA (210.00); hence, all locations were considerably polluted, while ISA and BAA were very highly polluted with K (Hassan, 2023b; Olatunde et al., 2020).
Table 16 illustrates the pollution index of heavy metals in topsoil (harmattan and rainy season). In the harmatan season; the soil around the quarries across locations are moderately polluted with Pb. Soils around IWA (1.00), IDO (1.20),ISA(2.00), ADE (2.20), BAA (2.24) and IGO (2.20) were moderately polluted, ILA (3.18) was considerably polluted, and OGB (0.8) was lowly polluted with As. However, the soil in OGB (0.70) was lowly polluted, IWA (1.10), IDO (1.35), ISA (1.13), ILA (2.35), ADE (1.91), BAA (2.18), and IGO (2.20) were moderately polluted with Ni. All locations were lowly polluted with Se, except ILA (1.41) and IGO (1.00) that moderately polluted. The soils in all locations were moderately polluted with Cu. The Fe in the surrounding the soils across locations were low (pollution). All the locations surrounding soils were moderately polluted with Cd. Furthermore, in the rainy season; the soil around all the locations were moderately polluted with Pb. All the soils around the locations were considerably polluted with the As, except ILA (7.00) and BAA (7.00) that were very highly polluted. IWA, IDO, and ADE were lowly polluted (0.4) with Ni, whereas OGB (11.2), ISA (9.9), ILA (10.9), BAA (13.9), and IGO (14.9) were very highly polluted with Ni. However, no deposit of Se was notice around the soils across locations. IDO (2.1), ISA (1.7), ILA (2.4), ADE (2.3), and IGO (2.3) were moderately polluted, whereas OGB (3.0), IWA (3.0), and BAA (3.2) were considerably polluted with Cu. The soil in the following location OGB (3.6), IWA (3.8), ISA (3.5), ILA (3.3), ADE (4.3) and BAA (3.6) were considerably polluted, while IDO (2.9), and IGO (2.9) were moderately polluted with Fe. All the pollution index of the Cd in all locations was 0.2 each except Ogbere (0.3), which means they were lowly polluted (Hassan, 2023b; Olatunde et al., 2020).
Table 17 illustrates pollution index of heavy metals in subsoil (harmattan and rainy season). In the harmattan season, OGB (2.10), IWA (2.60), ISA (1.70), ILA (2.50), ADE (2.90), and IGO (2.60) were moderately polluted, whereas BAA (3.10) and IDO (148.7) were considerably and very highly polluted respectively with Pb. The As in all locations range between OGB (8.00) – ADE/ BAA (2.00) this implies that all locations were very highly polluted with As. However, with the exception of OGB (0.73), and ISA (0.98) that were lowly polluted, other locations were moderately polluted with Ni. All locations (6.67 - 10.0) were very highly polluted with Se. Cu pollution indices across locations range between OGB (1.03 – 1.74) BAA; hence, the soil around the quarries were moderately polluted with Cu. The quarries in all locations pollute the soils around them with Fe lowly with the values range between ILA (0.43) – IDO (0.91). The Cd pollution index across locations range between ILA / IGO (1.25) – ADE (1.75); hence, all locations were moderately polluted with Cd. In rainy season; the Pb across locations range between IDO (1.29 - 2.71) BAA; thus, all locations were moderately polluted. As across locations were between IDO (1.50 – 2.50) OGB IWA, BAA, and IGO; thus all locations were moderately polluted. In all locations there were no iota of Ni deposition as all locations were 0.00 (pollution index). Likewise, Se deposition were 0.00 (pollution index) across locations. In Cu pollution index, except IDO (1.67), all other locations were between IWA (4.17 – 5.67) OGB; hence, IDO was moderately polluted, while all other locations were considerably polluted with Cu. All the Fe pollution indices across locations range between 3.33 – 4.44, with IDO and BAA respectively; hence, all locations were considerably polluted. With the exception of IDO (2.67), the other Cd pollution indices across locations range from 3.00 – 3.67, IWA/ISA/ILA and BAA/IGO respectively; thus, the Cd pollution at IDO was moderate, while the rest locations were considerable (Hassan, 2023b; Olatunde et al., 2020).
Table 18 illustrates the ecological risk index of heavy metals in topsoil (harmattan and rainy season). In the harmattan season, Pb ranges across locations from IDO (7.50 – 14.59) ILA/BAA; this signifies that ecological risk of Pb across locations were low. The As level (8.00 – 31.00), OGB and ILA respectively; this implies that ecological risk across locations were low. The ecological risk indices of Ni range from OGB (3.53 – 11.77) ILA; thus low ecological risk across the location. Cu ranges across locations (5. 20 – 8.79) IWA and ILA respectively, hence ecological risk level is low across the board. The Cd ranges across locations from ISA (37.00 – 69.00) IGO; thus, ISA (37.00), and IDO (39.00) have low ecological risk, while the rest locations have moderate ecological risk. In the rainy season, the Pb ecological risk indices range from IDO (7.0 – 13.0) BAA; this implies the ecological risk levels in all locations were low. As ranges from IDO (40.00 – 70.00) ILA/ BAA, which means the ecological risk levels in all the locations were moderate. Ni across locations with ecological risk indices (2.0 - 69.0), IDO and BAA respectively; IWA (4.0), IDO (2.0) and ADE (4.0) were having low ecological risk levels, while the rest locations were moderate. Cu (8.5 – 16.0) had low ecological risk. Cd in all locations was 6.00 each, with the exception of OGB (9.00); this implies that all locations had low ecological risk levels (Maanan et al., 2014; Olatunde et al., 2020).
Table 19 shows ecological risk index (ERI) of heavy metals in subsoil (harmattan and rainy season). In the harmattan season, Eri of Pb across locations (8.17- 15.5), ISA and BAA respectively, except IDO (743.5); this implies that all locations had low ecological risk, while IDO was very high. ERI of As across location (80.00 – 400.00), OGB and ADE/BAA respectively; this implies that OGB (80), IWA (100.0), IDO (100.0), and ISA (98.0) had considerable ecological risk, ILA (196.0) and IGO (320.0) were having high ecological risk, and ADE and BAA were 400.0 each (very high ecological risk). Ni (ERI) range from ILA (2.30 – 14.0) IDO; this implies that all locations had low ecological risk of Ni. Furthermore, Cu (ERI) were between 1.38 – 8.34, with IDO and ISA respectively; this means that all locations had low ecological risk. The Cd (ERI) ranges from ISA (15.63 – 52.50) ADE; however, ISA (15.63), ILA (18.75) and IGO (31.25) had low ecological risk; while OGB, IWA, IDO, and BAA Ake were 45.00 each and ADE (52.59) had moderate ecological risk. In the rainy season, the Pb in the soil of IDO (6.43) was the lowest, while BAA (13.57) was the highest in term of ERI; hence, all locations had low ecological risk. Regarding the As, the ERI ranges from IDODE (15.00 - 25.00) OGB/IWA/BAA/IGO; this implies that all the locations had low ecological risk. However, Ni (ERI) in all locations (0.00); hence, Ni has no ecological risk at all across locations. The Cu in the soil of the IDO (8.33) is the lowest, while OGB (28.33) is the highest in term of ERI; thus, all locations had low ecological risk. Finally, the Cd (ERI) ranges IDO (80.00 – 110) BAA/ IGO; however, all without exception had considerable ecological risks (Maanan et al., 2014; 2020 Hassan, 2023 b; Olatunde et al.).
Table 20 demonstrates Igeo of trace metals in topsoil (harmattan and rainy season). In the harmattan season, Zn (I geo) in all locations (-0.35 – (-0.82), with BAA and OGB respectively; this implies that all locations were unpolluted. The Mg (Igeo) in all locations (-2.48 - 0.66), with IDO and BAA respectively. However, IDO (-2.48), IWA (-1.55), and ISA (-0.99) signify that the soil in these locations were unpolluted with Mg, while the rest location soils were unpolluted - moderately polluted. The Igeo of Si in all the locations range from ILA (-3.17 - 0.10) IDO; which means all locations were unpolluted, with the exception of IDO (0.10) that was unpolluted - moderately polluted. The Igeo of Al in all the locations range from OGB (-0.71 – (-0.09) BAA; this implies that all locations were unpolluted with Al. The Igeo of K ranges (– 0.81 - (-0.58), with OGB/BAA and IWA/IDO respectively; however, all the locations can be interpreted as unpolluted. In the rainy season, the Igeo of Zn across locations (1.00 – 2.00), with OGB/IWA/ BAA and ILA respectively; hence, all the locations could be interpreted as moderately polluted. All the Igeo of Mg across the locations range from IGO (4.37 – 4.91) IWA; which can be interpreted as strongly - very strongly polluted with Mg in all the locations. The Si (Igeo) in all locations (-3.39 – 11.69), with OGB and IGO respectively; thus all locations were unpolluted with Si, except ILA (11.68), and IGO (11.69) that were very strongly polluted with Si. However, the Al (Igeo) across locations (1.00 – 1.81), with IGO and IDO/BAA respectively; this implies that all the locations were moderately polluted with Al. In addition, K (Igeo) across locations range from OGB (-0.58 – 5.66) IDO; this implies that OGB (-0.58) and BAA (-0.17) were unpolluted, ISA (0.15) was unpolluted - moderately polluted, while IWA (5.43), IDO (5.66), ILA (5.34), ADE (5.58), and IGO (5.23) were very strongly polluted (Hassan, 2023 b; Nouri & Haddioui, 2016).
Table 21 shows the geo – accumulation index of trace metals in subsoil (harmattan and rainy season). In the harmattan season, the Zn (Igeo) across the locations from ILA - BAA (-0.84 – (-0.43) respectively; hence, all the locations were unpolluted with Zn. The Igeo of Mg across locations range from IDO (-2.05 – (0.75) ADE; this implies that IWA (-1.51), IDO (-2.05), ISA (-1.05) were unpolluted, and the rest locations were unpolluted - moderately polluted of Mg. The Igeo of Si in all locations range from IGO - IDO (-3.21- 0.12) respectively. Except IDO (0.12) that was unpolluted - moderately polluted, all other locations were unpolluted with Si. Al (Igeo) ranges from OGB (-0.68 – (-0.19) BAA; thus all the locations were unpolluted with Al. The K (Igeo) of OGB, IWA, IDO and ISA were -0.58 each, while ILA, ADE, BAA and IGO were -1.07 each; hence, none of these locations was polluted with K. In the rainy season Zn ranges from IDO (1.42) – OGB/ADE (2.00); this implies that all locations were moderately polluted with Zn. Igeo of Mg in all locations were 1.15 each, except BAA and IGO that were 2.15 each; this signifies that all locations were moderately polluted, whereas BAA and IGO were moderately - strongly polluted with Mg. The Si Igeo ranges from IDO/ISA (-0.58 - 12.47) IGO; this means that OGB (-0.26), IWA (-0.26), IDO (-0.58), ISA (-0.58) ADE (-0.58) and BAA (-0.00) were unpolluted but ILA (12.43) and IGO (12.47) were very strongly polluted with Si. Furthermore, the Igeo of Al across locations were 0.07 - 0.42, with ISA/ILA/ADE, and IWA/BAA/IGO respectively; this implies that all locations were unpolluted with Al. The Igeo of K ranges from OGB/ IWA/IDO (1.42 - 7.13) BAA; this means that OGB, IWA, IDO, ILA, ADE and IGO were moderately polluted, whereas BAA Ake (7.13) and ISA (6.82) very strongly polluted with K (Hassan, 2023 b; Nouri & Haddioui, 2016).
Table 22 illustrates the Igeo of heavy metal in top soil (harmattan and rainy season). In the harmattan season, the Pb (Igeo) across locations were 0.00 - 0.96, with IDO and BAA respectively, this means that all locations were unpolluted - moderately polluted with Pb. Igeo of As across locations were -0.91 - 0.68, with OGB and BAA respectively; this means that OGB (-0.91), IWA (-0.58), and IDO (-0.32) were unpolluted, while the rest locations were unpolluted - moderately polluted. The Ni (Igeo) across locations were -1.09 - (-0.09), with OGB and ADE/BAA respectively; this means that all locations were unpolluted with Ni. However, the Igeo of Se across locations were -1.58 – (-1.00), with OGB/ADE/IWA/BAA and IWA/IDO/ISA/ILA/IGO respectively; hence, all locations were unpolluted with the Se. The Cu (Igeo) across locations vary from -0.53 - 0.26, with IWA and BAA respectively; this can be interpreted as unpolluted - moderately polluted for ADE (0.16) and BAA (0.26), while the rest locations were unpolluted with Cu. The Fe Igeo across location were -1.74 – (-0.83), which implies that all locations were unpolluted with Fe. The Igeo of Cd across locations vary from ISA (-0.26) – BAA (0.58); this implies that ISA (-0.26) was unpolluted, while the rest locations were unpolluted - moderately polluted with Cd. In the rainy season, the Pb (Igeo) in all locations were vary from IDO (-0.10) – BAA (0.79), this implies that IDO (-0.10), and ADE (-0.00) were unpolluted, while the rest locations were unpolluted - moderately polluted with Pb. The Igeo of As across locations were IDO (-0.17) – ILA/BAA (0.64); which implies that IDO was unpolluted and the rest locations were unpolluted - moderately polluted with As. The Ni (Igeo) in all locations vary from IWA/IDO/ADE (-0.58) – IGO (7.33), which means IWA, IDO, and ADE were unpolluted, while OGB (7.22), ISA (7.14), ILA (7.19), BAA (7.31) and IGO (7.33) were very strongly polluted with Ni. Se (Igeo) in all locations were 0.00; this implies that all locations were unpolluted with Se. The Cu (Igeo) across locations vary from IDO (0.56) – BAA (1.10), this can be interpreted as IDO (0.56), ISA (0.65), ILA (0.82), ADE (0.61), and IGO (0.61) were unpolluted - moderately polluted, while OGB(1.00), IWA (1.00), and BAA (1.10) were moderately polluted with Cu. Fe (Igeo) across locations vary from IDO/IGO (0.96) – ADE (1.50) , these can be interpreted as unpolluted - moderately polluted for IDO (0.96), and IGO (0.96) , while the remaining six locations were moderately polluted with Fe. The Igeo of Cd across locations vary from IDO/ISA (-2.86) – OGB (-2.44); hence, all locations were unpolluted with Cd (Hassan, 2023 b; Nouri & Haddioui, 2016).
Table 23 illustrates the Igeo of heavy metal in subsoil (harmattan and rainy Season). In the harmattan season, the Pb (Igeo) in all locations vary from ISA (0.18) – IDO (6.63), this implies that ISA (0.18), OGB (0.49), IWA (0.79), ILA (0.74), ADE (0.95), and IGO (0.79) were unpolluted - moderately polluted, BAA (1.05) was moderately polluted, while IDO (6.63) was very strongly polluted with Pb. The Igeo of As in all locations vary from OGB (-0.91) – ADE/BAA (0.42), this implies that OGB (-0.91), IWA (-0.58), IDO (-0.58), ISA (-0.10), ILA (-0.10) were unpolluted, while ADE (0.42), BAA (0.42) and IGO (0.09) were unpolluted - moderately polluted with As. The Ni (Igeo) across locations vary from OGB (-1.03) – BAA (0.15); this implies that OGB (-1.03), IWA (-0.32), IDO (-0.10), and ISA (-0.58) were unpolluted, while ILA (0.03), ADE (0.09), BAA (0.15) and IGO (0.10) were unpolluted - moderately polluted with Ni. Igeo of Se across the locations were -1.17 – (-0.58), with OGB/IWA/ISA/BAA and IDO/ILA/ADE/IGO respectively; this implies that all the locations were unpolluted with Se. Igeo of Cu across locations were -0.57 - 0.21, with IWA and BAA respectively; this implies that OGB (-0.54), IWA (-0.57), IDO (-0.36), ISA (-0.26), ILA (-0.26) and IGO (-0.21) were unpolluted, while ADE (0.01), BAA (0.21) were unpolluted - moderately polluted with Cu. The Igeo of Fe across locations vary from ILA (-1.79) - IDO (-0.71); hence, all the locations were unpolluted with Fe. The Cd (Igeo) across the locations vary from ISA/ILA (-0.26) – ADE (0.22); this signifies that ISA and ILA were unpolluted while the rest location were unpolluted - moderately polluted with Cd. However, in the rainy season, the Pb (Igeo) in all locations vary from IDO (-0.22) – BAA (0.86), this implies that IDO was unpolluted, while the remaining locations were unpolluted - moderately polluted with Pb. Igeo of As in IDO (0.00) was the lowest, while OGB /IWA/ BAA (0.74) was the highest; thus all the locations were unpolluted - moderately polluted with As. The Ni (Igeo) across locations was 0.00 each; hence, they were unpolluted with Ni. Likewise, Igeo of Se across locations was 0.00 each; thus all locations were unpolluted with Se. The Cu (Igeo) in all locations were IDO (0.15) – OGB (1.92); thus with the exception of IDO that was unpolluted - moderately polluted, the remaining locations were moderately polluted with Cu. The Igeo of Fe across locations vary from IDO (1.15) – BAA (1.57); thus all locations were moderately polluted with Fe. IDO (0.83) had the lowest Igeo of Cd, while BAA/IGO (1.29) had the highest; however, except IDO that was unpolluted - moderately polluted, the remaining locations were moderately polluted with Cd (Nouri & Haddioui, 2016).
Table 24 demonstrates the EFI of heavy metals in topsoil (harmattan and rainy Season). In the harmattan season, the Pb (EFI) across locations vary from IDO (1.77) – ILA (4.83); which means that IDO (1.77) and ISA (1.97) were deficient - minimal, while the rest locations were moderate enriched with Pb. As (EFI) in all locations were vary from IWA (1.31) – ILA/IGO (4.01); thus IWA (1.31), OGB (1.37), IDO (1.42), and ISA (1.99) were deficient – minimal, while ILA (4.01), ADE (3.43), BAA (3.64), and IGO (4.01) were moderate enriched with As. Ni (EFI) across locations (1.20 - 2.75), OGB and ILA respectively, this can be interpreted as OGB (1.20), IWA (1.69), IDO (1.60), and ISA (1.32) were deficient – minimal, while IIA (2.75), ADE (2.20), BAA (2.14), and IGO (2.47) were moderate enriched with Ni. The EFI of Se in all locations range from BAA (0.76) – ILA (1.67), this connotes that all locations were deficient – minimal enriched with Se. The EFI of Cu in all locations range from IWA (1.36) – ILA (3.23); this connotes that OGB (1.90), IWA (1.36), IDO (1.38), ISA (1.51) were deficient – minimal, while the remaining four locations were moderate enriched with Cu. The Cd (EFI) in all locations vary from ISA (1.56) - OGB/BAA (3.41); this means that ISA (1.56), IDO (1.77), IWA (1.96) were deficient – minimal, while the remaining five locations were moderate enriched with Cd. In the rainy season, the Pb (EFI) in all locations were ADE (0.35) – BAA (0.74), hence, all locations were deficient – minimal enriched with Pb. The As (EFI) across locations vary from IDO (0.46) – ILA (0.70); thus, all locations were deficient – minimal enriched with As. The Ni (EFI) across locations range ADE (0.24) – IGO (82.97); this means that ADE (0.24), IWA (0.27), and IDO (0.34) were deficient – minimal, while remaining five locations were extremely high enriched with Ni. The Se (EFI) were 0.00 across the board; hence, all locations were deficient - minimal enriched with Se. The Cu (EFI) across the locations were 0.54 - 0.92, with ADE and BAA respectively; this signifies that all locations were deficient – minimal enriched with Cu. However, the Cd (EFI) across locations were 0.05 – 0.08, with ADE and OGB/IGO respectively; hence, all the locations were deficient – minimal enriched with Cd (Kolawole et al., 2018; Toth et al., 2016).
Table 25 illustrates the EFI of heavy metals in subsoil (harmattan and rainy season). In the harmattan season, the Pb (EFI) in all locations vary from ISA (1.97) – IDO (162.57), this means that ISA (1.97) was deficient – minimal; IWA (3.14), OGB (3.51), ADE (4.68), BAA (4.62) and IGO (4.84) were moderate; ILA (5.75) was significant, while IDO (162.57) was extremely high enriched with Pb. The EFI of As across locations were 1.09 - 3.23, with IDO and ADE respectively; this means that OGB (1.34), IWA (1.21), IDO (1.09), and ISA (1.62) were deficient – minimal; while ILA (3.22), ADE (3.23), BAA (2.98), and IGO (2.98) were moderate enriched with As. The Ni (EFI) across the locations vary from ISA (1.16) - ILA (3.53); thus, ISA (1.16), OGB (1.22), IWA (1.45), and IDO (1.53) were deficient – minimal; while ILA (3.53), ADE (2.58), BAA (2.48), and IGO (2.98) were moderate enriched with Ni. The Se (EFI) across the locations range from ISA (0.77) – ILA (2.30), this signifies that all locations were deficient – minimal; except ILA (2.30) that was moderate enriched with Se. The EFI of the Cu vary from IWA (1.22) – ILA (2.89); thus, IWA (1.22), OGB (1.72), IDO (1.28), and ISA (1.45) were deficient – minimal; while ILA (2.89), ADE (2.44), BAA (2.59) and IGO (2.41) were moderate enriched with Cu. In addition, the Cd (EFI) across locations were 1.45 - 2.88, with ISA and ILA respectively; hence, the IWA (1.81), IDO (1.64), and ISA (1.45) were deficient – minimal; while OGB (2.50), ILA (2.88), ADE (2.83), and BAA (2.23),and IGO (2.33) were moderate enriched with Cd. In the rainy season, the Pb (EFI) across locations range IDO (0.39) – BAA (0.61); hence, all locations were deficient – minimal enriched with Pb. EFI of the As across locations vary from IDO (0.45) – IWA/IGO (0.70); hence, all the locations were deficient – minimal enriched with As. EFI of Ni were 0.00 across the board; these mean that all locations were deficient – minimal enriched with Ni. Likewise, EFI of Se were 0.00 across the board; thus, all locations were deficient – minimal enriched with Se. Furthermore, the EFI of the Cu vary from IDO (0.50 - 1.55) IGO; these can be interpreted as all locations were deficient – minimal enriched with Cu. The EFI of Cd across locations vary from IDO (0.80 - 1.03) IGO; which imply that all locations were deficient – minimal enriched with Cd (Kolawole et al., 2018; Toth et al., 2016)