In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on understanding and mitigating carbon footprints associated with various aspects of human activities, including residential living. Researchers have developed diverse methodologies and models to assess and manage residential carbon footprints, incorporating factors such as water usage, energy consumption, waste management, and urban planning. This literature review provides an overview of key studies addressing residential carbon footprints, encompassing various geographical locations and methodological approaches.
Studies conducted by Escriva-Bou et al. (2015) and Vogler-Finck et al. (2018) delve into the intricate relationship between water usage, energy consumption, and resultant carbon footprints in residential contexts. Escriva-Bou et al. (2015) employed Monte Carlo simulations to analyse water end-use and related energy consumption across different California cities, highlighting the significance of household water heater performance and regional energy portfolios. Vogler-Finck et al. (2018) focused on heating optimization strategies in single-family houses, emphasizing the role of model predictive control in reducing carbon footprints associated with heating.
Zubelzua et al. (2015) and Liu et al. (2018) proposed methodologies to integrate urban planning with carbon emissions assessment, emphasizing the importance of proactive measures in urban development to mitigate carbon footprints. Zubelzua et al. (2015) outlined a methodology to identify and analyse GHG emissions sources in urban planning, facilitating the integration of sustainability measures into urban design mechanisms. Liu et al. (2018) employed a system dynamics approach to quantitatively predict carbon emissions in new town planning, highlighting the significance of sector-specific interventions and land-use decisions in carbon regulation strategies.
Yang et al. (2018) and Wei et al. (2022) addressed carbon footprints associated with residential building construction and operation. Yang et al. (2018) conducted a case study in China, utilizing building information modelling to assess the carbon footprint of a residential building, emphasizing the dominance of operational emissions and the role of building materials in overall emissions. Wei et al. (2022) focused on industrial parks, proposing frameworks to achieve carbon emissions neutrality through energy optimization and renewable energy integration, thereby highlighting the importance of sustainable building practices in mitigating carbon footprints.
Goodchild et al. (2018) and Yi et al. (2021) investigated the impact of transportation modes on carbon emissions, with implications for residential areas. Goodchild et al. (2018) developed analytical models to compare carbon emissions from personal vehicle travel versus local depot delivery scenarios, providing insights into the potential benefits of delivery services in reducing overall emissions. Yi et al. (2021) examined the relationship between urban density and carbon emissions, emphasizing the role of compact city planning in mitigating carbon footprints associated with transportation.
Zaidan et al. (2024) explored the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on building carbon footprints, highlighting shifts in electricity consumption patterns and associated emissions during the pandemic years. The study underscores the dynamic nature of carbon footprints in response to external factors such as pandemics, necessitating ongoing monitoring and adaptation of mitigation strategies.
The reviewed literature underscores the multifaceted nature of residential carbon footprints and the importance of comprehensive modelling approaches to assess and manage them effectively. Integrating factors such as water usage, energy consumption, urban planning, building construction, transportation, and external influences like the COVID-19 pandemic is essential for developing holistic mitigation strategies. A comprehensive mathematical model and user-friendly calculator for assessing residential carbon footprints could draw upon insights from these diverse studies to provide a robust tool for researchers, policymakers, and households alike in advancing sustainability goals.