The literature on governance mechanisms and sustainability in supply chains is rich and multifaceted, reflecting the diverse perspectives, approaches, and contexts within which these concepts are situated. In this section, we review key theoretical frameworks, empirical studies, and conceptual debates that elucidate the complex interrelationships between governance mechanisms and sustainability outcomes in supply chains. Central to understanding the role of governance mechanisms in promoting sustainability is the conceptualization of governance itself. Governance encompasses a broad array of mechanisms, structures, and processes through which decisions are made, authority is exercised, and relationships are governed within and across organizations (Nash, 2020). In the context of supply chains, governance mechanisms play a critical role in shaping the behavior and interactions of diverse actors, including suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, and consumers. One prominent theoretical framework that has been employed to analyze governance mechanisms in supply chains is transaction cost economics (TCE) (Williamson, 1985). TCE posits that governance structures emerge as a response to the need to mitigate transaction costs, which arise from opportunistic behavior, uncertainty, and asset specificity. Within this framework, governance mechanisms such as vertical integration, long-term contracts, and relational norms are seen as tools for coordinating economic activities and reducing transaction costs (Teece, 2007). A research conducted by underlines the need of adopting a comprehensive and unified strategy that is skilled at negotiating and surpassing deep-rooted cultural obstacles, creating an atmosphere that promotes sustainable business (Emon & Khan, 2023). Building upon TCE, scholars have examined how governance mechanisms influence sustainability outcomes in supply chains. For example, Seuring and Müller (2008) explore the relationship between governance mechanisms and environmental performance in supply chains, finding that vertical integration and collaborative arrangements can facilitate the adoption of environmentally friendly practices. Similarly, Pagell and Wu (2009) argue that relational governance mechanisms, such as trust and collaboration, play a crucial role in fostering sustainable supply chain practices by enabling information sharing, joint problem-solving, and mutual adaptation. Beyond TCE, institutional theory provides another lens through which to analyze governance mechanisms and sustainability in supply chains (Scott, 2014). The evaluation recommends implementing focused policies and awareness initiatives to promote gender-inclusive entrepreneurship. It emphasizes the need of tackling financial inequality and broadening mentoring opportunities. It plays a crucial role in promoting sustainable and fair entrepreneurial practices in Bangladesh and other places (Emon & Nipa, 2024). According to institutional theory, governance structures and practices are shaped by institutional norms, values, and rules that govern behavior within a given social context. Within this framework, governance mechanisms act as carriers of institutional logics, reflecting broader societal expectations regarding sustainability and corporate responsibility (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983). Empirical studies drawing on institutional theory have examined the role of regulatory frameworks, industry standards, and certification schemes in promoting sustainability in supply chains. For example, Bendul and Lazarova-Molnar (2017) investigate the impact of regulatory pressures on sustainable supply chain management practices in the automotive industry, highlighting the role of government policies and industry regulations in driving environmental improvements and social compliance. Moreover, recent research has emphasized the importance of collaborative governance mechanisms, such as multi-stakeholder initiatives and industry coalitions, in promoting sustainability in supply chains (Mena & Palazzo, 2012). These collaborative governance mechanisms bring together diverse stakeholders, including businesses, non-governmental organizations, and governments, to address shared sustainability challenges and develop collective solutions (Cashore et al., 2004). For instance, Lee et al. (2019) examine the role of multi-stakeholder initiatives in promoting responsible sourcing practices in global supply chains, highlighting the importance of collective action, information sharing, and capacity-building initiatives in driving systemic change. Similarly, Beske et al. (2018) analyze the effectiveness of industry initiatives in promoting sustainable palm oil production, finding that collaborative governance mechanisms can facilitate transparency, accountability, and continuous improvement across supply chains. Recent studies emphasize the substantial influence of Supplier Collaboration and Long-Term Supplier Relationships on enhancing cost efficiency in the supply chains of enterprises in Bangladesh. The importance of Supplier Relationship Management (SRM) techniques in enhancing supply chain performance is emphasized by these activities (Emon et al., 2024). In addition to regulatory and collaborative governance mechanisms, contractual arrangements and buyer-supplier relationships play a crucial role in shaping sustainability outcomes in supply chains (Carter & Rogers, 2008). Scholars have highlighted the importance of long-term partnerships, supplier development programs, and ethical sourcing practices in promoting sustainability and social responsibility within supply chains (Carter & Easton, 2011). For example, Handfield et al. (2019) investigate the role of buyer-supplier relationships in driving sustainable procurement practices, emphasizing the importance of trust, commitment, and shared values in fostering collaboration and innovation. Similarly, Holt et al. (2020) examine the impact of supplier development programs on social and environmental performance, finding that proactive engagement with suppliers can lead to improvements in labor conditions, environmental management, and community development. In summary, the literature on governance mechanisms and sustainability in supply chains highlights the diverse array of mechanisms, structures, and processes that influence sustainability outcomes across supply chain networks. Drawing on theoretical frameworks such as transaction cost economics and institutional theory, scholars have examined the role of regulatory frameworks, collaborative initiatives, contractual arrangements, and buyer-supplier relationships in shaping sustainable supply chain practices. Empirical studies have provided insights into the complex interplay between governance mechanisms, stakeholder dynamics, and sustainability outcomes, offering valuable lessons for businesses, policymakers, and civil society actors seeking to advance sustainability in supply chains.