The prevalence of hypertension is found to be 22.6 percent in India (24.1 percent in men and 21.2 percent in women) from 17,08,241 persons [Men: 7,85,611 (46 percent), Women: 9,22,630 (54 percent)] who participated in the survey. This indicates that one in every fifth individual is found hypertensive in India. (Table 1)
Table 1
Prevalence of hypertension among men and women age 15 and over, according to background characteristics, India, 2019-21
Background characteristics
|
Male
|
Female
|
Overall
|
Prevalence of Hypertension (%)
|
Weighted sample
|
Prevalence of Hypertension (%)
|
Weighted sample
|
Prevalence of Hypertension (%)
|
Weighted sample
|
Total
|
24.1
|
7,85,611
|
21.2
|
9,22,630
|
22.6
|
17,08,241
|
Age of Household Member
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15–29
|
8.3
|
2,63,624
|
4.8
|
3,25,911
|
6.4
|
5,89,534
|
30–44
|
21.6
|
2,12,674
|
15.4
|
2,55,549
|
18.2
|
4,68,223
|
45–59
|
34.2
|
1,69,044
|
34.1
|
1,99,619
|
34.2
|
3,68,663
|
60 and over
|
45.5
|
1,40,188
|
51.3
|
1,41,410
|
48.4
|
2,81,598
|
Type of Place of Residence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Urban
|
26.7
|
2,52,345
|
23.4
|
2,89,463
|
25.0
|
5,41,808
|
Rural
|
22.9
|
5,33,266
|
20.2
|
6,33,168
|
21.4
|
11,66,433
|
Region of Residence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
North
|
24.8
|
1,07,673
|
20.6
|
1,26,859
|
22.5
|
2,34,533
|
Central
|
22.6
|
1,90,448
|
19.3
|
2,24,242
|
20.8
|
4,14,690
|
East
|
20.7
|
1,66,058
|
18.6
|
2,05,101
|
19.5
|
3,71,160
|
Northeast
|
23.0
|
26,791
|
20.4
|
30,061
|
21.6
|
56,852
|
West
|
22.6
|
1,25,109
|
21.9
|
1,34,099
|
22.3
|
2,59,207
|
South
|
30.0
|
1,69,531
|
26.1
|
2,02,268
|
27.9
|
3,71,799
|
Religion of The Household Head
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hindu
|
24.0
|
6,54,793
|
20.9
|
7,62,342
|
22.4
|
14,17,134
|
Muslim
|
21.6
|
88,190
|
20.9
|
1,10,402
|
21.2
|
1,98,592
|
Others
|
30.4
|
42,627
|
26.6
|
49,887
|
28.4
|
92,515
|
Caste/Tribe of The Household Head
|
|
|
|
|
|
None of them
|
27.0
|
1,71,193
|
24.0
|
2,01,833
|
25.4
|
3,73,026
|
Schedule Caste (SC)
|
22.9
|
1,70,280
|
19.4
|
2,01,453
|
21.0
|
3,71,732
|
Schedule Tribe (ST)
|
22.3
|
75,903
|
19.6
|
86,936
|
20.9
|
1,62,838
|
Other Backward Classes (OBC)
|
23.9
|
3,35,040
|
21.0
|
3,94,691
|
22.3
|
7,29,731
|
Current Marital Status
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Married
|
29.3
|
5,43,247
|
20.9
|
6,48,239
|
24.7
|
11,91,486
|
Others
|
12.6
|
2,42,282
|
21.9
|
2,74,250
|
17.6
|
5,16,532
|
Highest Educational Level Attained
|
|
|
|
|
Non-literate
|
29.3
|
1,27,157
|
30.9
|
3,09,481
|
30.4
|
4,36,638
|
Primary
|
28.7
|
1,13,329
|
26.3
|
1,26,143
|
27.4
|
2,39,472
|
Secondary
|
21.9
|
4,13,798
|
14.5
|
3,79,091
|
18.4
|
7,92,889
|
Higher
|
22.0
|
1,30,726
|
10.9
|
1,07,557
|
17.0
|
2,38,283
|
Wealth Index
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Poorest
|
19.6
|
1,40,038
|
18.5
|
1,74,228
|
19.0
|
3,14,266
|
Poorer
|
20.9
|
1,53,985
|
19.1
|
1,83,719
|
19.9
|
3,37,704
|
Middle
|
23.3
|
1,64,343
|
21.1
|
1,88,752
|
22.1
|
3,53,095
|
Richer
|
26.2
|
1,66,409
|
22.5
|
1,90,920
|
24.2
|
3,57,329
|
Richest
|
29.8
|
1,60,836
|
24.8
|
1,85,012
|
27.1
|
3,45,847
|
Smokes or Uses Tobacco
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
22.4
|
4,76,082
|
20.3
|
8,38,898
|
21.1
|
13,14,981
|
Yes
|
26.8
|
3,08,509
|
30.7
|
83,616
|
27.6
|
3,92,125
|
Drinks Alcohol
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No
|
22.7
|
6,32,474
|
21.1
|
9,10,500
|
21.7
|
15,42,973
|
Yes
|
30.2
|
1,52,011
|
30.7
|
12,024
|
30.2
|
1,64,035
|
Body Mass Index (BMI in kg/m2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Normal (BMI 18.5–24.9)
|
15.9
|
54,684
|
9.4
|
3,79,292
|
10.3
|
4,33,976
|
Thin (BMI < 18.5)
|
8.0
|
13,911
|
5.9
|
1,21,729
|
6.1
|
1,35,640
|
Overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9)
|
30.3
|
16,957
|
19.2
|
1,14,894
|
20.6
|
1,31,851
|
Obese (BMI ≥ 30.0)
|
39.4
|
3,571
|
27.9
|
41,291
|
28.8
|
44,862
|
BMI not measured
|
24.9
|
6,96,488
|
44.9
|
2,65,424
|
30.4
|
9,61,912
|
The results indicate that the prevalence of hypertension increases as age increases (6.4 percent in 15–29 aged to 48.4 percent in those aged 60 and over). The prevalence is slightly higher in men compared to women between the age of 15 to 59. Nevertheless, in older ages 60 and over, hypertension prevalence is about 6 percent higher in women (51.3 percent) than in men (45.5 percent).
Hypertension prevalence is 25 percent in urban, compared with 21.4 percent in the rural area. 26.7 percent in urban men compared to 22.9 percent in rural men. Also, in women 23.4 percent in urban compared to 20.2 percent in rural women.
The regional variation in the prevalence of hypertension varies across all regions. The lowest is found in the Eastern region (19.5 percent), whereas the highest prevalence is found in the southern region (27.9 percent). The prevalence is found to be slightly higher in men compared to women in all the regions.
The prevalence of hypertension among Hindus is 22.4 percent, whereas it is 21.2 percent in Muslims. It is indicated that hypertension prevalence is higher (28.4 percent) among people belong to other than Hindu or Muslim religion.
Hypertension prevalence is less in persons belonging to Schedule Tribe (20.9 percent) and high in persons with no caste or tribe (25.4 percent).
The prevalence of hypertension is 24.7 percent in the currently married person compared with the person whose marital status is others (17.6 percent). It is also indicated that married men are more hypertensive (29.3 percent) than women (20.9 percent). However, among those whose marital status is others, hypertension is more prevalent in women (21.9 percent) than in men (12.6 percent).
The hypertension prevalence is found to be more in non-literates (30.4 percent) and less in people with a higher level of education (17.0 percent). Also, it describes that non-literate women have higher hypertension (30.9 percent) than men (29.3 percent), whereas women with a higher level of education have lesser (10.9 percent) hypertension than men (22.0 percent).
Nevertheless, persons from the poorest wealth index are less (19.0 percent) hypertensive than persons from the richest (27.1 percent). Hypertension increases as the wealth index increases.
Hypertension is more prevalent among tobacco users (27.8 percent) than non-users (21.1 percent). However, the prevalence of hypertension is more among women tobacco users (30.7 percent) than men (26.8 percent). The hypertension prevalence is also higher in alcohol drinkers (30.8 percent) than non-drinkers (21.7 percent).
The gap between men’s and women’s tobacco and alcohol use is not unusual. It aligns with the Global Adult Tobacco Survey (2016–2017) 19 percent of men and 2 percent of women smoke tobacco in India. (20) It may be pointed out that traditionally tobacco and alcohol usage is significantly higher in males than in females in the Indian sub-continent. This could be attributed to cultural disapproval prohibiting women from smoking and drinking in India. Under-reporting of tobacco and alcohol use by women is also partly responsible.
Hypertension is found to be more prevalent among obese people, BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2 (28.8 percent) and less in thin persons, BMI of less than 18.5 kg/m2 (6.1 percent). Also, a higher hypertension prevalence was observed among those whose BMI was not measured (30.4 percent). (Chart 1)
Prevalence of hypertension across states in India
The finding indicates that the prevalence of hypertension in India is 22.6 percent. There are 22 states or union territories (UTs) above the national prevalence of hypertension, and only 14 states or UTs are less than the national average. (Table 2)
Table 2
Prevalence of hypertension among men and women age 15 and over, according to state/union territory, India, 2019-21
|
|
Male
|
Female
|
Overall
|
State code
|
State Name
|
Prevalence of Hypertension (%)
|
Weighted sample
|
Prevalence of Hypertension (%)
|
Weighted sample
|
Prevalence of Hypertension (%)
|
Weighted sample
|
-
|
INDIA
|
24.1
|
7,85,611
|
21.2
|
9,22,631
|
22.6
|
17,08,241
|
1
|
Jammu & Kashmir
|
21.8
|
4,221
|
22.3
|
5,334
|
22.1
|
9,555
|
2
|
Himachal Pradesh
|
24.4
|
4,786
|
22.2
|
5,820
|
23.2
|
10,606
|
3
|
Punjab
|
37.9
|
17,093
|
31.1
|
19,628
|
34.2
|
36,721
|
4
|
Chandigarh
|
29.8
|
418
|
25.2
|
579
|
27.1
|
997
|
5
|
Uttarakhand
|
32.3
|
5,307
|
23.0
|
7,338
|
26.9
|
12,645
|
6
|
Haryana
|
25.3
|
15,976
|
21.0
|
18,133
|
23.0
|
34,109
|
7
|
NCT of Delhi
|
32.8
|
10,580
|
24.1
|
12,686
|
28.0
|
23,266
|
8
|
Rajasthan
|
17.9
|
49,200
|
15.3
|
57,232
|
16.5
|
1,06,431
|
9
|
Uttar Pradesh
|
21.8
|
1,20,851
|
18.3
|
1,47,465
|
19.9
|
2,68,317
|
10
|
Bihar
|
18.4
|
59,480
|
15.9
|
80,176
|
17.0
|
1,39,657
|
11
|
Sikkim
|
41.4
|
336
|
34.6
|
374
|
37.9
|
710
|
12
|
Arunachal Pradesh
|
33.2
|
683
|
24.9
|
730
|
28.9
|
1,413
|
13
|
Nagaland
|
29.5
|
682
|
23.7
|
730
|
26.5
|
1,412
|
14
|
Manipur
|
33.6
|
1,469
|
23.2
|
1,719
|
28.0
|
3,187
|
15
|
Mizoram
|
25.0
|
768
|
17.8
|
806
|
21.3
|
1,574
|
16
|
Tripura
|
23.1
|
2,731
|
21.1
|
2,972
|
22.0
|
5,702
|
17
|
Meghalaya
|
21.8
|
1,635
|
18.9
|
1,881
|
20.3
|
3,516
|
18
|
Assam
|
21.2
|
18,488
|
19.7
|
20,849
|
20.4
|
39,337
|
19
|
West Bengal
|
20.1
|
58,123
|
20.2
|
66,542
|
20.2
|
1,24,665
|
20
|
Jharkhand
|
22.4
|
20,732
|
17.7
|
24,540
|
19.9
|
45,272
|
21
|
Odisha
|
25.6
|
27,723
|
22.3
|
33,843
|
23.8
|
61,566
|
22
|
Chhattisgarh
|
27.6
|
21,432
|
23.5
|
23,156
|
25.5
|
44,589
|
23
|
Madhya Pradesh
|
22.5
|
48,164
|
20.4
|
53,621
|
21.4
|
1,01,785
|
24
|
Gujarat
|
20.1
|
45,240
|
20.3
|
46,424
|
20.2
|
91,664
|
25
|
Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu
|
17.2
|
275
|
16.4
|
262
|
16.8
|
537
|
27
|
Maharashtra
|
24.1
|
79,139
|
22.7
|
86,757
|
23.4
|
1,65,896
|
28
|
Andhra Pradesh
|
29.2
|
33,584
|
25.4
|
38,992
|
27.2
|
72,576
|
29
|
Karnataka
|
28.6
|
38,901
|
26.0
|
45,642
|
27.2
|
84,542
|
30
|
Goa
|
35.9
|
454
|
32.0
|
655
|
33.6
|
1,110
|
31
|
Lakshadweep
|
24.9
|
49
|
24.7
|
64
|
24.8
|
113
|
32
|
Kerala
|
32.3
|
21,898
|
30.1
|
28,555
|
31.1
|
50,452
|
33
|
Tamil Nadu
|
30.1
|
54,849
|
24.8
|
64,821
|
27.2
|
1,19,670
|
34
|
Puducherry
|
30.1
|
849
|
22.8
|
1,021
|
26.1
|
1,870
|
35
|
Andaman & Nicobar Islands
|
29.7
|
275
|
24.9
|
279
|
27.3
|
554
|
36
|
Telangana
|
31.5
|
19,127
|
26.1
|
22,894
|
28.6
|
42,021
|
37
|
Ladakh
|
19.9
|
93
|
17.5
|
109
|
18.6
|
202
|
The prevalence of hypertension is found to be highest in Sikkim (37.9 percent), followed by Punjab (34.2 percent), Goa (33.6 percent), Kerala (31.1 percent), Arunachal Pradesh (28.9 percent), Telangana (28.6 percent), NCT of Delhi (28.0 percent), Manipur (28.0 percent), Andaman & Nicobar Islands (27.3 percent), Karnataka (27.2 percent). (Fig. 1)
On the other hand, the proportion of the population suffering from hypertension is relatively low in states such as Rajasthan (16.5 percent), followed by Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu (16.8 percent), Bihar (17 percent), Ladakh (18.6 percent), Uttar Pradesh (19.9 percent), Jharkhand (19.9 percent), West Bengal (20.2 percent), Gujarat (20.2 percent), Meghalaya (20.3 percent), Assam (20.4 percent). (Fig. 1)
The findings highlighted that the prevalence of hypertension is higher in men than women in most states and UTs, except in West Bengal, Gujarat and Jammu and Kashmir. The sex difference in the prevalence of hypertension is highest in Manipur (Male 33.6 percent, Female 23.2 percent), followed by Uttarakhand (Male 32.3 percent, Female 23 percent), NCT of Delhi (Male 32.8 percent, Female 24.1 percent), Arunachal Pradesh (Male 33.2 percent, Female 24.9 percent), Puducherry (Male 30.1 percent, Female 22.8 percent). (Figs. 2 & 3)
Predictors of hypertension from background characteristics
Table 3 reveals that, after adjusting the sociodemographic characteristics and behavioural risk factors, the predictors of hypertension among the background characteristics for men, women and overall persons. It has been statistically evident that the independent variable like increasing age (a person of age 60 years or over is ten times more [OR: 10.33 (CI: 10.16–10.49)] likely to have hypertension compared to a person of age 15 to 29 years). The same pattern of the likelihood of hypertension is found in both men [OR: 8.66 (CI: 8.47–8.85)] and women [OR: 10.03 (CI: 10.03–10.33)]. However, women of age 60 or over are more likely hypertensive than men of the same age.
Table 3
Binary logistics regression for the association of hypertension and sociodemographic characteristics and behavioural risk factors, India, 2019-21
Background characteristics
|
Men
|
Women
|
Overall
|
Crude OR
(95% CI)
|
Adjusted OR
(95% CI)
|
Crude OR
(95% CI)
|
Adjusted OR
(95% CI)
|
Crude OR
(95% CI)
|
Adjusted OR
(95% CI)
|
Age of Household Member
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
15–29®
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
30–44
|
3.04*** (2.99–3.09)
|
2.64*** (2.58–2.69)
|
3.61*** (3.54–3.68)
|
2.93*** (2.87–2.99)
|
3.27*** (3.23–3.31)
|
2.99*** (2.95–3.04)
|
45–59
|
5.74*** (5.65–5.84)
|
5.06*** (4.95–5.18)
|
10.23*** (10.05–10.43)
|
5.95*** (5.80–6.10)
|
7.62*** (7.52–7.71)
|
6.14*** (6.05–6.24)
|
60 and over
|
9.20*** (9.04–9.36)
|
8.66*** (8.47–8.85)
|
20.82*** (20.42–21.22)
|
10.03*** (9.73–10.33)
|
13.77*** (13.59–13.94)
|
10.33*** (10.16–10.49)
|
Type of Place of Residence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Urban®
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Rural
|
0.82*** (0.81–0.83)
|
0.95*** (0.93–0.96)
|
0.83*** (0.82–0.84)
|
0.93*** (0.91–0.94)
|
0.82*** (0.82–0.83)
|
0.94*** (0.93–0.95)
|
Region of Residence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
North®
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Central
|
0.89*** (0.87–0.90)
|
1.05*** (1.03–1.07)
|
0.93*** (0.91–0.94)
|
1.11*** (1.09–1.13)
|
0.91*** (0.9–0.92)
|
1.08*** (1.06–1.09)
|
East
|
0.79*** (0.78–0.81)
|
0.87*** (0.85–0.89)
|
0.88*** (0.87–0.9)
|
1.00 (0.98–1.02)
|
0.84*** (0.83–0.85)
|
0.94*** (0.92–0.95)
|
Northeast
|
0.91*** (0.88–0.94)
|
1.04** (1.00-1.08)
|
0.99 (0.96–1.02)
|
1.17*** (1.12–1.22)
|
0.95*** (0.93–0.97)
|
1.11*** (1.08–1.15)
|
West
|
0.89*** (0.87–0.91)
|
0.89*** (0.88–0.91)
|
1.08*** (1.06–1.11)
|
1.01 (0.98–1.03)
|
0.99** (0.97-1.00)
|
0.96*** (0.94–0.97)
|
South
|
1.30*** (1.28–1.32)
|
1.20*** (1.18–1.22)
|
1.36*** (1.34–1.39)
|
1.21*** (1.18–1.23)
|
1.33*** (1.31–1.35)
|
1.20*** (1.19–1.22)
|
Religion of The Household Head
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hindu®
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Muslim
|
0.87*** (0.86–0.89)
|
1.00 (0.98–1.02)
|
1.00 (0.98–1.01)
|
1.12*** (1.10–1.15)
|
0.94*** (0.92–0.95)
|
1.05*** (1.04–1.07)
|
Others
|
1.38*** (1.35–1.41)
|
1.22*** (1.19–1.25)
|
1.37*** (1.34–1.4)
|
1.21*** (1.18–1.24)
|
1.38*** (1.36–1.4)
|
1.20*** (1.18–1.22)
|
Caste/Tribe of The Household Head
|
|
|
|
|
None of them®
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Schedule Caste (SC)
|
0.80*** (0.79–0.81)
|
0.95*** (0.94–0.97)
|
0.76*** (0.75–0.77)
|
0.91*** (0.90–0.93)
|
0.78*** (0.77–0.79)
|
0.94*** (0.92–0.95)
|
Schedule Tribe (ST)
|
0.78*** (0.76–0.79)
|
1.02 (0.99–1.04)
|
0.77*** (0.76–0.79)
|
1.03** (1.01–1.05)
|
0.78*** (0.77–0.79)
|
1.02*** (1.01–1.04)
|
Other Backward Classes (OBC)
|
0.85*** (0.84–0.86)
|
0.91*** (0.89–0.92)
|
0.84*** (0.83–0.85)
|
0.89*** (0.88–0.91)
|
0.84*** (0.84–0.85)
|
0.90*** (0.89–0.91)
|
Current Marital Status
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Married®
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Others
|
0.35*** (0.34–0.35)
|
0.85*** (0.84–0.87)
|
1.06*** (1.05–1.08)
|
1.11*** (1.09–1.12)
|
0.65*** (0.64–0.65)
|
1.06*** (1.05–1.07)
|
Highest Educational Level Attained
|
|
|
|
|
Non-literate®
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Primary
|
0.97*** (0.95–0.99)
|
1.15*** (1.13–1.17)
|
0.80*** (0.79–0.81)
|
1.10*** (1.08–1.12)
|
0.86*** (0.85–0.87)
|
1.06*** (1.05–1.07)
|
Secondary
|
0.68*** (0.67–0.69)
|
1.16*** (1.14–1.18)
|
0.38*** (0.38–0.39)
|
0.94*** (0.92–0.95)
|
0.52*** (0.51–0.52)
|
0.99** (0.98-1.00)
|
Higher
|
0.68*** (0.67–0.69)
|
1.17*** (1.15–1.20)
|
0.28*** (0.27–0.28)
|
0.72*** (0.70–0.74)
|
0.47*** (0.46–0.47)
|
0.91*** (0.9–0.93)
|
Wealth Index
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Poorest®
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Poorer
|
1.08*** (1.06–1.10)
|
1.08*** (1.05–1.10)
|
1.04*** (1.02–1.06)
|
1.05*** (1.03–1.07)
|
1.06*** (1.05–1.07)
|
1.07*** (1.06–1.09)
|
Middle
|
1.24*** (1.22–1.27)
|
1.20*** (1.18–1.23)
|
1.18*** (1.16–1.19)
|
1.14*** (1.12–1.16)
|
1.21*** (1.19–1.22)
|
1.18*** (1.17–1.20)
|
Richer
|
1.46*** (1.43–1.48)
|
1.35*** (1.32–1.38)
|
1.28*** (1.26–1.3)
|
1.20*** (1.18–1.23)
|
1.36*** (1.35–1.38)
|
1.29*** (1.27–1.31)
|
Richest
|
1.73*** (1.70–1.76)
|
1.47*** (1.43–1.50)
|
1.45*** (1.43–1.47)
|
1.27*** (1.24–1.30)
|
1.58*** (1.56–1.60)
|
1.38*** (1.36–1.40)
|
Smokes or Uses Tobacco
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No®
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Yes
|
1.27*** (1.25–1.28)
|
0.91*** (0.90–0.92)
|
1.74*** (1.72–1.77)
|
0.99 (0.97–1.01)
|
1.43*** (1.42–1.44)
|
0.90*** (0.89–0.91)
|
Drinks Alcohol
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No®
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Yes
|
1.48*** (1.46–1.49)
|
1.30*** (1.28–1.31)
|
1.66*** (1.59–1.72)
|
1.17*** (1.12–1.22)
|
1.56*** (1.54–1.58)
|
1.27*** (1.25–1.28)
|
Body Mass Index (BMI in kg/m2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Normal (BMI 18.5–24.9) ®
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
1
|
Thin (BMI < 18.5)
|
0.46*** (0.43–0.49)
|
0.66*** (0.62–0.71)
|
0.60*** (0.58–0.61)
|
0.79*** (0.77–0.81)
|
0.57*** (0.55–0.58)
|
0.77*** (0.75–0.79)
|
Overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9)
|
2.29*** (2.20–2.39)
|
1.72*** (1.65–1.79)
|
2.28*** (2.24–2.33)
|
1.75*** (1.71–1.78)
|
2.28*** (2.24–2.32)
|
1.70*** (1.67–1.73)
|
Obese (BMI ≥ 30.0)
|
3.44*** (3.20–3.69)
|
2.59*** (2.40–2.79)
|
3.72*** (3.63–3.81)
|
2.65*** (2.58–2.72)
|
3.55*** (3.47–3.63)
|
2.45*** (2.39–2.51)
|
BMI not measured
|
1.75*** (1.71–1.79)
|
1.15*** (1.12–1.17)
|
7.83*** (7.73–7.94)
|
2.01*** (1.97–2.05)
|
3.82*** (3.78–3.86)
|
1.75*** (1.73–1.77)
|
Note: ® - Reference category, OR - Odds Ratio, CI - Confidence Interval, *** p < .01, ** p < .05, * p < .10
|
|
A person residing in an urban area is more likely to have hypertension than one in a rural area [OR: 0.94 (CI: 0.93–0.95)]. Almost the same observation has been found in both men [OR: 0.95 (CI: 0.93–0.96)] and women [OR: 0.93 (CI: 0.91–0.94)].
A statistically significant finding observes that, when compared to the Northern person, the person residing in Central [OR: 1.08 (CI: 1.06–1.09)], North-eastern [OR: 1.11 (CI: 1.08–1.15)], or Southern [OR: 1.11 (CI: 1.08–1.15)] region are more likely to have hypertension, and the person residing in Eastern [OR: 0.94 (CI: 0.92–0.95)], or Western [OR: 0.96 (CI: 0.94–0.97)] region have less likely to have hypertension. A similar pattern has been observed for both men and women.
A person belonging to a Muslim [OR: 1.05 (CI: 1.04–1.07)] and a person from other than Hindu or Muslim [OR: 1.20 (CI: 1.18–1.22)] religions are more likely to have hypertension than a person from the Hindu religion. The same observation has been found in men [Others men; OR: 1.22 (CI: 1.19–1.25)] and women [Muslim: OR: 1.03 (CI: 1.01–1.05), Others: OR: 1.21 (CI: 1.18–1.24)]. Nevertheless, Muslim men are not significant enough to conclude.
There is enough evidence to conclude that when comparing the person who does not belong to any caste or tribe, the SCs [OR: 0.94 (CI: 0.92–0.95)] and OBCs [OR: 0.90 (CI: 0.89–0.91)] are less likely to have hypertension. However, STs are more likely [OR: 1.02 (CI: 1.01–1.04)] to have hypertension. The finding is the same for men and women, except men from the ST caste are not significant enough.
It has been significantly observed that men, whose marital status is others, are less likely [OR: 0.85 (CI: 0.84–0.92)] to have hypertension than currently married men. Nevertheless, women, whose marital status is others, are more likely [OR: 1.11 (CI: 1.09–1.12)] to have hypertension than currently married women.
The level of education, when comparing non-literates, it has been significantly found that men with a higher level of education have a higher chance [OR: 1.17 (CI: 1.15–1.20)] of having hypertension. Nevertheless, women with a higher level of education have a lesser chance [OR: 0.72 (CI: 0.70–0.74)] of having hypertension.
It has been significant enough to conclude that both men and women of the richest wealth index are more likely to have hypertension than both of the poorest.
Men and women who consume tobacco are significantly more like to have hypertension in crude analysis; however, after the influence of other predictors in multivariate analysis, the result shows a negative association. Although, men [OR: 1.30 (CI: 1.28–1.31)] and women [OR: 1.17 (CI: 1.12–1.22)] who drink alcohol are significantly more likely to have hypertension than non-drinkers.
There is statistically enough evidence to conclude that, when compared with persons with a normal BMI, the persons whose BMI is Thin are less likely [OR: 0.77 (CI: 0.75–0.79)] to have hypertension both in men [OR: 0.66 (CI: 0.62–0.71)] and women [OR: 0.79 (CI: 0.77–0.81)]. Overweight [OR: 1.70 (CI: 1.67–1.73)] and Obese [OR: 2.45 (CI: 2.39–2.51)] persons are more likely to have hypertension. However, obese women are more chance of hypertension than obese men when compared to persons with normal BMI of both men and women separately. Also, the same result is observed in both men [OR: 1.15 (CI: 1.12–1.17)] and women [OR: 2.01 (CI: 1.97–2.05)] whose BMI has not been measured. Women with a BMI of Overweight, Obese and whose BMI is not measured are more likely to have hypertension.