Anatomical and physiological changes in Vicia faba L. under Lead stress

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4330096/v1

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Anatomical and physiological changes in Vicia faba L. under Lead stress

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4330096/v1

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Lead toxicity is a serious problem affecting plant structure and water regime. This study investigated the anatomical and physiological responses of Vicia faba L. to lead (Pb) stress, focusing on plant growth in lead-contaminated substrates at concentrations of 0, 500, and 1000 ppm over a 30-day period. Anatomical parameters including the number of vascular bundles (VB), distance between bundles (dVB) (µm), metaxylem diameter (Mxd) (µm), and thickness of the outer wall of epidermal cells (tWEC) (µm) were measured alongside physiological parameters such as RWC, stomatal conductance, and osmotic potential. Lead accumulation in tissues with certain growth parameters were also measured. The findings showed significant sensitivity of metaxylem diameter to Pb stress, especially at 1000 ppm, indicating changes in hydraulic conductivity. Lead stress also increased the thickness of epidermal cell walls at 1000 ppm, showing adaptive structural changes due to lead toxicity. While RWC had minor variations, osmotic potential decreased notably at 1000 ppm Pb, indicating disruptions in water regulation. Stomatal conductance was also affected by Pb stress, highlighting physiological alterations. The study also found significant lead accumulation in plant tissues, indicating the plant's ability to absorb and retain lead under stress. These results contribute to our understanding of the complex responses of Vicia faba L. to lead stress, including a decrease in plant growth, and emphasize the intricate mechanisms involved in plant-metal interactions and their implications for plant health and environmental sustainability

Lead toxicity

Vicia faba L

Anatomical responses

Physiological responses

Environmental sustainability

Plants are constantly exposed to a wide array of challenging environmental conditions, including both biotic and abiotic stresses. Among these, heavy metal stress stands out as a particularly impactful stressor, known for its significant detrimental effects on crop productivity and overall growth (Gill, 2014). Heavy metals are characterized by their relatively high density and atomic number. Some of these metals, such as Copper (Cu), Cobalt (Co), and Zinc (Zn), play crucial roles as essential nutrients for plants, while others like Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg), and Cadmium (Cd) are notably toxic (Ali and Gill, 2022).

Heavy metals are toxic to plant health and accumulate in the trophic chain, affecting safety and sustainability (Kumar et al., 2019). The disruption of natural biogeochemical cycles due to anthropogenic activities has exacerbated the issue of heavy metal contamination. This disruption is exemplified by the accelerated pace of industrialization, widespread mining practices, and intensive agricultural methods. These human activities, coupled with rapid population growth and urbanization, have contributed significantly to the widespread contamination of life on Earth with heavy metals (Nagajyoti et al., 2010; Emamverdian et al., 2015).

Lead (Pb) ranks among the most prevalent heavy metals in soil, constituting approximately 10% of total heavy metal pollution. Its notoriety stems from being the second most toxic metal, trailing only arsenic (As), due to its detrimental impact on the environment and human health (Collin et al., 2022; Zulfiqar et al., 2019). Despite its adverse effects, lead remains extensively utilized globally, attributed to its unique properties such as flexibility, malleability, and resistance to corrosion. This persistent use, combined with its non-biodegradable nature, has contributed to its accumulation in the environment, heightening associated risks (Nas and Ali, 2018).

Naturally occurring in the Earth's crust at concentrations below 50 mg kg-1 (Pourrut et al., 2011), lead enters the environment through various pathways, including volcanic activity, rock weathering, and human activities like leaded gasoline emissions, metal processing including recycling and mining, waste incineration, and mobilization of previously deposited lead residues (Mitra et al., 2020).

Lead in soils can take various forms, including free metal ions, organic ligands like amino acids, fulvic acids, and humic acids, or complexes with inorganic constituents such as SO4²⁻, HCO₃⁻, CO₃²⁻, and Cl⁻. Additionally, lead can be adsorbed onto particle surfaces, including organic matter, clay particles, iron oxides and biological matter. The deposition of lead in soil is influenced by several soil properties, including pH, clay content, cation exchange capacity, organic matter content, and soil structure (Pourrut et al., 2011; Gupta et al., 2020). Lead is a pollutant known for its tendency to accumulate in soils and sediments, particularly in areas with substantial clay or organic matter content.

Excessive lead in soils triggers manifold alterations in plant morphology, physiology, and hydraulics, often resulting in anatomical modifications (De Oliveira et al., 2022; Rajput et al., 2021). Despite the crucial role of plant anatomical structures in metal uptake and transport, these aspects have been somewhat overlooked in metal stress studies.

Faba bean (Vicia faba L.), an ancient crop known for its nutritional value and soil-enriching properties, is the focus of this study. This plant is valued for its nutritional benefits, particularly its abundant protein content, alongside carbohydrates, minerals, fiber, and vitamins, (Dhull et al., 2022). Despite its historical significance and nutritional value, faba bean cultivation faces challenges from various abiotic stresses, including heavy metal toxicity, which can detrimentally impact global yields (Desoky et al., 2021).

This study delves into the anatomical and physiological responses of Vicia faba L. under lead-induced metal stress, aiming to elucidate the intricate interplay between plant anatomy, water status, and heavy metal toxicity. By exploring these dynamics, we aim to contribute to a deeper understanding of plant-metal interactions and their implications for agricultural sustainability and environmental stewardship

1.1 Plant Material

The plant material utilized in this study comprised a local genotype of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) known as sidi Aïch, sourced from the Technical Institute for Field Crops (ITGC) in Sidi Bel Abbès, Algeria.

1.2 Experimental Setup

The experiment took place within a semi-automated greenhouse located at the Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, IBN KHALDOUN University in Tiaret, Algeria.

1.3 Preparation and Planting

Vicia faba seeds underwent sterilization in a 12% sodium hypochlorite solution, followed by rinsing with distilled water and subsequent germination. The germinated seeds were then transplanted into PVC cylinders measuring 90 cm in length and 11 cm in diameter. These cylinders were filled with a reconstituted substrate comprising sand, compost, and soil in a ratio of 8:3:1, featuring a low retention capacity of 22.34%. The sand was meticulously sieved, washed, and air dried, while the soil, collected from a depth of 20 to 30 cm, was sieved to a 2 mm consistency. A sample of the substrate underwent analysis to determine its soil properties (refer to Table 01).

1.4 Experimental Treatment

Vicia faba plants were subjected to stress induced by Pb(NO3)2 at concentrations of 0, 500, and 1000 ppm, with each treatment replicated ten times. This metal stress was initiated immediately after sowing and continued for a month. To support plant growth, commercial ACTIVEG nutrient solution was used for fertilization, and irrigation was administered based on field capacity standards.

Table 1

Substrate properties
Properties	Value
pH	7.06
Electrical Conductivity	0.811
Organic Matter (%) (Walkley Method)	0.13
Total Azote (%) (Kjeldahl Iso: 11261)	0.18
Limestone Total (%) Bernard calcimeter	3.41
Active Limestone (%)	1.12
Cation exchange capacity Cec (Meq/100g of Soil)	12
U.S.D.A Texture	Silt Loam

1.5 Anatomical parameters

The procedure for sample preparation and analysis involved the removal of the middle 2 cm of internodes from each stem. These segments were then fixed in a solution comprising ethanol and acetic acid in a ratio of 17:3 and left for 24 hours. Subsequently, the samples underwent a 24-hour water soaking period followed by dehydration through a series of increasing ethanol concentrations (50%, 70%) before being preserved in 70% ethanol (Karuppaiyan and Kagita, 2006). For microscopic examination, freehand sections were taken using a stereomicroscope and stained with a double dye consisting of alumina carmine and iodine green. The stained sections were then observed using a videomicroscope equipped with a micrometer to facilitate precise measurements. Parameters measured included the number of vascular bundles (VB), the distance between bundles (dVB) in µm, the diameter of the metaxylem (Mxd) in µm, and the thickness of the outer wall of the epidermal cells (tWEC) in µm.

1.6 Water status

The relative water content was estimated 30 days after the application of stress according to the following formula: RWC= (FW-DW)/(TW-DW) × 100, where FW: fresh weight (g), DW: dry weight (g) and TW: full turgor weight (g).

The osmotic potential (MPa) is measured with a micro-osmometer (VAPRO), based on the principle of determining the evaporation point of aqueous solutions, using a volume of 10 µl of sap extracted from the leaves. Stomatal conductance (gs) was measured with a porometer (AP4-Delta-T-Devices; Cambridge U.K.).

1.7 Growth parameters

The growth parameters assessed included the dry weight (DW) of roots and shoots, determined by drying at 80°C for 48 hours, along with leaf area (cm²) calculated using "ImageJ" software.

1.8 Pb concentration

The lead content of the plant was quantified by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), following a digestion process with nitric acid and perchloric acid, according to the method described by Vogel-Milkus et al. (2005).

1.9 Statistical analysis

The data obtained are studied using Stat Box version 6.40 to establish an analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA) using the Dunnett test at p < 0.05. a correlation between the Pb concentration in the plant and the parameters studied using the Pearson test at α = 0.05.

Table 2

Evolution of studied parameters as a function of lead doses (0. 500. 1000 ppm)
measurements	Pb (ppm)
measurements	0	500	1000
Number of VB	6.4 ± 0.84	5.6 ± 0.69 ^ns	5.8 ± 0,91 ^ns
distance between VB (µm)	544,8 ± 33,83	563,9 ± 28,6 ^ns	573,8 ± 44,45 ^ns
Mxd (µm)	48,87 ± 5,02	45,33 ± 5,39 ^ns	39,56 ± 3,40 ^***
tWEC (µm)	11,26 ± 0,98	11,52 ± 1,74	13,57 ± 1,53^**
RWC (%)	86,64 ± 3,89	82,45 ± 4,4 ^ns	82,74 ± 4.18 ^ns
OP	-2068 ± 125,5	-2175 ± 139,3 ^ns	-2389 ± 138,7^***
Stomatal conductance (g_s)	0,3120 ± 0,037	0,2750 ± 0,027^*	0,1730 ± 0,032^***
DW of shoot	13,17 ± 1,62	11,75 ± 1,07 ^ns	10,06 ± 1,23^***
DW of root	11,31 ± 1,64	9,54 ± 1,38^*	7,76 ± 1,18^***
leaf area	8,78 ± 1,28	7,50 ± 0,83^*	6,53 ± 0,93^***
Pb concentration (µg/g)	0	24,62 ± 3,98^***	52,98 ± 6,61^***
*Ns : Non significant at p > 0.05; significant at p < 0.05; significant at p < 0.01; * significant at p < 0.001**

The findings from Table 2 reveal nuanced relationships regarding the impact of Pb concentrations on plant physiology. Specifically, the number of cribro-vascular bundles displays weak dependence on Pb concentration variation (p > 0.05), mirroring the non-influence of metal stress on the spacing between these bundles (p > 0.05). Conversely, Pb stress notably influences the diameter of the metaxylem, particularly evident at 1000 ppm. Moreover, lead exerts a discernible effect on the thickness of epidermal cell outer walls (p < 0.05) at the same concentration level. While relative water content experiences slight shifts under metal stress, the osmotic potential exhibits a marked decrease at 1000 ppm, and stomatal conductance responds to Pb stress (p < 0.05). In particular, plant growth is affected by lead following a significant accumulation of this metal in plant tissue.

2.1 Anatomical parameters

Increasing lead concentration in the culture medium did not significantly impact the number of vessels or the spacing between them, as depicted in Fig. 1a and 1b. However, a notable contrast emerged at 1000 ppm treatment, showcasing a 19.04% reduction in metaxylem diameter alongside a 20.51% rise in epidermal cell outer wall thickness compared to the control, as illustrated in Fig. 1c and 1d. Interestingly, at 500 ppm, no significant alterations were observed in the anatomical parameters of the plant.

2.2 Water status

Plant water status, as indicated by relative leaf water content (RWC), remained largely unchanged despite increased Pb doses, with only a slight reduction of 4.83% and 4.5% observed compared to the control (Fig. 4a). However, the excess presence of Pb had a more pronounced impact on osmotic potential. Plants treated with 1000 ppm experienced a significant 15.52% reduction, while those treated with 500 ppm showed a smaller decrease of 5.17% compared to the control (Fig. 4b).

Additionally, stomatal conductance exhibited a decreasing trend with rising Pb concentrations. At 500 ppm, there was an 11.85% reduction compared to the control, while at 1000 ppm, the reduction was notably more substantial at 44.55% (Fig. 4c).

2.3 Pb concentration and plant growth

Plant growth was notably impacted by lead stress (Fig. 5a,b). At a concentration of 500 ppm, there was a 10.78% decrease in shoot growth, although not statistically significant compared to the control. However, root growth experienced a significant reduction of 15.64% compared to the control. On the other hand, at the 1000 ppm concentration, the growth of the entire plant is inhibited, with root growth decreasing by 31.38% and shoot growth by 23.61%. The leaf area also showed a reduction due to lead exposure (Fig. 5c), with a 14.57% reduction at 500 ppm compared to the control, and a more pronounced reduction of up to 25.62% at 1000 ppm. Furthermore, lead concentration increased significantly in stress-exposed plants compared to the control (Fig. 5d), reaching 24.62 mg/kg at 500 ppm and 52.98 mg/kg at 1000 ppm.

Heavy metals in soil can profoundly influence plant physiology, hydraulics, and anatomy, leading to notable alterations (Pandey et al., 2022; Rajput et al., 2021). In our study, we investigated the impact of different lead concentrations on the physiological and anatomical parameters as well as the growth of Vicia faba.

Heavy metals are transported from the root to the stem via vascular tissues, particularly the xylem, making the vasculature and adjacent tissues prime locations for anatomical changes (Yadav et al., 2021). Our study revealed that Vicia faba plants exhibited sensitivity to elevated Pb levels, particularly evident in the metaxylem diameter, especially at the 1000 ppm dosage.

Numerous studies have highlighted anatomical changes in stem tissue induced by heavy metals. For instance, Alcantarea imperialis plants treated with 100µM Cu showed a decrease in vascular element diameter (Martins et al., 2022), and Atriplex Kochia scoparia exhibited a significant reduction in xylem vessel diameter when exposed to Cu, Pb, and Zn (Gao et al., 2022). Similarly, Cd stress was found to decrease vascular tissue in Trigonella foenum graecum stems Ahmad et al. (2005). These changes in vascular elements, including xylem lignification and alterations in size and transport capacity, are direct consequences of heavy metal exposure (Yadav et al., 2021).

The transport of solutes to photosynthetic organs through stem conducting elements is crucial, and any modifications in these translocating tissues can affect solute supply. Changes in plant water status under heavy metal influence are closely tied to stem anatomy and hydraulic properties (Gao et al., 2022).

Reduced diameter and density of xylem vessels can diminish water conductance in roots and shoots (Sobkowiak, 2016), potentially altering leaf osmotic potential and stomatal conductance (Sarath et al., 2022;Liu et al., 2019). Our results demonstrate that excess Pb reduces osmotic potential involved in leaf osmotic adjustment in Vicia faba, although relative water content (RWC) remained unaffected by stress. These findings align with previous studies indicating that plants can compensate for metal stress effects and maintain their water status (De Silva et al., 2012; Chatterjee and Chatterjee 2000).

Heavy metal exposure typically leads to decreased stomatal conductance, as observed in various plants under Cd, Pb, and As stress (Sun et al., 2015; Stancheva et al., 2014; Kanwal et al., 2020; Vezza et al., 2018). Structural changes in plant tissues due to lead treatment can impede water movement from roots to shoots via the xylem.

The cell wall plays a vital role in plant defense against environmental stress factors (Krzesłowska, 2011). Under Pb stress, we observed thickening of epidermal cell walls following treatment with 1000 ppm Pb.

The cell wall functions as a robust physical barrier and acts as a reservoir for accumulating high concentrations of metals (Jarvis, 2009). Plant cell walls are abundant in compounds like polysaccharides, proteins, and phenolics, which have the capacity to bind divalent and trivalent metal cations effectively. These compounds utilize various functional groups such as -OH, -COOH, and -SH for metal binding purposes (Krzesłowska, 2011; Pelloux et al., 2007). Zn accumulation tends to concentrate in the apoplast, with cell wall thickening associated with lignification and increased levels of cell wall biosynthetic enzymes. This adaptive response of the cell wall to abiotic stress is crucial for plant adaptation (Le Gall et al., 2015; Ali et al., 2023).

Lead accumulation within the plant leads to inhibited bean growth, characterized by reduced dry biomass accumulation, particularly notable at 1000 ppm Pb levels. This observation aligns with prior studies (Chandwani et al., 2023; Bouziani, 2023; Ashraf et al., 2016). In our study, we found a significant correlation (p < 0.001) between Pb accumulation in plant tissues and meta-xylem diameter (r=-0.65) as well as (tWEC) (r = 0.58). Moreover, the relationship between Pb concentration and parameters such as osmotic potential and stomatal conductance exhibited strong correlations (p < 0.001), with respective values of (r=-0.73) and (r=-0.84), while significance (p < 0.05) was noted with relative water content (RWC) (r=-0.39). Notably, highly significant regressions (p < 0.001) were observed between Pb concentration and various plant growth parameters.

Lead stress poses a significant challenge through its impact on xylem conductor diameter variation. Our findings indicate a reduction in these diameters, leading to heightened hydraulic resistance and subsequently reduced stomatal conductance. Conversely, the plant maintains its relative water content by lowering the osmotic potential.

Plants exposed to lead stress exhibit various reactions, including alterations in the thickening of epidermal cell outer walls. Pb toxicity triggers a cascade of interconnected structural and functional changes in Vicia faba plants. The plant's adaptation response is evidenced by the thickening of apoplasmic barriers comprising the outer wall of epidermal cells.

Our study unveiled a substantial accumulation of lead in the plant tissues, showcasing its capacity to absorb and retain this metal amidst stressful conditions. Consequently, this accumulation impacts the growth of Vicia faba.

Overall, these findings provide valuable insights into the anatomical and physiological responses of Vicia faba to lead stress, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms involved in plant-metal interactions and their implications for plant health and environmental sustainability. Further research in this area could delve deeper into the molecular pathways and genetic mechanisms underpinning these responses, contributing to the development of strategies for mitigating heavy metal toxicity in plants and ecosystems.

Author Contribution

Author 1,(SB): Conceptualization, Methodology, Investigation, Writing - , Review & Editingwas involved in conceptualizing the study, designing the methodology, conducting the experiments, and drafting the initial version of the manuscript.Author 2 (EH B): Methodology, Review & Editing, Data Curation, statical Analysis, was involved in designing the methodology (doses of Pb(NO3)2), responsible for the analysis of the statistical data and is involved in the discussion and correlation of the data (r pearson).Author 3 (NE N): Writing - Review & Editingcontributed to reviewing and editing the manuscript.soil analysis and Pb concentrationin plant,

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No competing interests reported.

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Anatomical and physiological changes in Vicia faba L. under Lead stress

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Abstract

Introduction

1. Material and methods

1.1 Plant Material

1.2 Experimental Setup

1.3 Preparation and Planting

1.4 Experimental Treatment

1.5 Anatomical parameters

1.6 Water status

1.7 Growth parameters

1.8 Pb concentration

1.9 Statistical analysis

2. Results

2.1 Anatomical parameters

2.2 Water status

2.3 Pb concentration and plant growth

3. Discussion

Conclusion

Declarations

Author Contribution

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1