Potential Pavement Market Food Waste Applications of Novel and Sustainable Nanomaterials – An Eco-Friendly Approach

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4332097/v1

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Potential Pavement Market Food Waste Applications of Novel and Sustainable Nanomaterials – An Eco-Friendly Approach

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4332097/v1

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Due to unethical methods, market waste (waste of fruits and vegetables) is greatly increasing today. The main challenge with this waste is finding a way to get rid of it without harming the environment. In this study, these wastes can be used to make biofertilizers, which is an alternate and effective usage. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZON) catalyze this breakdown process to shorten the time it takes to occur. Chemical precipitation is used to make ZON, and it may be recognized by its distinctive nanostructural properties. This nanoparticle-infused biofertilizer is being evaluated for its effectiveness in strengthening crops. A study was conducted to evaluate the biofertilizer produced in terms of moisture content, pH, total solids, volatile solids, organic matter, electrical conductivity, nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium content. Lady's finger growth at regular intervals is used to measure the effectiveness of biofertilizer in field trials. Analyses using the SEM method revealed that the typical nanoparticle size ranged between 10 and 30 nm and was erratic. The number of blooming days, vegetable size, weight, and branch height were all taken into account to determine the biofertilizer's efficacy at frequent intervals of 15, 30, 45, and 60 days of growth. ZON was found to produce the highest yield when compared to ZON-free controls. A significant increase in plant yield of 30 to 40% was observed when comparing biofertilizer with ZON to biofertilizer without ZON, chemical fertilizer, and soil.

Nano-Biofertilizer

Fertilizer

Anaerobic process

zinc oxide

Zero – waste management

Fruit and vegetable waste is being increased these days due to more improper food processing practices. This waste creates more circumstances for individual health and also has a bad effect on environmental pollution due to high biodegradability. To minimize this type of issue, convert waste into biofertilizers which helps in improving plant growth by providing nutrients. The current study focuses on the market waste management and production of biofertilizers through an anaerobic degradation process in addition to with and without ZON to inhibit zinc deficiency in plants. However, this type of composting in organic biofertilizer helps to improve soil fertility and it’s provided proper nutrients to the root zone, and acts as a great source for growing and cultivating crops. About 40 percent yield losses have been recorded due to zinc deficiency which would create a major economic impact on farmers. In dry or Mediterranean climates around the world, calcium carbonate-rich soils constitute an important source of agriculture (Alloway et al. 2004). Nanotechnology is the use of nanoparticles for stimulating crop growth and active ingredients are easily delivered to the inner portion of the plant for effective growth of plants. Due to their small size, high surface-to-volume ratio, and special optical, nanomaterials have also found use in the control of farming practices, plant nutrition, and protection. To effectively use nanotechnology in agriculture, it is necessary to overcome these kinds of limitations through precision farming. (Joginder Singh Duhan et al. 2017). ZON is efficient in showing anti-microbial activity and acts with bacteria (Irwan et al. 2011). ZON is used in rubber and cigarette manufacturing, calamine lotion, the ceramic industry, additives in foods, and coating agents for paints. The use of chemical fertilizers, such as ammonium salts, urea, nitrate, and phosphate compounds, which greatly boost food production but destroy beneficial microflora and significantly increase pollution, is discouraged. According to Wilson et al., the carcinogenic elements in nitrogen fertilizers, including nitrosamines, which have an unfavorable buildup of NO₃ and NO₂, are those that are suitable for growth. (Kaplan et al.). A greater number of fertilizers usage leads to environmental problems because of a high number of heavy metals and high concentration of radioactive nature. To eliminate or reduce this type of problem, biofertilizers are the best alternatives for usage. Live beneficial microorganisms such as mycorrhizae, rhizobium, azotobacter, azo spirillum, and blue-green algae, as well as phosphate-solubilizing bacteria like pseudomonas and Bacillus, are present in biofertilizers (Wong et al.2005). A combination of nanotechnology and agriculture is a good approach to current trends in agriculture practices. This biofertilizer with nanoparticles will also have a conservative nature of mineral reserves and reduce water contamination. Numerous researchers investigated the antibacterial activity of ZON to assess bacterial growth using the colony count and culture turbidity to measure the percentage of viable cells (Raghupatti et al. 2011). The biofertilizers can be also referred to as “microbial inoculants”. The production of bacterial biofertilizer requires the selection of suitable and appropriate strains for a particular crop in a given agro-climate. This sort of biofertilizer is employed in the live formulation of microorganisms that, when applied to seeds, roots, or soil, increase the availability of nutrients, primarily through their biological activity, and also aid in restoring the soil's lost microflora (Ansari et al. 2007). Nitrogen-fixing bacteria and phosphate solubilizers are the main biofertilizers for horticultural crops. Thus, they can solubilize P at a rate of 30–50 kg/ha/year and fix atmospheric nitrogen at a rate of 20–200 kg/ha/year (Hazarika et al. 2007). Alternatively, biofertilizers are more environmentally benign than chemical fertilizers since they are powered by sustainable energy sources. Studies on environmental science show that biofertilizers could help reduce the negative impact of global warming (Oladejo et al. 2015). Taking into account the aforementioned information, we can predict that the usage of biofertilizers will have a good impact on soil fertility and improve crop output without endangering the environment, water, or soil.

Synthesis of ZON

Sodium hydroxide and zinc nitrate were used as precursors in the chemical precipitation process to create ZON. This analysis includes the use of 0.1 M aqueous solution of zinc nitrate stirred constantly with a magnetic stirrer for complete dissolution for 1hr and 0.8 M aqueous solution of NaOH prepared by stirring for 1 hr. Following dissolving, 0.8 M NaOH was gradually added while zinc nitrate was stirred for 45 minutes. The reaction is done for 2 hours after sodium hydroxide is added. For 4 hours, the condition of the beaker remains unchanged. The solution is allowed to settle over the night before the supernatant is removed. To eliminate byproducts linked to nanoparticles, the remaining solution is cleaned three times with deionized water and ethanol before being dried in the environment at 60 degrees. ZONH transforms into ZON throughout the drying process. The nanostructural characteristics of the prepared ZON are distinctive.

CHARACTERIZATION OF ZON

UV VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY

The attenuation of a light beam as it passes through a sample or after it has been reflected from a sample surface is measured by ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy. A single wavelength can be used to measure absorption. UV-visible spectroscopy characterizes the optical absorption properties of ZON. The diluted sample was analyzed at a wavelength range of 360 to 380 nm. The maximum absorbance peak confirmed the presence of ZON in the solution.

FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR)

Molecules absorb light in the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum, as demonstrated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A molecule's bonds are reflected in this absorption. Wave numbers, typically between 400 and 400 cm-1, are used to assess the frequency range. Due to the variety of functional groups, side chains, and cross-linkers possessing recognizable infrared vibration frequencies, FTIR can distinguish between organic molecular groups and compounds. FTIR measurements identify possible molecules for capping and efficient stabilization of nanoparticles.

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (SEM)

A focused stream of electrons is used in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to scan surfaces to create images. Electrons' interactions with atoms result in signals that reveal the sample's surface topography and chemical makeup.

EDAX

The qualitative and quantitative X-ray microanalytical method known as energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS or EDX) offers data on chemical composition with a z number. As a result, the EDAX X-ray examination ascertains the elemental content of nanoparticles.

XRD

In addition to revealing the dimensions of unit cells, X-ray diffraction is a quick analytical technique that is generally used to determine the phase of crystalline materials. Characterization of grain size and crystal structure is done.

TEM

High-energy electrons (300KV) that accelerate to almost the speed of light are used in transmission electron microscopy. The scattering of electrons occurs when an electron beam passes through a thin slice specimen of material. The ZON could be used to determine these scattered electrons.

NON-INHIBITORY ACTIVITY OF NANOPARTICLES ON BACTERIAL CONSORTIUM

To check the non-inhibitory activity of ZON well diffusion methods were used. Nutrient agar plates and swabs required are prepared with isolated gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria from soil separately using sterile cotton swabs. Four wells were created with gel puncture and ZON added in concentrations (10µl, 20µl, 30µl and 40µl). The plates are incubated at room temperature for some time of 24 hrs.

SAMPLE COLLECTION

The market fruit and vegetable waste were collected from Chengalpattu Taluk, Tamil Nadu, India. It contains a mixed proportion of all types of fruit and vegetable waste. The sample was collected whenever it was required.

PRODUCTION OF BIOFERTILIZER

Anaerobic digestion is the process of breakdown of bio-degradable materials by microbial action in the absence of oxygen. The ZON was used for this process to decrease the biodegradation time. The following steps are involved in this process.

Hydrolysis

External enzyme action breaks down complex organic forms into soluble forms

Acidogenesis

Volatile fatty acids like acetic acid, propionic acid, and others are produced by bacterial activity.

Methanogenesis

This process involves the utilization of products and converting them to methane.

Anaerobic digestion:

480 g of fruit and vegetable waste (mainly contains cabbage, carrot, pumpkin, banana, and pomegranate), 100g of cow dung and 20 g saw dust measured separately on a weighing balance using a petri dish. Three different concentrations are prepared. Market waste filled up to 1200 ml under anaerobic conditions for the production of biofertilizer.

PRODUCTION OF BIOFERTILIZER

Fruit and vegetable waste, cow dung, and sawdust were taken in a ratio of 20:4:1 ground and homogenized and ZON was added. Additional market garbage and twice as much water were added to control the circumstances. The anaerobic digestion was carried out for 21 days and was filtered and dried out.

ANALYSIS OF BIOFERTILIZER

Estimation of Moisture

To do constant weighing, 5g of waste was placed in a petri dish and heated in the oven for 5 hours at 65°C. Moisture content was calculated as a percentage of moisture loss.

Estimation of pH

The market waste was combined with 10 ml of distilled water and maintained in a rotating shaker for 2 hours. Under a hover, a funnel was used to collect the filtrate through Whatman filter paper. The pH of the filtrate is then measured using a pH meter

Estimation of Bulk Density

With the source added up to 10 ml in volume, the 100 ml measuring cylinder's weight (W1) was obtained, and the source's weight (W2) was added along with it. Note the compact volume (V2) after 2 minutes of tapping the cylinder.

Bulk density = W₂-W₁/V₂-V₁

Estimation of Total Solids

To get a constant weight, 1 gram of the market waste was heated at 100 C. The total solids present in the source were represented by the weight that was obtained.

Estimation of Volatile Solids

To get a constant weight, 1 gram of the market waste was heated at 100 C. The total solids present in the source were represented by the weight that was obtained.

Estimation of Organic Matter

A sample of 20 grams of the produced biofertilizer was obtained, dried for 6 hours at 105°C in an oven, ignited for 6 to 8 hours in a muffle furnace at 650 to 700°C, and cooled to room temperature.

Estimation of Electrical Conductivity

In a ratio of 1:5, 100 ml of distilled water and 20 grams of compost biofertilizer were combined. At regular intervals, stirring was done for approximately one hour. Use a 0.01 potassium chloride solution to calibrate the conductivity meter. A conductivity meter was used to determine conductivity.

Estimation of Phosphate

A pre-treated sample weighing 1 gm was obtained, and 200 ml of the sample's diluted. P2O5 was dissolved in 30 ml of citric molybdic acid reagent and gently heated for three minutes after being diluted from 25 mg to 100 mg in a conical flask. After the treatment, it was cooled to room temperature and whirled three to four times. It had previously been dried at 250 C for 30 minutes and cooled. To determine the potassium weight, subtract the blank weight and multiply by 0.03207.

ESTIMATION OF POTASSIUM

A muffle furnace was used to turn 5gm of the sample into ash between 650 and 700°C, after which it was cooled, dissolved in 5 ml of strong hydrochloric acid, rinsed in distilled water, and made into 100 ml, which was then filtered and subjected to flame photometer analysis.

Potassium percentage = R×20×diluting factor Where R- ppm of K in the sample solution

FIELD TRIALS

The efficacy of the produced biofertilizer was checked using Abelmoschus esculentus (ladyfingers) growth. The land was prepared for the sowing of lady’s finger seeds. Before sowing the seeds, the seeds were soaked in ethanol for 5 minutes, and then the seeds were washed with sterilized distilled water for three times. Then immediately after washing the seeds, they were sowed. Then the fields were watered once in two days. The flowering, vegetable size and weight, and height of the shoot are checked at periodic intervals of 15, 30, and 45, 60 days.

Synthesis of ZON

The oxidation of 6 grams of ZON into 14.572 grams of zinc nitrate. Figure 1 shows that the chemical precipitation method produced 41.17% of ZON. The color and texture of the substance are both white. Bharathi et al. 2022 have already reported the same.

Characterization of ZON

UV Analysis of ZON

To observe spectrum analysis of ZON development under various reaction conditions, a UV-visible spectrophotometer was used. As seen in Fig. 2, the largest absorbance peak, which was obtained at 360 ± 5 nm, verified the presence of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZON) in the solution. This finding is also displayed in Fig. 8, which shows the same phenomenon (Kavitha et al. 2017.) According to Brintha et al. (2015), the UV-Vis spectra's strongest peak at 300 nm confirmed the formation of synthesized ZON. According to Jafar Ahamed et al. (2016), the peak value for ZON produced utilizing an aqueous solution approach was somewhere between 300 and 328 nm for sol-gel and 328 nm for hydrothermal methods. UV-Vis spectra of the ZON under investigation's redshift absorption at 370 nm were supported.

Sem analysis of ZON

Visualizing the size and shape of ZON required the use of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) approach. According to the SEM examination, illustrated in Fig. 3 the average size of ZON was illustrated in Fig. 3, and the average size of zinc oxide nanoparticles was estimated to be between 10 and 30 nm. 2014's (Subhankar Paul et al.) ZON were found to be spherical with considerable clustering during SEM analysis. (Sonia et al. 2016) reported that agglomeration had occurred and the particle size was uneven in a ZON sample after SEM inspection. According to (Kavitha et al. 2017), ZON has a hexagonal shape in their SEM data.

FTIR analysis

To pinpoint the potential biomolecules that could be decreasing the chemically precipitated ZON, FTIR spectroscopy observations were examined. The absorption at 3578.76 cm-1 in the IR spectrum indicates the O-H stretching vibration in ZON hydroxyl functional groups. According to C-H stretching vibrations, the absorbance peak at 2765.32 cm-1. N = C = S aromatic combination bands are what cause the peak at 2093.63 cm-1. Figure 4 shows the absorbance peak at 3501.13 cm-1 for aliphatic N-N stretching and 3408.02 cm-1 for N-N aromatic primary amine (Dhamodaran et al. 2016). Bands between 600 and 400 cm-1 that might be attributed to metallic nanoparticles and which confirm the creation of ZON at 466.77 cm-1 can be observed. A different source claims that the signal at 1656.36 cm-1 is caused by the aromatic molecule's -C = C stretching. (Fig. 4).

Edax analysis

The elemental composition of the synthesized ZON was determined using the EDAX analysis. By using the co-precipitation process, the EDX spectrum of ZON was developed. Strong peaks that were seen in the spectrum were associated with oxygen and zinc. It was observed that 80.23 weight percent of zinc and 19.77 weight percent of oxygen composed the elemental composition of ZON with two major peaks. The synthesized ZON, as seen in Fig. 5, exhibits an atomic proportion of 49.83 zinc and 50.17 oxygen (Fig. 5). Brindha et al (2015) reported that the same, and aqueous solution approach was used to prepare the EDX spectra of ZON. It was 40.90 percent zinc and 59.10 percent oxygen by atomic weight, and it was 73.87 percent zinc and 26.13 percent oxygen by weight.

XRD analysis

ZON was made using the co-precipitation process, as seen in their XRD pattern. As indicated in Fig. 6, the peaks were determined to originate from the (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (200), and (112) planes. (Brindha et al. 2015) stated that the XRD spectrum of zinc oxide nanoparticles was the same as discovered to originate from (100), (002), (101), (102), (110), (103), and (112) planes. According to an analysis by Subhankar Paul et al. 2014, the peaks of ZON in the XRD pattern were hexagonal and also in a crystallographic phase that was thermodynamically stable. The estimated average particle size was 42 nm.

Tem analysis

The TEM results demonstrate that the produced ZON was highly spherical, with an average size in the range of 20 nm, as shown in Fig. 7. (Vijaya Kumar et al. 2016). The TEM picture of a ZON that was studied is spherical in shape and ranges in size from 35 to 40 nm. Narendhran et al. (2016) reported that ZON was synthesised with average particle sizes of 12 nm and 18 nm.

ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLE ACTIVITY ON SOIL BACTERIAL CONSORTIUM: NON-INHIBITORY ACTIVITY

The bacterial consortia that were isolated from a soil sample and classified as gram-positive and gram-negative showed no negative response to the ZON that developed. Figures 14, 15, and 16 illustrate bacterial growth in the gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria cultured on zinc oxide nanoparticle-containing plates when compared to the control. The activity and effectiveness of the microorganisms that are naturally present in the soil are unaffected or uninhibited by the synthesized ZON (Fig. 8)

BIOFERTILIZER APPEARANCE

The developed biofertilizer underwent anaerobic degradation both with and without ZON-NPs. As depicted in Fig. 9 the market waste's bulk particles were reduced to smaller particles. There are no discernible differences in color between catalyst-mediated biofertilizers and no biofertilizers. Both are a glossy brown hue. In both instances, there was no detectable odor. A catalyst resulted in a yield percentage of 16.0%, while one without one was 14.5% (Table 1). Table 2 provides a list of the physical parameters that were examined for soil, market waste, and synthesized biofertilizer. The table provided a list of the physical parameters that were examined for soil, market waste, and synthesized biofertilizer. To compare synthesized biofertilizers made with a catalyst with commercially available fertilizers and biofertilizers produced by a free catalyst, the micronutrients were examined (Table 3). The created biofertilizer has measurable nutrient values, according to the nutrient analysis result. The N, P, and K content of biofertilizer generated using a catalyst is 95.18%, 44.65%, and 178.30%, respectively. Compared to chemical fertilizers and catalyst-free fertilizers, which are listed in the table, it was significantly higher.

Table 1

Characteristics of biofertilizer
Characteristics	Biofertilizer with ZON	Biofertilizer without ZON
Color	Glassy Brown	Glassy Brown
Odor	No odor	No odor
Yield %	16	14.5

Table 2

Physical analysis of biofertilizer
Test	Soil	Substrate	Biofertilizer with ZON	Biofertilizer without ZON
pH	7.5	7	5.7	5.6
Moisture, gm	5	0.6	1	2
Bulk Density, ml	3	3	4	5
Volatile Solids, gm	0.4	0.16	0.5	0.16
Total Solids, gm	0.96	0.81	0.95	0.85

Table 3

Micronutrient analysis of biofertilizer
Particulars	Biofertilize r ZON (kg/acre)	Biofertilizer without ZON (kg/acre)	Chemical fertilizer
EC	0.28	0.64	-
SOIL	40.4	1.15	52.41
N	95.18	31.07	17
P	44.65	15.15	17
K	178.30	114.3	17
Organic matter	1.0	0.98	-

Seed germination test

A seed germination test was performed on the developed nanoparticle-containing biofertilizer. As shown in Fig. 10, the sown seeds were raised in the fertilizer, demonstrating that the biofertilizer produced has no adverse effects on the growth of seedlings.

Field Trials

Field studies were conducted to assess the performance of synthesized biofertilizers. Four sets are trailing in this.

1. Normal soil was taken as the control

2. Chemical fertilizer

3. Catalyst-free biofertilizer

4. Biofertilizer that incorporates ZON

The aforementioned studies are carried out using Ladyfinger seeds. There were three samplings in every set. With the help of the aforementioned experiments, the various parameters were examined for three samplings. For up to 60 days, the 7 observations were kept up. Using biofertilizers with ZON incorporation, the plant's height rose to 25 cm on the fifteenth day of observation (Table 4). This represents an improvement of 17% over typical soil and a 10% improvement over chemical fertilizers. On the 60th day of observation, a minimum height of 24 ± 1 cm was achieved with Nano biofertilizer, which is 2 ± 1 less than without fertilizer, compared to a difference of about 12 cm obtained with chemical fertilizer and 50% different with regular soil, which was kept as the control. With nano biofertilizer, the first flowering day occurred on 27 + 1 day, but without it, it occurred on 25 + 1 day. 28 ± 2 for the chemical biofertilizer and 33 ± 1 for the control. On the 60th day of observation, there were a maximum of 10 ± 1 flowers with nano fertilizer, 7 ± 1 without nano biofertilizer, 7 ± 1 with chemical fertilizer, and 5 ± 1 with regular soil. In terms of the number of vegetables harvested on the 60th day of observation, there were 10 + 1 numbers with the nano-bio fertilizer, 7 ± 1 numbers without the nano-bio fertilizer, 8 ± 1 numbers with the chemical fertilizer, and 5 ± 1 numbers with the control. The fascinating thing is that weight increases with nano bio fertilizer almost as much as it does with all other fertilizers—at least by 2 grams (Fig. 11 )

Table 4

Results of Field Trials
PARAMETERS	CONTROL			CHEMICAL FERTILIZER			BIOFERTILIZ ER WITHOUT ZON			BIOFERTILIZ ER WITH ZON
PARAMETERS	P1	P2	P3	P4	P5	P6	P7	P8	P9	P10	P11	P12
Height of the plant at days 15 (cm)	8	10	10	13	13	15	18	20	20	24	26	25
Height of the plant at days 30 (cm)	12	16	16	20	21	23	26	28	27	32	32	34
Height of the plant at days 45 (cm)	14	17	18	23	24	27	29	31	31	35	35	37
Height of the plant at days 60 (cm)	28	32	34	39	36	41	44	47	47	51	52	50
First flowering days	33	33	33	28	30	30	27	27	27	27	27	28
Total number of flowering	6	6	5	8	7	7	8	9	7	10	9	9
Number of vegetables in plant	6	6	5	8	7	7	8	9	7	10	9	9
Weight of the lady’s Finger (gm)	18	15	16	20	22	16	26	25	26	28	25	22

Finally, a variety of assays, including UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, SEM-EDAX, SEM, and TEM, were used to confirm the synthesized ZON. The digestion of acquired waste was accomplished using ZON as a nanocatalyst. Results showed that the ZON shortens the time required for degradation by promoting microbial growth and enhances the growth of the ladyfinger (Abelmoschus esculentus) plant. The yield from the fertilizer containing nanoparticles is 88.15%, which is 43.06% more than the yield from the chemical fertilizer. The microbial stimulating and catalytic properties of the nanoparticle utilized in waste management enhance plant development.

In ladyfinger cultivation, a high yield was attained from the chemical fertilizer in most of the fields compared with biofertilizer-used fields. The chemical fertilizer contains more synthetic growth nutrients in the form of salts. It is easily soluble and easy to uptake by the plants and it also increases the water uptake of the plants due to these reasons chemical fertilizers give more yield. But the chemical fertilizers mostly contain chemical salts that kill naturally presented earthworms and in over-concentration completely pollute the cultivation land and create damage to the ecosystem

The above work concluded that the ZON was very effective in reducing the time of anaerobic degradation by speeding up the reaction and stimulating the growth of microorganisms. This catalytic property of the nanoparticle helps in the degradation of waste in the future and the degraded waste is used as an efficient biofertilizer.

Ethical Approval: Not applicable.

Consent to Participate: Not applicable.

Consent to Publish: All authors agree to the publishing of the paper.

Authors Contributions:

Bharathi. P: Methodology, Project Administration, investigation, writing-original draft. Dayana. R Methodology, Study Design, supervision, and validation.

V. Karthikeyan: Characterization and validation, Formal analysis, and Editing-draft.

Funding: Not applicable.

Competing Interests: Not Applicable.

Availability of data and materials: Will be provided based on request to the corresponding author

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No competing interests reported.

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Potential Pavement Market Food Waste Applications of Novel and Sustainable Nanomaterials – An Eco-Friendly Approach

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