Phytochemical constituents of EcASBE
Phytochemical screening of EcASBE was carried out to determine the presence or absence of secondary metabolites in the extract. The extract contained phytoconstituents including alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins (Table 2). Alkaloids (194.17 ± 3.97) and flavonoids (111.12 ± 1.06) were found to be the most abundant phytoconstituents in the extract.
Acute oral toxicity of EcASBE
The acute oral toxicity of the extract was carried out so as to define the safety limit and select suitable doses for further experiments in mice. Following the acute oral toxicity test, no death was recorded within the first 24 h and the observation period of 14 days. Furthermore, a thorough physical and behavioral examination of the experimental animals revealed no obvious symptoms of acute toxicity induced by the extract. The animals showed no outward symptoms of abnormalities such as posture, movement, salivation, loss of appetite, tremors, diarrhoea, depression, and lacrymation. The findings indicate that the LD50 of the extract is greater than 5000 mg/kg. Hence, the doses of 125 (1/40th of the LD50), 250 (1/20th of the LD50), and 500 (1/10th of the LD50) mg/kg bw extract were selected and used for the antimalarial testing.
Table 2
Phytochemical constituents of EcASBE
S/n | Qualitative phytochemical screening | Detected | Quantitative phytochemical screening | Value (mg/100g) |
---|
1. | Alkaloids | + | Alkaloids | 194.17 ± 3.97 |
2. | Flavonoids | + | Flavonoids | 111.12 ± 1.06 |
3. | Glycosides | + | Glycosides | 0.23 ± 0.01 |
4. | Coumarin | + | Coumarin | 0.18 ± 0.02 |
5. | Saponin | + | Saponin | 0.06 ± 0.00 |
6. | Terpenoids | + | Terpenoids | 0.03 ± 0.01 |
7. | Tanin | - | | |
8. | Phenolics | - | | |
9. | Steroids | - | | |
10. | Triterpene | - | | |
11. | Anthocyanin | - | | |
12. | Phlobatannins | - | | |
+ Detected; - Not detected |
Effects of EcASBE on body weights, rectal temperatures and PCV of mice
In the Rane’s curative test, treatment of P. berghei-infected mice with EcASBE exerted significant (p < 0.05) effect on body weights and rectal temperatures of the treated mice in comparison with that of the untreated group on D7 (Table 3). Also, the extract exerted significant (p < 0.05) effect on the PCV of the treated mice in comparison with the untreated group on D4 and D7 (Table 3). These data indicate that therapeutic intervention with the plant can avert weight loss, improve body temperature and PCV in malaria-infected mouse model.
In the prophylactic test, administering EcASBE to P. berghei-infected mice had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on their body weights on D7 and D9, as well as on their rectal temperatures and PCV on D9, relative to the untreated group (Table 4). The extract exerted significant (p < 0.05) effect on the PCV of the treated mice in comparison with the untreated group on D9. These data suggest that prophylactic treatment with the plant can prevent weight loss, temperature fluctuations and PCV reduction in infected animals.
In the suppressive test, following treatment of P. berghei-infected mice with EcASBE, a significant (p < 0.05) effect on body weights, rectal temperatures and PCV of the treated mice was recorded when compared with untreated group on D6 (Table 5). These results indicate the plant can significantly suppress weight loss, temperature fluctuations and PCV reduction in infected animals at higher doses.
Antimalarial activity of EcASBE in P. berghei-infected mice
We investigated the Rane’s curative effect of EcASBE on established malaria in vivo. Administration of the extract significantly (p < 0.05) reduced parasitaemia level dose-dependently, in comparison with the untreated group (Fig. 1a). Parasitaemia in the extract–treated groups measured at D7 was lower than parasitaemia measured on previous days, showing that continued treatment with the extract caused a reduction of parasitaemia from the peak measured at D4. The analysis of the inhibition activity of the extract showed that the extract exhibited the highest curative effect at dose 500 mg/kg bw on D7 with a parasitaemia inhibition effect of 80.4%, but lower than that of the standard drug chloroquine (100%) (Fig. 1b). The mean survival time (MST) analysis revealed an improvement in the survival of animals treated with 500 mg/kg bw EcASBE (MST = 20 days) when compared with the untreated animals (MST = 11 days) (Fig. 1c). These results strongly support that therapeutic intervention with the extract can significantly reduce and inhibit parasitaemia, as well as prolong the survival of infected animals in an established murine Plasmodium spp. infection.
Table 3
Effects of EcASBE on body weights, rectal temperatures and PCV of P. bergheiinfected mice in the curative test
Group | Weight (g) | Temperature (℃) | PCV (%) |
---|
D0 | D4 | D7 | D0 | D4 | D7 | D0 | D4 | D7 |
---|
Normal control | 20.71 ± 0.57a | 21.57 ± 0.92a | 23.00 ± 0.69b | 36.27 ± 0.18a | 36.27 ± 0.05a | 35.71 ± 0.11a | 50.09 ± 0.55a | 49.86 ± 0.35b | 49.47 ± 0.59b |
Untreated | 19.86 ± 0.67a | 19.29 ± 0.57a | 17.00 ± 0.44a | 36.46 ± 0.40a | 36.80 ± 0.25a | 37.46 ± 0.11b | 49.96 ± 0.21a | 46.74 ± 0.44a | 42.84 ± 0.50a |
Standard drug (CQ) | 20.14 ± 0.80a | 21.14 ± 0.91a | 21.71 ± 1.02b | 35.84 ± 0.23a | 36.34 ± 0.11a | 36.33 ± 0.12a | 55.11 ± 0.83c | 55.04 ± 0.23e | 53.33 ± 0.68c |
125 mg/kg bw EcASBE | 20.43 ± 0.90a | 22.29 ± 1.08a | 23.43 ± 1.34b | 36.09 ± 0.32a | 36.59 ± 0.16a | 35.86 ± 0.24a | 53.77 ± 0.89bc | 53.35 ± 0.41de | 52.98 ± 0.65c |
250 mg/kg bw EcASBE | 20.57 ± 0.97a | 20.00 ± 1.45a | 21.00 ± 1.09b | 36.34 ± 0.28a | 36.71 ± 0.16a | 35.64 ± 0.21a | 52.03 ± 0.88ab | 51.65 ± 0.58c | 49.80 ± 0.67b |
500 mg/kg bw EcASBE | 20.57 ± 0.61a | 20.71 ± 0.81a | 22.00 ± 0.53b | 36.07 ± 0.35a | 36.67 ± 0.15a | 36.17 ± 0.18a | 53.34 ± 0.64bc | 52.81 ± 0.27cd | 49.02 ± 0.24b |
Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5). Values with different superscript letters along a column for a given parameter are significantly different (p < 0.05) from each other
Table 4
Effects of EcASBE on body weights, rectal temperatures and PCV of P. bergheiinfected mice in the prophylactic test
Group | Weight (g) | Temperature (℃) | PCV |
---|
D0 | D4 | D7 | D9 | D0 | D4 | D7 | D9 | D0 | D4 | D7 | D9 |
---|
Normal control | 20.29 ± 0.61a | 22.71 ± 0.75bc | 23.43 ± 0.37c | 24.71 ± 0.81b | 36.06 ± 0.30a | 35.64 ± 0.16b | 36.03 ± 0.06a | 35.96 ± 0.15ab | 48.25 ± 0.77a | 49.71 ± 0.89a | 50.31 ± 0.10ab | 51.37 ± 0.41bc |
Untreated | 20.14 ± 0.99a | 20.00 ± 0.72ab | 19.43 ± 0.48a | 17.71 ± 0.47a | 35.53 ± 0.18a | 35.50 ± 0.14ab | 36.17 ± 0.22a | 37.50 ± 0.11c | 52.69 ± 0.29b | 52.18 ± 0.18bc | 49.87 ± 0.28a | 47.72 ± 0.80a |
Standard drug (CQ) | 20.70 ± 1.08a | 24.14 ± 0.46c | 24.14 ± 0.70c | 24.86 ± 1.30b | 35.40 ± 0.15a | 35.57 ± 0.11ab | 36.23 ± 0.28a | 36.49 ± 0.20b | 51.66 ± 0.46b | 51.37 ± 0.09b | 51.90 ± 0.20bc | 50.07 ± 0.80ab |
125 mg/kg bw EcASBE | 20.86 ± 0.88a | 23.71 ± 0.68c | 24.14 ± 0.59bc | 25.14 ± 0.74b | 35.96 ± 0.27a | 35.30 ± 0.14ab | 36.01 ± 0.23a | 36.00 ± 0.19ab | 51.10 ± 0.38ab | 51.57 ± 0.23bc | 52.61 ± 0.52c | 54.70 ± 0.89d |
250 mg/kg bw EcASBE | 20.14 ± 0.80a | 22.14 ± 0.59abc | 22.43 ± 0.78c | 23.71 ± 0.81b | 35.39 ± 0.17a | 35.04 ± 0.07a | 36.50 ± 0.09a | 35.64 ± 0.21a | 52.44 ± 1.00b | 52.54 ± 0.11c | 52.38 ± 0.46c | 51.38 ± 0.62bc |
500 mg/kg bw EcASBE | 20.29 ± 0.89a | 19.86 ± 0.67a | 20.57 ± 0.78ab | 22.57 ± 0.87b | 35.83 ± 0.12a | 35.34 ± 0.14ab | 36.19 ± 0.18a | 36.11 ± 0.16ab | 52.11 ± 0.56b | 52.11 ± 0.96bc | 52.69 ± 0.58c | 53.85 ± 0.48cd |
Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5). Values with different superscript letters along a column for a given parameter are significantly different (p < 0.05) from each other
Table 5
Effects of EcASBE on body weights, rectal temperatures and PCV of P. bergheiinfected mice in the suppressive test
Group | Weight (g) | Temperature (℃) | PCV |
---|
D0 | D4 | D6 | D0 | D4 | D6 | D0 | D4 | D6 |
---|
Normal control | 19.29 ± 0.61a | 20.86 ± 0.40a | 22.14 ± 0.70b | 35.63 ± 0.18a | 36.37 ± 0.07ab | 36.33 ± 0.05a | 51.87 ± 0.82ab | 51.46 ± 0.31b | 50.87 ± 0.63d |
Untreated | 20.00 ± 0.69a | 19.00 ± 0.58a | 17.86 ± 0.40a | 36.3 ± 0.16a | 35.80 ± 0.24ab | 36.90 ± 0.13b | 49.76 ± 0.40a | 47.25 ± 0.16a | 44.58 ± 0.31a |
Standard drug (CQ) | 20.14 ± 1.01a | 20.86 ± 1.01a | 23.00 ± 1.50b | 35.8 ± 0.10ab | 35.66 ± 0.11a | 36.09 ± 0.10a | 51.36 ± 0.48ab | 51.02 ± 0.43b | 49.85 ± 0.99cd |
125 mg/kg bw EcASBE | 20.00 ± 0.58a | 19.29 ± 0.87a | 20.14 ± 1.16ab | 35.89 ± 0.14ab | 36.57 ± 0.34b | 36.24 ± 0.09a | 52.96 ± 0.66b | 51.30 ± 0.12b | 47.71 ± 0.62bc |
250 mg/kg bw EcASBE | 20.29 ± 0.81a | 20.57 ± 1.09a | 22.14 ± 1.24b | 36.10 ± 0.13ab | 35.66 ± 0.21a | 36.39 ± 0.09a | 53.80 ± 0.94b | 52.42 ± 0.44b | 45.87 ± 0.44ab |
500 mg/kg bw EcASBE | 19.98 ± 0.30a | 19.57 ± 0.78a | 21.29 ± 0.52ab | 35.56 ± 0.15b | 35.87 ± 0.18ab | 36.31 ± 0.10a | 52.48 ± 0.60ab | 52.00 ± 0.30b | 50.68 ± 0.39d |
Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5). Values with different superscript letters along a column for a given parameter are significantly different (p < 0.05) from each other
We tested the prophylactic effect of EcASBE on the animals. Following pretreatment of infected mice with the extract, the level of parasitaemia reduced significantly (p < 0.05) dose-dependently, in contrast to the untreated group (Fig. 2a). As shown in Fig. 2b, the extract exerted the highest prophylactic potential and the highest inhibition effect (71.4%) at the highest dose 500 mg/kg bw on D9, but lower than that of the standard drug chloroquine (100%). The administration of EcASBE dose-dependently increased the survival of infected animals, with 500 mg/kg bw EcASBE improving survival of infected animals (MST = 17 days) as against (MST = 11 days) recorded for untreated animals (Fig. 2c). Together, the data demonstrate the preventive effect and potential of EcASBE to improve survival in experimental animals.
Finally, we evaluated the suppressive effect of EcASBE on the experimental animals. The 4-day suppressive test is meant to assess the antimalarial efficacy of the extract during the initial stages of infection [62]. Evaluation of the suppressive activity of the extract revealed that the extract caused a reduction in parasitaemia dose-dependently in treated mice, with the highest parasitaemia reduction recorded at 500 mg/kg bw on D6 (Fig. 3a). The observed reduction was statistically significant (p < 0.05) in comparison with the untreated group. The extract exerted parasitaemia inhibition effect of 71% at the highest dose 500 mg/kg bw, but lower than 94.3% recorded for the standard drug chloroquine (Fig. 3b). The administration of the extract caused a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the MST of infected animals in a dose-dependent manner (Fig. 3c). The MST of extract-treated animals (MST = 14 days) recorded at 500 mg/kg bw EcASBE significantly (p < 0.05) differs from (MST = 9 days) of the untreated animals. Altogether, these results suggest that the extract acts to suppress the onset of P. berghei-induced malaria in the animals and improves their survival.
Effects of EcASBE on P. berghei-infected host biochemical alterations
Effects of EcASBE on serum liver enzymatic activities, and serum bilirubin and albumin levels in P. berghei-infected mice
We conducted experiments to investigate the ability of EcASBE to mitigate liver dysfunction induced by P. berghei infection in the liver of the animals. The effect of the extract on the expression of serum liver enzymes ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT in P. berghei- infected mice is presented in Fig. 4a–d. The expressions of ALT, AST, ALP, and GGT were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in untreated mice. Following treatment with the extract, there was a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the expressions of these enzymes in the infected mice to levels that are identical to the normal control group, especially as concentration increase. These data show that the extract can significantly avert biochemical alterations induced by P. berghei infection in the activities of liver enzymes in the animal model.
We also measured the levels of serum albumin and direct bilirubin to evaluate the effect of the extract on P. berghei-induced liver dysfunction and the results are presented in Fig. 5. There was an increase in the level of serum direct bilirubin in the untreated mice (Fig. 5a) which was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced upon treatment with the extract dose-dependently to a level that is similar to the normal control group. However, comparing the levels of albumin in the treatment groups (125 and 250 mg/kg bw, respectively) and the untreated group, there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference (Fig. 5b). These results further validate the ability of the extract to avert biochemical alterations by mitigating liver dysfunction.
Effects of EcASBE on serum kidney indices in P. berghei-infected mice
We investigated the effect of on parasite-induced kidney dysfunction by measuring the levels of serum urea and creatinine in P. berghei-infected mice. We observed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the levels of these kidney indices in the untreated mice as depicted in Fig. 6a and b, an outcome which was reversed significantly (p < 0.05) upon treatment with the extract in a dose-dependent manner to near normal. These data reflect the potential of the extract to enhance renal function in Plasmodium infection.
Effects of EcASBE on the lipid profile and inflammation in P. berghei-infected mice
In a dose-dependent experiment, we evaluated the effect of EcASBE on lipid profile and inflammation following P. berghei infection in vivo. As presented in Fig. 7a-d, there was an elevation in the levels of LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and a decrease in the level of HDL cholesterol in the untreated group. Administration of the extract caused a significant (p < 0.05) improvement of these parameters dose-dependently to levels that are comparable to the normal control. In a similar vein, the level of TNF-α, a proinflammation marker increased in untreated mice (Fig. 7e). Upon administration of the extract, TNF-α expression was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced to a level similar to the normal control group. Taken together, these data strongly suggest that the extract has antidyslipidemic properties and can attenuate inflammatory responses by lowering the expression of proinflammatory cytokine, which is a key factor in pathogenesis of malaria in mouse model.
Effects of EcASBE on redox balance and protein level in tissues of P. berghei-infected mice
Malaria induces oxidative stress in the host. Hence, we investigated the antioxidative effect of EcASBE in the liver and kidney of infected mice. In this study, oxidative stress was induced in the liver (Fig. 8a-e) and kidney (Fig. 9a-e) of P. berghei-infected mice. This caused a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in the levels of CAT, SOD, GPx, and GSH, with a concomitant elevation of NO level, in the untreated group. Following treatment with the extract, the levels of the antioxidants significantly (p < 0.05) improved in a dose-dependent manner to levels similar to those of the normal control group.
To further investigate the ability of the extract to improve redox balance, we evaluated the level of lipid peroxidation and protein level in the in the tissues of P. berghei-infected mice. Our results show a significant (p < 0.05) elevation in MDA level, a biomarker of lipid peroxidation, in the liver and kidney of the untreated group (Fig. 10a and 11a), which is connotative of an increased oxidative stress in the animals in this group. Treatment with EcASBE significantly (p < 0.05) depleted MDA level dose-dependently to levels similar to the normal control group. In addition, an elevation in the protein level was significantly (p < 0.05) reversed on treatment with EcASBE especially at 125 and 250 mg/kg bw EcASBE, respectively, comparable to the normal control group (Fig. 10b and 11b). But, at the highest dose of EcASBE (500 mg/kg bw), there was no significant (p < 0.05) effect on the protein level. Altogether, these data suggest the antioxidative and antiperoxidative effect of the extract, as well as its ability to maintain protein level in murine model, triggering an enhanced resolution of malaria in the animals.
Effects of EcASBE on haematological parameters in P. berghei-infected mice
Various manifestations of malaria are associated with the asexual blood stage of Plasmodium life cycle and the subsequent destruction of the RBC. Generally, Plasmodium infection causes haematological alterations in the host [63]. Hence, we directly evaluated the effect of EcASBE on mouse hematological parameters in an established infection. Mice in the untreated group showed decreased RBC counts (1.16 ± 0.12) compared with the normal control group and a lower Hb content (7.57 ± 0.21) as against 6.88 ± 0.09 and 11.58 ± 0.18 recorded for both RBC and Hb in the normal control group. The findings indicate the presence of malarial-induced anaemia in mice in the untreated group (Table 6). On treatment with the extract, these parameters were significantly (p < 0.05) improved dose-dependently. Also, animals in the untreated group had decreased WBC counts (2380.00 ± 60.83) in contrast to the normal control group (2846.67 ± 68.07). The percentage of other WBC differentials neutrophils and lymphocytes decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the untreated group, and on treatment with the extract these parameters improved significantly (p < 0.05) to near normal.
We further investigated the ability of EcASBE to prevent alterations in haematological indices in P. berghei infection. Untreated mice showed decreased RBC counts (1.31 ± 0.05) and a lower Hb content (5.63 ± 0.32) in comparison with 3.07 ± 0.59 and 9.95 ± 0.30 recorded for both RBC and Hb respectively in the normal control group (Table 7). On treatment with the extract, there was a significant (p < 0.05) restoration and normalisation of the RBC and Hb levels. Table 7 also showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the WBC count of animals in the untreated group (4350 ± 132.29) in comparison with the normal control (2333.33 ± 59.38), and a decrease in lymphocyte percentage (23.00 ± 1.00) was observed in the untreated group comparable to the normal control (28.33 ± 1.53). These changes were significantly (p < 0.05) improved following extract administration. Malaria infection caused a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in neutrophils in the untreated group (59.00 ± 2.00) relative to the normal control (64.67 ± 1.53), with the extract having no significant (p < 0.05) effect on neutrophil level.
Furthermore, in the suppressive test, we evaluated if EcASBE can suppress haematological changes in P. berghei-induced malaria in vivo. The data showed a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in RBC counts (1.11 ± 0.05) and Hb level (6.13 ± 0.76) in the untreated group, contrary to 2.75 ± 0.33 and 11.00 ± 0.44 recorded for both RBC and Hb in the normal control group (Table 8). A significant (p < 0.05) improvement on these parameters was recorded following treatment with the extract, as the dose increased. In addition, malaria infection significantly (p < 0.05) raised the WBC count (4733.33 ± 28.87), and decreased the percentage of neutrophils (54.67 ± 0.58) and lymphocytes (21.00 ± 1.00) in the untreated group relative to the normal control group (3016.67 ± 76.38) (Table 8). These alterations were significantly (p < 0.05) improved to near normal upon treatment at varying doses. Altogether, the findings may indicate the erythropoietic effect and the ability of the extract to ameliorate alterations in haematological indices in malaria infection in murine model.
Table 6
Effects of EcASBE on haematological indices in P. berghei-infected mice in the curative test
Group | Hb (g/dl) | RBC (100/µl) | WBC (µl) | Neut (%) | Lymph (%) |
---|
Normal control | 11.58 ± 0.18e | 6.88 ± 0.09e | 2846.67 ± 68.07d | 58.00 ± 1.00d | 32.67 ± 1.15b |
Untreated | 7.57 ± 0.21a | 1.16 ± 0.12a | 2380.00 ± 60.83a | 48.33 ± 0.57a | 26.67 ± 0.58a |
Standard drug (CQ) | 11.27 ± 0.60de | 6.17 ± 0.56d | 2813.33 ± 55.08d | 57.00 ± 1.73cd | 32.67 ± 0.58b |
125 mg/kg bw extract | 9.23 ± 0.15b | 4.41 ± 0.06b | 2386.68 ± 20.22ab | 51.00 ± 1.00ab | 35.00 ± 1.00bc |
250 mg/kg bw extract | 9.77 ± 0.38bc | 4.48 ± 0.02bc | 2563.33 ± 15.28bc | 54.33 ± 1.15bc | 34.33 ± 1.15bc |
500 mg/kg bw extract | 10.67 ± 0.21cd | 5.12 ± 0.11c | 2643.33 ± 70.24cd | 55.67 ± 1.53cd | 35.33 ± 0.58c |
Hb: Haemoglobin; RBC: Red blood cell; WBC: White blood cell; Neut: Neutrophils; Lymph: Lymphocytes. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5). Values with different superscript letters along a column for a given parameter are significantly different (p < 0.05) from each other |
Table 7
Effects of EcASBE on haematological indices in P. berghei-infected mice in the prophylactic test
Group | Hb (g/dl) | RBC (100/µl) | WBC (µl) | Neut (%) | Lymph (%) |
---|
Normal control | 9.95 ± 0.30b | 3.07 ± 0.59c | 2333.33 ± 59.38a | 64.67 ± 1.53d | 28.33 ± 1.53c |
Untreated | 5.63 ± 0.32a | 1.31 ± 0.05a | 4350 ± 132.29d | 59.00 ± 2.00bc | 23.00 ± 1.00a |
Standard drug (CQ) | 9.77 ± 0.40b | 2.07 ± 0.15b | 2216.67 ± 57.74a | 62.67 ± 1.15cd | 28.67 ± 1.15c |
125 mg/kg bw extract | 9.87 ± 0.49b | 2.20 ± 0.08b | 3150.00 ± 50.00b | 46.33 ± 2.08a | 24.67 ± 1.53ab |
250 mg/kg bw extract | 11.23 ± 0.06b | 4.19 ± 0.04d | 3650 ± 100.00c | 59.33 ± 1.53bc | 28.00 ± 1.00bc |
500 mg/kg bw extract | 11.13 ± 0.49b | 3.44 ± 0.19c | 3333.33 ± 125.83b | 55.33 ± 1.53b | 29.33 ± 1.53c |
Hb: Haemoglobin; RBC: Red blood cell; WBC: White blood cell; Neut: Neutrophils; Lymph: Lymphocytes. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5). Values with different superscript letters along a column for a given parameter are significantly different (p < 0.05) from each other |
Table 8
Effects of EcASBE on haematological indices in P. berghei-infected mice in the suppressive test
Group | Hb (g/dl) | RBC (100/µl) | WBC (µl) | Neut (%) | Lymph (%) |
---|
Normal control | 11.00 ± 0.44c | 2.75 ± 0.33bc | 3016.67 ± 76.38a | 65.67 ± 3.06d | 29.33 ± 1.53d |
Untreated | 6.13 ± 0.76a | 1.11 ± 0.05a | 4733.33 ± 28.87e | 54.67 ± 0.58ab | 21.00 ± 1.00a |
Standard drug (CQ) | 8.83 ± 0.55b | 2.94 ± 0.34c | 2900.00 ± 50.00a | 59.33 ± 1.53bc | 27.00 ± 1.00abc |
125 mg/kg bw extract | 8.67 ± 0.61b | 2.16 ± 0.18b | 4100.00 ± 50.00d | 52.67 ± 1.53a | 28.00 ± 1.00cd |
250 mg/kg bw extract | 10.20 ± 0.89bc | 4.09 ± 0.34d | 3533.33 ± 104.08c | 58.67 ± 0.58bc | 24.67 ± 0.58b |
500 mg/kg bw extract | 9.73 ± 0.21bc | 2.52 ± 0.13bc | 3200.00 ± 50.00b | 60.67 ± 2.08c | 25.67 ± 1.53bc |
Hb: Haemoglobin; RBC: Red blood cell; WBC: White blood cell; Neut: Neutrophils; Lymph: Lymphocytes. Values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5). Values with different superscript letters along a column for a given parameter are significantly different (p < 0.05) from each other |