N | 77,888 | 19,329 | 6,498 | 52,061 | SD† | p-value† | SD‡ | p-value‡ | SD⨎ | p-value⨎ |
Age – year Mean ± SD [95% CI] | 67.1 ± 14.2 [67.0–67.2] | 68.7 ± 11.3 [68.6–68.9] | 67.4 ± 13.5 [67.1–67.7] | 66.4 ± 15.2 [66.3–66.5] | 0.17 | < 0.001 | 0.07 | < 0.001 | -0.11 | |
< 0.001 |
Sex (women) –n (%) [95% CI] | 27,939 (35.9%) [35.5–36.1] | 5,997 (31.0%) [30.4–31.7] | 2,204 (33.9%) [32.8–35.1] | 19,738 (37.9%) [37.5–38.3] | -0.15 | < 0.001 | -0.08 | < 0.001 | 0.06 | < 0.001 |
Overweight or obese – n (%) [95% CI] | 14,289 (18.3%) [18.1–18.6] | 3,147 (16.3%) [15.8–16.8] | 939 (14.5%) [13.6–15.3] | 10,203 (19.6%) [19.3–19.9] | -0.09 | < 0.001 | -0.14 | < 0.001 | -0.05 | < 0.001 |
Smoking addiction – n (%) [95% CI] | 12,529 (16.1%) [15.8–16.3] | 3,572 (18.5%) [17.9–19.0] | 735 (11.3%) [10.5–12.1] | 8,222 (15.8%) [15.5–16.1] | 0.07 | < 0.001 | -0.13 | < 0.001 | -0.20 | < 0.001 |
Alcohol addiction – n (%) [95% CI] | 11,408 (14.6%) [14.4–14.9] | 2,552 (13.2%) [12.7–13.7] | 449 (6.9%) [6.3–7.5] | 8,407 (16.1%) [15.8–16.5] | -0.08 | < 0.001 | -0.29 | < 0.001 | -0.21 | < 0.001 |
Charlson index – n (%) [95% CI] | | | | | 0.19 | < 0.001 | 0.13 | < 0.001 | 0.08 | < 0.001 |
0 | 16,365 (21.0%) [20.7–21.3] | 5,001 (25.9%) [25.2–26.5] | 1,561 (24.0%) [23.0–25.1] | 9,803 (18.8%) [18.5–19.2] | 0.17 | < 0.001 | 0.13 | < 0.001 | -0.04 | 0.003 |
1–2 | 27,900 (35.8%) [35.5–36.1] | 7,111 (36.8%) [36.1–37.5] | 2,270 (34.9%) [33.8–36.1] | 18,519 (35.6%) [35.2–36.0] | 0.03 | 0.002 | -0.01 | 0.310 | -0.04 | 0.007 |
≥ 3 | 33.623 (43.2%) [42.8–43.5] | 7,217 (37.3%) [36.6–38.0] | 2,667 (41.0%) [39.8–42.2] | 23,739 (45.6%) [45.2–46.0] | -0.17 | < 0.001 | -0.09 | < 0.001 | 0.08 | < 0.001 |
SAPS II score at ICU admission (without age), Mean ± SD [95% CI] | 43.4 ± 23.1 [43.2–43.6] | 43.0 ± 23.5 [42.7–43.3] | 47.7 ± 24.6 [47.1–48.3] | 43.0 ± 22.6 [42.8–43.2] | -0.00 | < 0.001 | 0.20 | < 0.001 | 0.19 | < 0.001 |
SAPS II score at ICU admission (without age, solid and hematologic cancer), Mean ± SD [95% CI] | 40.3 ± 23.3 [40.2–40.5] | 34.0 ± 23.5 [33.7–34.3] | 37.7 ± 24.6 [37.1–38.3] | 43.0 ± 22.6 [42.8–43.2] | -0.39 | < 0.001 | -0.23 | < 0.001 | 0.15 | < 0.001 |
Site of infection – n (%) [95% CI] | | | | | | | | | | |
Respiratory | 29,358 (37.7%) [37.3–38.0] | 6,400 (33.1%) [32.4–33.8] | 2,401 (36.9%) [35.8–38.1] | 20,557 (39.5%) [39.1–39.9] | -0.13 | < 0.001 | -0.05 | < 0.001 | 0.08 | < 0.001 |
Gastrointestinal | 14,499 (18.6%) [18.3–18.9] | 5,260 (27.2%) [26.6–27.8] | 796 (12.2%) [11.5–13.0] | 8,443 (16.2%) [15.9–16.5] | 0.27 | < 0.001 | -0.11 | < 0.001 | -0.38 | < 0.001 |
Renal | 7,319 (9.4%) [9.2–9.6] | 1,818 (9.4%) [9.0–9.8] | 572 (8.8%) [8.1–9.5] | 4,929 (9.5%) [9.2–9.7] | -0.00 | 0.800 | -0.02 | 0.083 | -0.02 | 0.146 |
Cardiac | 7,932 (10.2%) [10.0–10.4] | 1,841 (9.5%) [9.1–9.9] | 841 (12.9%) [12.1–13.8] | 5,250 (10.1%) [9.8–10.3] | -0.02 | 0.026 | 0.09 | < 0.001 | 0.11 | < 0.001 |
Dermatologic | 5,468 (7.0%) [6.8–7.2] | 1,291 (6.7%) [6.3–7.0] | 459 (7.1%) [6.4–7.7] | 3,718 (7.1%) [6.9–7.4] | -0.02 | 0.032 | -0.00 | 0.818 | 0.02 | 0.285 |
Organ failures – n (%) [95% CI] | | | | | | | | | | |
Respiratory | 44,400 (57.0%) [56.6–57.3] | 10,483 (54.2%) [53.5–54.9] | 3,878 (59.7%) [58.5–60.9] | 30,039 (57.7%) [57.3–58.1] | -0.07 | < 0.001 | 0.04 | 0.002 | 0.11 | < 0.001 |
Renal | 37,861 (48.6%) [48.2–49.0] | 9,001 (46.6%) [45.9–47.3] | 3,524 (54.2%) [53.0–55.4] | 25,336 (48.7%) [48.2–49.1] | -0.04 | < 0.001 | 0.11 | < 0.001 | 0.15 | < 0.001 |
Neurologic | 17,900 (23.0%) [22.7–23.3] | 3,423 (17.7%) [17.2–18.2] | 1,256 (19.3%) [18.4–20.3] | 13,221 (25.4%) [25.0–25.8] | -0.19 | < 0.001 | -0.15 | < 0.001 | 0.04 | 0.003 |
Cardiovascular | 12,873 (16.5%) [16.3–16.8] | 2,445 (12.6%) [12.2–13.1] | 1,068 (16.4%) [15.5–17.3] | 9,360 (18.0%) [17.6–18.3] | -0.15 | < 0.001 | -0.04 | 0.002 | 0.11 | < 0.001 |
Hematologic | 10,685 (13.7%) [13.5–14.0] | 2,303 (11.9%) [11.5–12.4] | 1,739 (26.8%) [25.7–27.8] | 6,643 (12.8%) [12.5–13.0] | -0.03 | 0.002 | 0.36 | < 0.001 | 0.38 | < 0.001 |
Metabolic | 18,298 (23.5%) [23.2–23.8] | 4,274 (22.1%) [21.5–22.7] | 1,524 (23.5%) [22.4–24.5] | 12,500 (24.0%) [23.6–24.4] | -0.05 | < 0.001 | -0.01 | 0.321 | 0.03 | 0.025 |
Hepatic | 7,964 (10.2%) [10.0–10.4] | 1,832 (9.5%) [9.1–9.9] | 663 (10.2%) [9.5–10.9] | 5,469 (10.5%) [10.2–10.8] | -0.03 | < 0.001 | -0.01 | 0.453 | 0.02 | 0.086 |
ICU supportive therapies – n (%) [95% CI] | | | | | | | | | | |
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation | 3,801 (4.9%) [4.7–5.0] | 762 (3.9%) [3.7–4.2] | 310 (4.8%) [4.3–5.3] | 2,729 (5.2%) [5.1–5.4] | -0.06 | < 0.001 | -0.02 | 0.106 | 0.04 | 0.003 |
Invasive mechanical ventilation | 61,026 (78.3%) [78.1–78.6] | 14,553 (75.3%) [74.7–75.9] | 4,666 (71.8%) [70.7–72.9] | 41,807 (80.3%) [80.0–80.6] | -0.12 | < 0.001 | -0.20 | < 0.001 | -0.08 | < 0.001 |
Renal replacement therapy | 21,584 (27.7%) [27.4–28.0] | 4,722 (24.4%) [23.8–25.0] | 2,077 (32.0%) [30.8–33.1] | 14,785 (28.4%) [28.0–28.8] | -0.09 | < 0.001 | 0.08 | < 0.001 | 0.17 | < 0.001 |
Transfusion | 24,596 (31.6%) [31.2–31.9] | 6,489 (33.6%) [32.9–34.2] | 2,857 (44.0%) [42.8–45.2] | 15,250 (29.3%) [28.9–29.7] | 0.09 | < 0.001 | 0.31 | < 0.001 | 0.21 | < 0.001 |
Positive culture with identification, n (%) [95% CI] | 52,533 (67.4%) [67.1–67.8] | 13,048 (67.5%) [66.8–68.2] | 4,411 (67.9%) [66.7–69.0] | 35,074 (67.4%) [67.0–67.8] | 0.00 | 0.734 | 0.01 | 0.406 | 0.01 | 0.573 |
Multidrug resistant bacteria, n (%) [95% CI] | 13,777 (17.7%) [17.4–17.9] | 3,527 (18.2%) [17.7–18.8] | 1,218 (18.7%) [17.8–19.7] | 9,032 (17.3%) [17.0–17.7] | 0.02 | 0.005 | 0.04 | 0.005 | 0.01 | 0.370 |
Enterobacter, n (%) [95% CI] | 26,700 (34.3%) [33.9–34.6] | 7,258 (37.5%) [36.9–38.2] | 2,133 (32.8%) [31.7–34.0] | 17,309 (33.2%) [32.8–33.7] | 0.09 | < 0.001 | -0.01 | 0.495 | -0.10 | < 0.001 |
Staphylococcus, n (%) [95% CI] | 18,311 (23.5%) [23.2–23.8] | 4,120 (21.3%) [20.7–21.9] | 1,421 (21.9%) [20.9–22.9] | 12,770 (24.5%) [24.2–24.9] | -0.08 | < 0.001 | -0.06 | < 0.001 | 0.01 | 0.347 |
Streptococcus, n (%) [95% CI] | 16,952 (21.8%) [21.5–22.0] | 4,450 (23.0%) [22.4–23.6] | 1,178 (18.1%) [17.2–19.1] | 11,324 (21.8%) [21.4–22.1] | 0.03 | < 0.001 | -0.09 | < 0.001 | -0.12 | < 0.001 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, n (%) [95% CI] | 10,388 (13.3%) [13.1–13.6] | 2,683 (13.9%) [13.4–14.4] | 998 (15.4%) [14.5–16.2] | 6,707 (12.9%) [12.6–13.2] | 0.03 | < 0.001 | 0.07 | < 0.001 | 0.04 | 0.003 |
Candida, n (%) [95% CI] | 9,417 (12.1%) [11.9–12.3] | 2,826 (14.6%) [14.1–15.1] | 887 (13.6%) [12.8–14.5] | 5,704 (11.0%) [10.7–11.2] | 0.11 | < 0.001 | 0.08 | < 0.001 | -0.03 | 0.053 |
Hospital-acquired infection, n (%) [95% CI] | 21,508 (27.6%) [27.3–27.9] | 6,560 (33.9%) [33.3–34.6] | 1,755 (27.0%) [25.9–28.1] | 13,193 (25.3%) [25.0–25.7] | 0.19 | < 0.001 | 0.04 | 0.003 | -0.15 | < 0.001 |
Source of hospital admission – n (%) [95% CI] | | | | | -0.00 | 0.747 | 0.00 | 0.945 | 0.00 | 0.801 |
Home | 74,842 (96.1%) [95.9–96.2] | 18,851 (96.1%) [95.9–96.4] | 6,242 (96.1%) [95.6–96.5] | 50,019 (96.1%) [95.9–96.2] | 0.00 | 0.747 | -0.00 | 0.945 | -0.00 | 0.801 |
Transfer from other hospital | 3,046 (3.9%) [3.8–4.0] | 748 (3.9%) [3.6–4.1] | 256 (3.9%) [3.5–4.4] | 2,042 (3.9%) [3.8–4.1] | -0.00 | 0.747 | 0.00 | 0.945 | 0.00 | 0.801 |
Time to ICU admission ≤ 1 day – n (%) [95% CI] | 46,297 (59.4%) [59.1–59.8] | 9,392 (48.6%) [47.9–49.3] | 2,994 (46.1%) [44.9–47.3] | 33,911 (65.1%) [64.7–65.5] | -0.34 | < 0.001 | -0.39 | < 0.001 | -0.05 | < 0.001 |
Hospital characteristics – n (%) [95% CI] | | | | | 0.27 | < 0.001 | 0.20 | < 0.001 | 0.24 | < 0.001 |
Academic | 25,993 (33.4%) [33.0–33.7] | 6,518 (33.7%) [31.1–34.4] | 2,685 (41.3%) [40.1–42.5] | 16,790 (32.2%) [31.8–32.7] | 0.03 | < 0.001 | 0.19 | < 0.001 | 0.16 | < 0.001 |
Other public hospital | 39,354 (50.5%) [50.2–50.9] | 8,247 (42.7%) [42.0–43.4] | 2,942 (45.3%) [44.1–46.5] | 28,165 (54.1%) [53.7–54.5] | -0.23 | < 0.001 | -0.18 | < 0.001 | 0.05 | < 0.001 |
Private | 12,541 (16.1%) [15.8–16.3] | 4,564 (23.6%) [23.0–24.2] | 871 (13.4%) [12.6–14.2] | 7,106 (13.6%) [13.4–13.9] | 0.26 | < 0.001 | -0.01 | 0.586 | -0.27 | < 0.001 |