Assessment of occurrence, source appointment, and ecological risks of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the water-sediment interface of Qiantang River in the Hangzhou region

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4359049/v1

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Assessment of occurrence, source appointment, and ecological risks of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the water-sediment interface of Qiantang River in the Hangzhou region

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4359049/v1

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Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) have received global attention owing to their potential risks to human health and the ecological environment. However, limited research has explored the occurrence and ecological risks of PPCPs in the Qiantang River (QTR). QTR, the largest water system in Zhejiang Province, China, is significantly influenced by human activities. This study investigated the occurrence, distribution, and ecological risks of 10 types of PPCPs in both surface water and sediment within QTR. The findings revealed that the concentrations of PPCPs detected in surface water ranged from 81.26 to 149.45 ng/L during the wet season (September) and from 98.66 to 198.55 ng/L during the dry season (April). Moreover, in the sediments, PPCP concentration ranged from 63.24 to 80.66 and 72.54 to 75.06 ng/g dw during both wet and dry seasons, respectively. Among the selected PPCPs, triclosan (TCS) exhibited the highest concentration across, different phases and seasons, followed by benzotriazole in surface water. The analysis of sediment-seawater equilibrium distribution indicated that the diffusion tendency of PPCPs was closely correlated with their molecular weights. Particularly, TCS exhibited dynamic equilibrium between water and sediment. Principal component analysis and positive matrix factorization model results indicated similar pollution sources for the detected PPCPs. The dominant sources of the detected PPCPs were identified as wastewater of electroplating enterprises, discharge from wastewater treatment plants, and domestic sewage. The ecological risk assessment based on the risk quotient method revealed that TCS with the highest detected concentration posed a high risk in surface water and a low risk in sediment across all sampling sites. However, other detected PPCPs showed either no or low risks. Additionally, PPCPs showed a higher ecological risk during the dry season than during the wet season.

PPCPs

Source appointment

Ecological risks

Qiantang River

Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are characterized as “emerging contaminants” and endocrine disruptors owing to their high persistence and ability to bioaccumulate in the environment. This accumulation poses potential risks to human health and ecological balance^1–3. PPCPs are widely used in industry and household products, including antibiotics, anti-inflammatory painkillers, psychotics, disinfectants, and sunscreen⁴, However, PPCPs pose a challenge in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) owing to their resistance to removal^{5, 6}. Previous studies^{7, 8} have shown that PPCPs are commonly detected in various environments. Triclocarban (TCC) and triclosan (TCS), two common antimicrobials, have been frequently detected in sewage effluent, surface water, sediment, fish and human samples^{2, 9, 10}. Additionally, research has revealed that 1H-benzotriazole (BT) and 4,5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole (XT) ranked third and fifth respectively, among 56 PPCPs detected in Kumho River Basin¹¹. The presence of these compounds in aquatic environments has been rarely studied. Therefore, this study investigated the occurrence risks of two rarely studied PPCPs, benzotriazoles (BTs) and parabens (PBs), in addition to the commonly studied species (TCC and TCS).

Qiantang River (QTR) is a vital drinking water source for Hangzhou city and required urgent protection¹². QTR receives abundant domestic and industrial sewage from its surroundings and effluents from WWTP. These sources are likely the main contributors to the presence of PPCPs in surface water^13–15. Therefore, investigating the pollution situation in QTR is crucial. To date, numerous studies¹⁶ have examined the occurrence and ecological risks associated with heavy metals, nutrients, and pesticides. However, few studies have assessed the PPCP load in QTR. Owing to the dense population and rapid socioeconomic development in Hangzhou, significant efforts should be made to evaluate the occurrence, distribution, and ecological risk of PPCPs in the Hangzhou region of QTR¹⁷. A previous study¹⁸ has reported the detection of several PPCPs, including erythromycin A dihydrate, ofloxacin, penicillin-G, cephalexin, cefazolin, ibuprofen, and diclofenac sodium in QTR. However, reports on the ecological risk posed by PPCPs in QTR are scarce¹⁹.

PPCPs can infiltrate the aquatic environment through various pathways, such as the input of inshore rivers and the discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater. Therefore, conducting source apportionment of PPCPs in QTR is crucial owing to the diversity of PPCP sources. This approach is beneficial for proposing different management measures to control PPCPs contamination. The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was used to identify the sources of PPCPs, providing a more reliable source apportionment compared with traditional receptor models, such as principal component analysis (PCA)²⁰. Therefore, this study utilized both PCA and PMF models to analyze the source apportionment of PPCPs and address uncertainty in the results²¹. Additionally, PPCPs and suspended particles accumulated in the sediment through adsorption and sedimentation¹⁹. The equilibrium distribution of PPCPs in sediment-water interface was comprehensively elucidated to provide a more accurate and systematic analysis of PPCPs pollution.

This study extensively investigated the occurrence profile of PPCPs in the Hangzhou region of QTR. Ten PPCPs, including two antimicrobials, four antifreezes, and four antiputrefactivas, were selected based on their detection frequency in the aquatic environment. Moreover, the study examined the seasonal occurrence of these PPCPs in both the water and sediment phases of QTR. Additionally, the potential ecological risk of PPCPs was elucidated through risk quotient evaluation, and the possible sources of PPCP contamination were investigated to provide valuable guidance for developing effective control strategies. Furthermore, the distribution and diffusion of PPCPs between sediment and water were analyzed.

2.1 Description of the study sites and field sampling procedure

Four typical sampling sites was arranged for water and sediment collection as exhibited in Fig. 1, named Yuanpu (YP), Zhakou (ZK), Qibao (QB) and Zhutoujiao (ZTJ). The sampling site of YP located in the junction of Hangzhou section upstream, implying the initial environmental quality of QTR in Hangzhou section. The ZTJ site is at the downstream, while ZK near the city center and QB near the discharge outlet of WWTP. The water and sediment samples were collected in April and September 2019, namely the dry and wet season, respectively.

Refer to EPA Method 508 Sec.8, the water samples were collected for PPCPs analysis in polyethylene plastic bottles with 5 L about 0.7 m below the water surface, and transported to the laboratory after addition of 4 M H₂SO₄ and 5% formic acid. Whilst, another glass of water sample was collected for nutrients test by acidification with 1% H₂SO₄. All the water samples were stored at 4℃ and analyzed within 48 h. The grab bucket sampler was used to collect surface sediment samples and preserved by 1 g/L NaN₃. The sediment samples were freeze-dried and ground-sieved by 0.83 mm before analysis.

2.2 Chemicals and materials

The detected 10 PPCPs were triclocarban (TCC), triclosan (TCS), benzotriazole (BT), 5-methylbenzotriazole (5-TT), chlorobenztriazole (CBT), dimethyl benzotriazole (XT), methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP) and butylparaben (BP), respectively. As listed in Table 1, their characteristics were summarized for calculation and evaluation.

Ten authentic standards including 4 antioxidants, 4 antifreezes and 2 antimicrobials were purchased from Tokyo chemical industry (Japan), AccuStandard company (USA) and Dr.Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Germany), respectively. Four isotopically labeled internal standards were also obtained from different international suppliers, as thiabendazole-D6 was obtained from Dr.Ehrenstorfer GmbH (Germany), methylparaben-D4 from CDN Isotopes (Canada) ¹³C₁₂-TCS and TCC-D₇ were obtained from Cambridge Isotope Laboratories (USA). All the standard solutions were dissolved in methanol to prepare a single standard storage solution of 100 mg/L. The mixed standard solutions were diluted with methanol into a mixed storage solution with 1 mg/L and stored at -20℃.

All glass instruments were washed with K₂Cr₂O₇/H₂SO₄ and deionized water, baking in muffle oven (400°C) for 4h. The filter membrane of the water sample was Whatman GF/F (diameter 47 mm, aperture 0.7 µm), which was also baked in muffle oven at 400°C for 4 h before use. The filtration membranes of the concentrated samples were organic phase microporous filtration membranes (diameter 13 mm, pore size 0.22 µm).

2.3 Determination and quality control of PPCPs

The extraction and clean-up of PPCPs in surface water samples were carried out as following: 1 L water was filtered through glass fiber filters and followed by the addition of 100 µL of internal standard materials (thiabendazole-D₆, Paraben methylester-D₄, ¹³C₁₂-Triclosan and Triclocarban-D₇) with concentration of 1 mg/L. The HLB cartridges used for the SPE were preconditioned sequentially with 10 mL of methanol and 10 mL of ultrapure water. Thereafter, the water samples were passed through the cartridges, and analytes were eluted with 5 mL of methanol and 4 mL of dichloromethane. The elutes were finally evaporated to 1 mL for instrument analysis.

The targeted residues of PPCPs from sediment samples were extracted as followings: 5 g of sediment was accurately weighed into a 50 mL centrifuge tube, and added with 100 ng of mixed internal standard materials. After storing overnight in darkness at 4°C, the tube was swirled for 30 s, ultra-sonicated for 15 min, centrifuged at 2800 rpm for 10 min and the supernatant was transferred. Then the supernatant was extracted with 10 mL methanol and 10 mL methanol formic acid ultrapure water solution. The supernatant was diluted to 300 mL with ultrapure water, and adjusted the pH to 3 with 4 mol/L H₂SO₄. The following extraction procedure was consistent with that of water samples.

PPCP analysis was performed using Agilent Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography 1200 series coupled to an Agilent 6460 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI) source and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The PPCPs of BT, 5-TT, CBT and XT were tested by UPLC-MS/MS in positive ESI mode, while MP, EP, PP, BP, TCC and TCS were tested in negative ESI mode. More detailed instrument parameters were published previously²².

The concentrations of the quantification curves of all PPCPs ranged from 1 to 200 µg/L, The quantification of all PPCPs test ranged from 1.3–1.9% for the water and from 2.7–3.6% for the sediment. The recoveries were in the range of 84.8%-105.4% for the water and 84.8%-98.3% for the sediment.

Table 1

Summary of characteristics for selected PPCPs in this study
Type	Compound	CAS number	Molecular weight	K_oc(L/kg)	pKa		Predicted no effect concentration(PNEC)(ng/L)
Antioxidants²³	Benzotriazole(BT)	95-14-7	119.12	62.3	8.38	1.17	15800
	5-methylbenzotriazole(5-TT)	136-85-6	133.15	87.87	8.74	1.71	5520
	Chlorobenztriazole(CBT)	94-97-3	153.57	99.81	7.46	1.81	28730
	Dimethyl benzotriazole(XT)	4184-79-6	147.18	177	8.92	2.26	800
Antimicrobials²⁴	Methylparaben(MP)	99-76-3	152.15	87.1	8.87	1.96	15000
	Ethylparaben(EP)	120-47-8	166.17	158	8.9	2.47	23000
	Propylparaben(PP)	94-13-3	180.2	288	8.87	3.04	20000
	Butylparaben(BP)	94-26-8	194.23	524.8	8.79	3.57	350
Antimicrobials²⁵	Triclosan(TCC)	101-20-2	315.58	4070	12.7	4.9	661
Antimicrobials²⁵	Triclocarban(TCS)	3380-34-5	289.54	23400	7.8	4.76	26.2

2.4 Sediment-water partitioning

To investigate the diffusion of PPCPs between water and sediment, the fugacity ratio (ff) and the uncertainty of ff (u_ff) were calculated according to previous studies, as followings^{19, 26}:

Where fs is the fugacity of PPCP in sediment (Pa), fw is the fugacity of PPCP in surface water; RSD is the relative standard deviation; Cs is the actual measured concentration of PPCP in sediment (g/g); Cw is the actual measured concentration of PPCPs in water (µg/L); Kow is the partitioning coefficient between the water and organic phase, as listed in Table 1; is the organic carbon fraction (g/g).

2.5 Ecological risk assessment

Risk quotient (RQ) was used to characterize the ecological risk of PPCPs and the calculation formula of RQ is as follows:

RQ = MEC/PNEC

In this formula, the measured environmental concentration (MEC) represents the detected concentration of PPCPs and PNEC represents the predicted no effect concentration as listed in Table 1. The risk to aquatic organisms was subsequently classified into four categories: no risk (RQ ≤ 0.01), low risk (0.01 < RQ < 0.1), moderate risk (0.1 ≤ RQ < 1), and high risk (≥ 1). Likewise, the RQ assessment of the sediment refer to the PPCPs concentration in the pore water, which is translated by the sediment/water equilibrium partition coefficient (Koc), as showed in Table 1.

2.6 Statistical analyses

The relationships between PPCPs and nutrients were assessed by Pearson’s correlation analysis using statistical software SPSS 26.0. The PMF model was used for source appointment of PPCPs through EPA PMF 5.0 issued by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA).

3.1 Concentration and composition of PPCPs in surface water

During the wet season, the total concentrations of the detected PPCPs ranged from 81.26 to 149.45 ng/L (Fig. 2). Nine out of 10 PPCPs were detected in all water samples, including BT, 5-TT, CBT, XT, MP, EP, PP, BP, TCS and TCC. The concentrations of PPCPs detected in all water sites were 14.90–50.30 ng/L for BT, 5.39–36.91 ng/L for 5-TT, 5.93–12.64 ng/L for CBT, 2.13–6.03 ng/L for XT, 1.12–2.51 ng/L for MP, 0.76–2.70 ng/L for PP, 0.77–1.02 ng/L for BP, 0.32–1.29 ng/L for TCC, and 33.03–54.92 ng/L for TCS. Notably, BT and TCS were detected at higher levels compared with other PPCPs, constituting 26.89% and 43.21% of the selected PPCPs in the water phase of QTR, respectively. Additionally, the ZK site exhibited the highest concentration of PPCPs, while other sites featured relatively lower concentration. This observation indicates the potential level of domestic pollution sources in ZK. The highest PPCP concentration at the ZK site can be attributed to the higher 5-TT concentration compared with other sites..

Figure 2 illustrates the concentrations of PPCPs in the dry season. The total concentrations of the detected PPCPs detected in the dry season ranged from 98.66 to 198.55 ng/L, which exceeded those in the wet season, consist with the findings of a previous study²⁷. Particularly, the concentrations of the detected PPCPs were 17.96–47.45 ng/L for BT, 8.54–31.51 ng/L for 5-TT, 7.89–14.79 ng/L for CBT, 3.68–13.91 ng/L for XT, 2.05–2.80 ng/L for MP, 1.49–2.16 ng/L for PP, 1.78–2.67 ng/L for BP, 3.12–8.56 ng/L for TCC, and 50.12–79.21 ng/L for TCS. BT and TCS were identified as the main contributors to PPCPs during the dry season. Notably, the higher concentrations of PPCPs detected in the dry season compared with the wet season were mainly attributed to the increased levels of TCS and TCC. Moreover, among PPCPs detected in the dry season, the ZTJ site exhibited the highest concentration, which differed from the pattern observed during the wet season. Previous studies²⁸ have indicated that the concentration of PPCPs decreased from upstream to downstream in the surface water. However, PPCPs in QTR exhibited the opposite trend owing to the presence of WWTP located between the QB and ZTJ site. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between the left, middle, and right banks of QTR during both wet and dry seasons.

A comparison of the concentration of PPCPs in QTR with those in other surface waters revealed that BT, CBT, TCS, TCC, and MP exhibited lower concentrations in QTR, compared with the Pearl River Delta of China⁵. Additionally, the highest TCS concentration was lower in QTR than that in the River Ganges of India²⁹. Furthermore, QTR exhibited significantly lower concentration of PBs than the Yellow River and Huai River³⁰. In comparison, QTR featured lower PPCPs concentration than many other rivers in China and worldwide.

3.2 Concentration and composition of PPCPs in sediment

The concentrations of PPCPs in sediment from different sample sites were similar, ranging from 63.24 to 79.15 ng/g (Fig. 4). During the dry season, PPCP concentrations at four different sampling sites ranged from 72.54 to75.06 ng/g. However, ZK and ZJT sites exhibited PPCP concentrations of 65 ng/g, which were lower than that of about 80 ng/g in YP and QB sites. TCS was the major contributor to PPCPs in sediment constituting 77% of the total concentration. TCS was also the main contributor to PPCPs in the water phase. Moreover, no significant difference was observed in the PPCPs concentrations between the wet and dry seasons. It was noteworthy that the PPCPs concentrations in the sediment from YP and QB sites were higher than those from ZK and ZTJ sites during the wet season. Additionally, the ZK and ZTJ sites exhibited significantly lower concentrations of TCC and PBs compared with the Cau River in Vietnam, the Yellow River, and the Huai River in China. The concentrations of BTs were higher than that (0.31–3.81 ng/g) in the Songhua River in China³¹. Furthermore, the TCS concentration in QTR (0-7.73 ng/g) was significantly higher than that observed in the Hanjiang River of China³². Overall, the level of PPCPs in the QTR sediment was relatively higher than that reported in other studies.

3.3 Correlation and partitioning of PPCPs between surface water and sediment

Strong correlations for PPCPs were observed between sediment and water in both wet and dry seasons, with Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.778 and 0.858, respectively (Table 1). To further investigate the diffusion tendencies of PPCPs at the sediment-water interface, the correlation and fugacity (ff) between PPCPs in water and sediment were analyzed. The ff values of PPCPs exhibited similar trends in both wet and dry seasons (Fig. 5 and Fig. 6). The uncertainty of ff was calculated to confirm the ff values of 0.3, indicating dynamic equilibrium at the sediment-water interface. According to a previous study³³, ff < 0.5 suggests surface water diffusion into the sediments, ff = 0.5 indicates sediment-water equilibrium, and ff > 0.5 denotes the net desorption from the sediments into the water. The ff values of BT, 5-TT and MP ranged from 0.8 to 1.0, exceeding 0.5 ± 0.3, indicating the net desorption of BT, 5-TT and MP from the sediments into water. Conversely, BP and TCC may migrate from water to the sediment because of their ff values were below 0.5. PP, XT and TCS reached a state of sediment-water equilibrium. A previous study suggested that the organic pollutants with medium molecular weights typically achieve dynamic equilibrium, migrating from water to the sediments with high molecular weights and returning to water with low molecular weights¹⁹. The diffusion tendency of PPCPs between water and sediment was closely, correlated with their molecular weights. Additionally, the equilibrium of TCS was influenced by the hydrophilic nature of its hydroxyl groups.

3.4 Source appointment of PPCPs

3.4. Relationship between physicochemical parameters and PPCPs

A previous study has indicated that water quality could influence the distribution of PPCPs in both surface water and sediments³⁴. To investigate the distribution dynamics and potential sources of PPCPs, Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between physicochemical parameters and PPCPs, as given in Fig. 7. The analyzed physicochemical parameters mainly included nutrient parameters, such as TOC, TP, TN and NH₃-N.

During the wet season, significant positive correlations were observed between BTs, TOC, and TP (wth r>0.5), consistent with findings from a previous study¹⁷. However, weak correlations were observed between PBs, TCC, TCS and TOC, TP, TN, NH₃-N. A significant difference in dry season is shown in Fig. 7(b). In this season, all selected PPCPs concentrations were positively correlated with TOC and minimally correlated with TN, suggesting similarity among the detected PPCPs. The highest concentration of PPCPs at the ZTJ site near the WWTP outlet¹⁴, indicated the significant contribution of WWTP effluents as a source of PPCPs during the dry season. Additionally, the ZK sampling sites, located near the Hangzhou metropolitan area with strong anthropogenic influences, exhibited higher levels of both BTs and nutrients (TOC and TP). This indicates that anthropogenic activities and stormwater runoff were the main source of PPCPs during the wet season.

3.4.2 Quantitative source apportionment of PPCPs

To investigate the quantitative source apportionment of PPCPs, the PMF model extracted four to seven factors. As the number of factors increased five to six factors, the value of Q_true/Q_expected decreased from 7 to 0.6, while the factors increased from six to seven, the decrease of Q_true/Q_expected was smaller (0.6 to 0.1). Therefore, six factors were the optimal solution. Moreover, the R² values of predicted and measured PPCP concentrations ranged from 0.77 to 0.99, indicating the reliability of the modeling results.

Factor 1 was closely associated with PP (37.6%), MP (21.7%) and TCS (20.5%) which are commonly used as preservatives and disinfectants in daily chemical products. This factor mainly represented domestic sewage. Factor 2 likely represented the sewage from WWTPs, as the most detected PPCPs were related to factor 2 and proved challenging to remove in WWTPs. Factor 3 exhibited high loadings of PP (55.4%) and TCC (36.0%), suggesting a potential source from pharmaceutical company discharge. Factor 4 was mainly linked to 5-TT (42.3%), XT (29.1%) and BP (25.8%). According to the pollution source monitoring and management platform in Hangzhou, Factor 4 originated from the wastewater of food processing factories. TCC and TCS were closely associated with Factor 5 and frequently detected in hospital drainage. Thus, Factor 5 could be attributed to hospital drainage. Factor 6 likely represented the wastewater of electroplating enterprises owing to higher loads of BTs, which served as rust and corrosion inhibitors for metals.

The contribution rate calculation by the PMF model indicated that the primary source of PPCPs was the wastewater from electroplating enterprises (Factor 6), constituting 54.0% of the total concentration. Additionally, the WWTPs discharge emerged as the second most dominant source, contributing 35.2% to the total concentration (Factor 2). This observation was consistent with findings from other studies, which also identified WWTPs discharge as a significant source of PPCPs²¹. Furthermore, the contribution concentrations of domestic sewage related to PPCPs cannot be ignored, accounting for 10.7% of the total concentration (Factor 1). A study²⁰ has also reported domestic sewage as a main source of antibiotics.

3.5 Risk assessment of PPCPs in surface water and sediment

The ecological effects of PPCPs have received increasing attention, and a previous study has suggested that Daphnia magna may exhibit higher sensitivity to PPCPs compared with algae and fish³⁵. This study examined the ecological risk posed by PPCPs on zooplankton (Daphnia magna) in both surface water and sediment, as shown in Fig. 10 and Fig. 11. In an aqueous environment, the RQ values of TCS exceeded 1.0 at all sampling sites, suggesting a high risk of TCS in both wet and dry seasons. TCC and XT exhibited medium risk levels from QB to ZTJ, with RQ values ranging from 0.01 to 0.1, but displayed low-risk levels during the dry season. However, TCC and XT posed no risks at any sampling sites during the wet season. In addition, the RQ values of BP, PP, EP, MP, CBT, 5-TT and BT remained below 0.01 in both wet and dry seasons, indicating negligible risks associated with these compounds. However, these pollutants posed slightly higher ecological risks in the dry season compared with the wet season.

The ecological risk of PPCPs in the sediment on zooplankton (Daphnia magna) exhibited similar trends in both wet and dry seasons (Fig. 11). The RQ values of TCS ranged from 0.01 and 0.10, indicating a low risk to Daphnia magna. Moreover, other detected PPCPs (BT, 5-TT, CBT, XT, MP, EP, PP, BP, and TCS) posed no risks. A comparison of RQ in both wet and dry seasons indicated no significant difference in the ecological risks posed by PPCPs. Furthermore, the ecological risks decreased from water to sediment.

TCS and BT were the main PPCPs identified in the surface water of QTR, with concentrations lower than those observed in various other rivers globally. However, the sediment exhibited relatively higher concentrations of detected PPCPs. The diffusion tendency of PPCPs between water and sediment indicated a strong correlation with the molecular weight. Moreover, TCS, one of the most commonly detected PPCPs, reached dynamic equilibrium at the sediment–water interface. Owing to the high ecological risk associated with TCS in surface water compared with its low ecological risk in sediment, further research should prioritize investigating TCS concentrations in QTR. The combined results of PCA and PMF model analysis indicated that the main source of PPCPs was wastewater from electroplating enterprises, followed by WWTP effluent and domestic sewage, which ranked as the second and third most dominant sources, respectively.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants from the Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics (MED202305), Science and Technology Planning Project of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Water Resources(grant numbers RB2407), National Natural Science Foundation of China (41977341), Public Technology Research Project of Zhejiang Province (LTGS23E09003, LGC19B070004), and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (KF2018-15)

Author Contribution

Yang Wan: Writing-original draft, Investigation, Data curation. Wei Wang: Writing-review & editing, Funding acquisition, Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration. Ziming Wang：Methodology, Data curationKaiping Xu：Writing-review, Funding acquisitionPengcheng Yao：Methodology, Data curationAiju You：Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration.

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No competing interests reported.

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Assessment of occurrence, source appointment, and ecological risks of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in the water-sediment interface of Qiantang River in the Hangzhou region

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Abstract

Figures

1 Introduction

2 Materials and methods

2.1 Description of the study sites and field sampling procedure

2.2 Chemicals and materials

2.3 Determination and quality control of PPCPs

2.4 Sediment-water partitioning

2.5 Ecological risk assessment

2.6 Statistical analyses

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Concentration and composition of PPCPs in surface water

3.2 Concentration and composition of PPCPs in sediment

3.3 Correlation and partitioning of PPCPs between surface water and sediment

3.4 Source appointment of PPCPs

3.4. Relationship between physicochemical parameters and PPCPs

3.4.2 Quantitative source apportionment of PPCPs

3.5 Risk assessment of PPCPs in surface water and sediment

4 Conclusion

Declarations

Acknowledgements

Author Contribution

References

Additional Declarations

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