Investigation on the effect of cryogenic treatment parameters on residual stress and machining deformation of Hydrogen-resistant Steel

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4372493/v1

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Investigation on the effect of cryogenic treatment parameters on residual stress and machining deformation of Hydrogen-resistant Steel

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4372493/v1

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Hydrogen resistant steel thin-walled components are widely used in various fields due to their advantages of high strength and toughness. The residual stress inside the material is a key factor affecting the deformation of hydrogen resistant steel thin-walled parts. This article uses orthogonal experimental method and contour method to study the effects of deep cooling temperature, deep cooling time, number of cold and hot cycles, and deep cooling cooling rate on residual stress inside hydrogen steel. The results indicate that − 130 ℃ (deep cooling temperature), 10 hours (deep cooling time), 3 cold and hot cycles, and − 2.5 ℃/min (cooling rate) are the optimal parameters for reducing residual stress. The order of influence of cryogenic parameters on residual stress inside hydrogen steel materials is: cryogenic temperature, cryogenic time, number of cold and hot cycles, and cooling rate. In addition, the use of composite cryogenic treatment and ultrasonic vibration further reduces residual stress and controls machining deformation. Finally, the surface roughness of the four surfaces was reduced through low-temperature micro lubrication (CMQL).

Deep cryogenic treatment

Ultrasonic vibration

Residual stress

Machining deformation

Hydrogen resistant steel thin-walled components are widely used in aerospace and military equipment due to their excellent high-temperature mechanical properties, high-temperature oxidation resistance, hydrogen corrosion resistance, and good welding performance. However, in order to ensure the hydrogen embrittlement resistance of such materials, solid solution treatment and lower heat treatment temperatures are usually used. After solid solution treatment, hydrogen resistant steel thin-walled components have poor thermal conductivity and high coefficient of expansion, resulting in significant residual stress inside the workpiece^[1]. Due to the presence of initial residual stress in the blank, thin-walled parts will undergo severe deformation during subsequent processing^[2]. With the increasing performance requirements of the new generation of high-end equipment, the application of thin-walled parts is increasing, and improving machining accuracy is a challenge. In addition, residual stress in materials is closely related to their strength, fatigue life, corrosion resistance, and structural dimensional stability. Under the influence of comprehensive factors, the reduction of residual stress is crucial for controlling the machining deformation of weakly rigid parts.

In recent years, a large number of researchers have used various methods to reduce residual stresses in materials, including natural aging^[3], heat treatment aging^[4], mechanical stretching^[5], and vibration aging^[6]. Although these methods have significant effects in reducing residual stress, they have certain limitations due to their low efficiency, special shape requirements, and impact damage. Deep cryogenic treatment, as a new type of non-destructive modification and material strengthening technology, is commonly referred to as ultra-low temperature treatment. It places the workpiece in a low-temperature medium (usually liquid nitrogen). After a period of continuous exposure to low temperature, it quickly transfers to a high-temperature medium, thereby reducing residual stress^[7]. Deep cryogenic treatment has been widely used in engineering due to its excellent residual stress control effect and no limitation on the shape of parts. A large number of researchers have conducted research on cryogenic treatment technology. Benseley et al. investigated the residual stress distribution of EN353 steel through cryogenic treatment technology. They found that the dissolution of fine carbides in materials and changes in martensitic lattice parameters can lead to a decrease in residual stress^[8]. Patricia et al. used scanning electron microscopy to study the corrosion resistance of AISI 52100 and AISI D3 steel after deep cold treatment and conventional heat treatment. They found that deep cold treatment reduced surface cracking by reducing residual stress^[9]. Kara et al. investigated the effect of cryogenic treatment on the wear performance of Sleipner tool steel. They found that elements such as C, V, Mo, and Cr decreased after cryogenic treatment, leading to the formation of new carbides^[10]. Zhirafar conducted a study on cryogenic treatment of 4340 steel and found through neutron diffraction that the volume fraction of austenite decreased from 5.7–4.2%. Deep treatment can promote the transformation of residual austenite into martensite^[11]. Cardoso et al. conducted a study on the microstructure, impact toughness, and wear resistance of AISID6 tool steel. They found that timely heat treatment after cryogenic treatment can reduce residual austenite, and determined the optimal cryogenic treatment time to be 12–24 hours^[12].

Thin walled parts made of hydrogen resistant steel are key components in certain weapons. The deformation caused by the redistribution of residual stress after a large amount of material removal is the main reason for the scrapping of weapon structural components. There have been few studies on cryogenic treatment of hydrogen resistant steel materials in previous studies. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a set of cryogenic treatment process parameters suitable for hydrogen resistant steel materials to address the issue of deformation caused by the large initial residual stress inside the materials. This study investigates the reduction of initial residual stress in hydrogen resistant steel. By optimizing the parameters that affect the effectiveness of cryogenic treatment, such as cryogenic temperature, cryogenic time, number of cold and hot cycles, and cryogenic cooling rate, a three-level four factor orthogonal experiment was adopted. The residual stress under different cryogenic treatment process parameters was calculated using the contour method, and the optimal cryogenic treatment parameters were obtained. However, previous research on cryogenic treatment has only focused on exploring the temperature, time, cooling rate, and sequence of cryogenic treatment. There is relatively little research on the effect of multiple deep cooling treatments on residual stresses inside materials. In addition, previous research has only been limited to reducing residual stress through a single aging method. Therefore, in order to further explore the process technology of residual stress reduction, this article also focuses on the influence of multiple cryogenic treatments and composite ultrasonic vibration on residual stress. These new aging treatment methods have had a positive impact on the development of industry.

2.1 Material forming

The research object is hydrogen resistant steel. Hydrogen resistant steel bars are heated to a certain temperature and held for a certain period of time before being forged. Finally, quenching treatment is carried out and processed into two sizes: 100 × 12mm and 260 × 10mm.The chemical composition of hydrogen resistant steel is shown in Table 1.

Table 1

Chemical composition of hydrogen-resistant steels(mass fraction, %)
Element		C	Ni	Cr	Ti	Al	Mo	Mn	V	Si	P	S	Fe
Weight		≤ 0.02	6	21	-	-	-	9	-	≤ 0.2	≤ 0.005	≤ 0.006	Bal.

2.2 Process parameters for cryogenic treatment

The parameters such as cryogenic treatment temperature, insulation time, number of cold and hot cycles, and cooling rate have important effects on the initial residual stress of materials. Based on our previous research results, the parameters selected for this orthogonal experiment are: cryogenic treatment time (4h, 7h, 10h); Number of cryogenic treatments (1, 2, 3); Deep cooling rate (-10 ℃/min, -5 ℃/min, -2.5 ℃/min). In addition, an aging heat treatment at 350 ℃ for 4 hours is carried out after cryogenic treatment, which together with cryogenic treatment forms a cold and hot cycle. A three-level four factor orthogonal experiment was designed based on the above parameters, and the cryogenic treatment parameters are shown in Table 2.

Table 2

Cryogenic treatment parameters.
Number	Temperature	Time	Frequency	Cooling rate
#1	-130℃	4h	1	-10℃/min
#2	-130℃	7h	2	-5℃/min
#3	-130℃	10h	3	-2.5℃/min
#4	-110℃	4h	2	-2.5℃/min
#5	-110℃	7h	3	-10℃/min
#6	-110℃	10h	1	-5℃/min
#7	-150℃	4h	3	-5℃/min
#8	-150℃	7h	2	-2.5℃/min
#9	-150℃	10h	1	-10℃/min

2.3 Experimental equipment

The processing experiment was conducted using a Qiaofeng milling machine (V-8). The spindle power of the CNC machine tool is 7.5 kW, with a maximum speed of 10000rpm and a three-axis stroke of 800 × 500 × 500 millimeters. The cutting experiment used a hard alloy cutting tool (ST210-R4-08005) produced by Xiamen Jinlu Co., Ltd. The diameter of the cutting tool is 8mm. In order to reduce the impact of residual stress caused by machining on the deformation of thin-walled parts, the cutting speed is set to 142 m/min, the cutting depth is 0.3 mm, and the feed rate is 0.78 mm/r^[13]. The cryogenic treatment equipment uses Shanli-SL500 and liquid nitrogen as the cryogenic treatment medium. The parameters of cryogenic treatment can be adjusted through the control system. The heat treatment equipment is developed by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, with the equipment model SG-XQL1200 and a maximum heating temperature of 1150 ° C. The Hexconn coordinate measuring machine is used to detect the deformation of a plane, with a stroke of 600 * 800 * 1000mm and a detection accuracy of 0.0015mm.

2.4 Calculation of residual stress using contour method

The measurement of internal residual stress is based on the contour method and optimization method proposed by Prime, Gregory Johnson, and Forough Hosseinzadeh^[14–16]. The specific calculation process is shown in Fig. 1. The specific steps are as follows:

(1) Obtaining the cross-section. The slow threading device (SodickAD360) is used with a cutting speed of 0.95 mm/min. The removal method of this device is non-contact. In addition, in order to reduce the impact of additional stress introduced during cutting on deformation, the workpiece is immersed in deionized water.

(2) Deformation of the cross-section. The contact type three coordinate measuring machine is used to measure the deformation of the cross-section (Zeiss New Contura Vastxt). The measurement step size is 0.25 mm, with an error of 1.5 + L/360 µ M (L is the measured length).

(3) Calculation of residual stress. The average value of the measurement data on the left and right cutting surfaces of the sample is calculated. In addition, data denoising is performed to reduce measurement errors. Build a model using ABAQUS software. Model set to isotropic, elastic modulus E = 206 GPa, Poisson's ratio ν = 0.28^[17]. The grid size is 0.5 mm x 0.5 mm x 0.5 mm. Based on the principle of elastic superposition, the fitted deformation data is used as the displacement boundary condition and applied in reverse to the ABAQUS model. At the end of the calculation, the residual stress perpendicular to the cross-section can be obtained.

2.5 Deformation detection method after machining

CMM is used to detect surface deformation after machining. The workpiece is divided into four parts as a whole, namely: circular groove, square groove, circular plane, and square plane, abbreviated as A, B, C, and D. There are a total of 630 flat measurement points. As shown in Fig. 2, A, B, C, and D are the detection areas (green areas). In addition, based on the size of the workpiece, the three-dimensional deformation morphology of each part of the workpiece was calculated using a program written in Matlab software.

3.1 Residual stress reconstruction based on contour method

According to the steps of the contour method in Section 2.4, the residual stress perpendicular to the cross-section of the workpiece is calculated. The stress distribution cloud map of the cross-section is shown in Fig. 3. From the graph, it can be seen that the residual stress distribution trend of all specimens is similar, with tensile stress at the center and compressive stress on both sides. No matter what cryogenic treatment parameters are used, the stress distribution state of all specimens will not be changed. When the material is quenched, due to the external cooling of the material first, the external atoms will shrink, resulting in compressive residual stress. However, the cooling rate inside the material is slow and in a state of thermal expansion, resulting in tensile residual stress between the atoms^[18].

To further analyze the influence of cryogenic treatment parameters on residual stress inside hydrogen steel, this paper selects the maximum residual stress in the core of the sample as the research object. According to previous research, the maximum amplitude of residual stress in the core of hydrogen resistant steel after solid solution treatment is 413MPa^[19]. The residual stress amplitude and residual stress relief rate of hydrogen resistant steel under different cryogenic treatment parameters are shown in Table 3. From Table 3, it can be observed that the stress amplitude under # 8 is the highest, with a value of 166 MPa. It can also be observed that the stress amplitude at # 3 is the smallest, with a value of 93MPa and a maximum stress reduction rate of 77.5%.

Table 3

Residual stress amplitude under different cryogenic treatment parameters.
Number	Residual stress amplitude	Residual stress reduction rate
#1	133MPa	67.8%
#2	111MPa	73.1%
#3	93MPa	77.5%
#4	146MPa	64.6%
#5	137MPa	66.8%
#6	140MPa	66.1%
#7	156MPa	62.2%
#8	166MPa	59.8%
#9	138MPa	66.6%

In order to compare the changes in residual stress under different cryogenic treatment parameters, multiple nodes were selected at the same position on the workpiece cross-section and plotted as a straight line. Three residual stress evaluation lines with a distance of 3mm(L1), 6mm(L2), and 9mm(L3) from the end face were selected. L1, L2, and L3 represent the residual stress distribution on the upper, central, and lower end faces of the specimen, as shown in Fig. 4. There are three main types of residual stress. The first type of residual stress is distributed on large grain boundaries of materials, known as macroscopic residual stress. The second type of residual stress is distributed within a small area of the material. The third type of residual stress maintains equilibrium within a small region of the material (several atomic intervals). This article mainly studies macroscopic residual stress. The uneven contraction of the workpiece during the cold and hot process leads to differences in the elastic-plastic deformation inside the material^[13]. Therefore, the residual stress generated during quenching, cryogenic treatment, and heat treatment of workpieces should be the focus of research. From the figure, it can be observed that the residual stress range of specimens #2 and #3 is significantly smaller than that of other specimens. For the evaluation lines L1 and L3 on both sides, the residual stress range for specimens #1 and #4~#9 is 150MPa~-130MPa. The range of residual stress in samples #2 and #3 is 70MPa~-20MPa. Compared to the residual stresses at the core and edges of other specimens, both #2 and #3 show a significant decrease. For the evaluation line L2 of the center, the residual stress range of specimens #1, #4~#9 is 170MPa~-130MPa. The residual stress range of samples #2 and #3 is 110MPa ~ 10MPa. Similarly, the residual stress values have significantly decreased. From Fig. 4, it can be observed that the optimal parameters for reducing residual stress are − 130℃, 10h, -2.5℃/min, and 3 cycles of cold and hot cycles. Through the optimal cryogenic treatment parameters, the residual stress in the core of the sample is significantly reduced.

3.2 The influence of cryogenic treatment parameters on residual stress

The cryogenic treatment parameters of materials have a significant impact on residual stress. The main and secondary effects of different cryogenic treatment parameters on residual stress have been further studied. The main and secondary effects of four cryogenic treatment parameters on residual stress in hydrogen steel specimens were obtained through range analysis. The calculation steps of the range analysis method are as follows: (1) Calculate the sum of the results K_jm of the four parameters at each level (where j represents the j-th factor and m represents the m-th level of the j-th factor), (2) Obtain the average value k_jm through step 1 (where j represents the j-th factor and m represents the m-th level of the j-th factor), and then obtain the optimal combination parameters of all factors; (3) Calculate the magnitude of the range R_j (where j represents the j-th factor) and determine the primary and secondary effects of the four parameters on residual stress in hydrogen steel specimens^[20].

Table 4

Range analysis under different cryogenic treatment parameters
Analysis project	Temperature	Time	Frequency	Cooling rate
\({K}_{1}\)	337	435	439	408
\({K}_{2}\)	423	414	395	407
\({K}_{3}\)	460	371	386	405
\({k}_{1}\)	112.3	145.0	146.3	136.0
\({k}_{2}\)	141.0	138.0	131.7	135.7
\({k}_{3}\)	153.3	123.7	128.7	135.0
Optimal	-130℃	10h	3	-2.5℃/min
\({R}_{j}\)	41.0	21.3	17.7	1.0
Impact sequence	1	2	3	4

According to Table 4, it can be found that the order of the influence of cryogenic treatment parameters on the initial residual stress of hydrogen steel is cryogenic treatment temperature > cryogenic treatment time > cryogenic cycle number > cooling rate. The maximum range value is at a deep cold temperature, with a value of 41.0. Therefore, the cryogenic treatment temperature has the greatest impact on the initial residual stress of hydrogen resistant steel. When the cryogenic treatment temperature is -130 ℃, the residual stress amplitude of hydrogen resistant steel is the lowest. This is different from the research results of Cardoso et al., who believe that the optimal cryogenic treatment time is 12h-24h^[21]. In addition, Niu et al. also studied the effect of cryogenic treatment parameters on residual stress through polarity analysis of orthogonal experiments. Their research found that the order of influence is: cryogenic treatment temperature < cooling rate < number of cycles < cryogenic time^[22]. The reason why their research results differ from this article is because the materials studied are different. The range of deep cold insulation time is 21.3. Through experiments and finite element simulations, it was found that the residual stress of hydrogen resistant steel decreases with the increase of cryogenic insulation time. The range of cold and hot cycle times is 17.7. It is worth noting that the maximum amplitude relief rate of residual stress during the first cryogenic treatment is 64.6%. However, the maximum residual stress amplitude relief rate of the second cryogenic treatment compared to the first cryogenic treatment is 9.98%. Similarly, the maximum residual stress amplitude relief rate of the third cryogenic treatment compared to the second cryogenic treatment is only 2.28%. Therefore, it can be observed that the effect of cryogenic treatment on reducing residual stress decreases continuously with the increase of cold and hot cycles. Furthermore, it can be observed from Table 4 that the cooling rate of cryogenic treatment has the smallest impact on residual stress, with a value of 1.0. Therefore, the calculation results indicate that the temperature rate has almost no effect on the initial residual stress of hydrogen resistant steel. Therefore, the optimal parameter combination for cryogenic treatment of hydrogen resistant steel is -130 ℃ (cryogenic temperature), 10 hours (cryogenic insulation time), 3 cycles (cold and hot cycles), and − 2.5 ℃/min (cooling rate). The range analysis results are consistent with the residual stress amplitude analysis results, with a residual stress amplitude of 93MPa and a elimination rate of 77.5%.

3.3 Research on residual stress reduction methods

During the processing, the removal of a large amount of material can lead to the release of residual stress. The release of residual stress has a significant impact on the machining deformation of thin-walled parts^[23]. Through the above research, it was found that the effect of reducing residual stress is most significant under # 2 and # 3. Therefore, based on this, this study proposes a new aging method: cryogenic treatment + ultrasonic vibration. In addition, a specialized ultrasonic vibration control residual stress fixture was designed for the size of complex thin-walled parts, as shown in Fig. 5. The vibration frequency of the ultrasonic vibration equipment is selected as 20kHz, the upper limit of the load power is 50w, and the oscillator diameter is 55mm. Similarly, the residual stress of the specimen subjected to cryogenic treatment and ultrasonic vibration was obtained using the contour method.

The residual stress changes under three different aging methods are shown in Fig. 6. From Fig. 6, it can be seen that after two deep cooling treatment, the residual stress is the highest, ranging from 44.4 MPa to 111.1 MPa. After three rounds of low-temperature treatment, the residual stress decreased, ranging from 15.3MPa to 90.1MPa. After low-temperature treatment and ultrasonic vibration, the residual stress value is the smallest, ranging from 12.1 MPa to 83.2 MPa. Similarly, from the L2 evaluation line, it can be seen that the residual stress range after two deep cooling treatment is -14.9 MPa to 71.5 MPa. The range after three rounds of cryogenic treatment is -5.1 MPa to 70.6 MPa. After cryogenic treatment and ultrasonic vibration, the residual stress was significantly reduced, ranging from − 7.8MPa to 65.9MPa. Therefore, from the calculation results, it can be seen that multiple deep cooling treatments and deep cooling treatment + ultrasonic vibration have a significant effect on reducing residual stress. Compared with two deep cooling treatments, the maximum residual stress after deep cooling treatment and ultrasonic vibration decreased by 25.1%.

3.4 Machining deformation experiment

The deformation of the workpiece is closely related to the aging treatment. In order to comprehensively characterize the deformation of the workpiece, it is divided into four parts: A, B, C, and D, as shown in Figs. 2 and 7. In addition, in order to obtain the deformation of the workpiece more accurately, a three coordinate instrument is used to detect and calculate the deformation. A total of 630 measurement points were selected during the entire measurement process. The code written in Matlab software is used to fit and magnify the deformation results. The overall deformation of the workpiece under different aging treatments is shown in Fig. 7.

The calculation results of the flatness of the workpiece after three types of aging treatment are shown in Fig. 8. From Fig. 8, it can be seen that after two rounds of deep cooling treatment, the deformation of the workpiece is the largest, with flatness values of 37µm, 46µm, 39µm, and 52µm for A, B, C, and D. However, after three rounds of cryogenic treatment and ultrasonic vibration, the deformation of the workpiece was best controlled, and the flatness of A, B, C, and D decreased to 22µm, 23µm, 26µm, and 21µm, respectively. According to the classical theory of ultrasonic vibration, plastic deformation occurs when the sum of initial residual stress and external cyclic load in a material exceeds its yield limit, leading to stress release^[24]. After three rounds of deep cooling treatment, the flatness of the workpiece is between the two, and the flatness of the four surfaces is 28µm, 35µm, 32µm, and 29µm, respectively. From the measurement results of deformation, it can be concluded that an increase in the number of cryogenic treatments will lead to a decrease in the deformation of the workpiece. High dislocation density in materials can lead to severe lattice distortion. Lattice distortion stores more strain energy and leads to greater residual stress in the metal^[25]. However, multiple deep cooling treatments can reduce the dislocation density and residual stress of the material. These results are consistent with the results discussed in Section 3.1. In addition, in our previous research, we found that inserting a deep cooling treatment during the machining process can effectively reduce the overall deformation of the workpiece^[26]. In this study, the same effect was achieved through three deep cooling treatments and ultrasonic vibration, which improved the machining efficiency of the workpiece.

Surface roughness has a significant impact on parts. Workpieces with high surface roughness have uneven surfaces, and stress is concentrated on the protruding parts^[27]. Although surface roughness and flatness focus on different objects, both have important impacts on the performance of parts in practical applications. For example, surface roughness can affect the wear resistance, fit stability, fatigue strength, corrosion resistance, and sealing performance of parts. And flatness ensures the flatness of the part at the macro scale, which is equally important for the assembly and performance of the part. Therefore, it is necessary to study the surface roughness of the workpiece. A large number of researchers have conducted research on surface roughness, using various techniques such as micro lubrication, nanofluid micro lubrication, low-temperature cooling to improve the surface quality of workpieces^[28]. CMQL is a relatively new cooling and lubrication method that has received extensive research attention in recent years. It mainly provides lubrication and cooling for the processing area, improving the processing effect. However, previous research methods used two nozzles, one for fuel injection and the other for low-temperature liquid injection. However, in the actual machining process, the strong injection pressure of the nozzle will not significantly reduce the cooling effect of the lubricating oil, weakening the effectiveness of CMQL. Especially under reprocessing conditions, the sustained high temperature in the processing area leads to instantaneous evaporation of vegetable oil, thereby weakening the lubrication and cooling effects of the processing area. Therefore, to compensate for this deficiency, this study used a nozzle to spray low-temperature lubricating oil. Before spraying into the cutting area, the lubricating oil was cooled down through corresponding equipment, effectively suppressing the temperature rise of the lubricating oil. The workpiece used in the experiment adopted the optimal cryogenic treatment parameters. At the same time, the experiment compared the surface roughness under three different cutting environments: dry cutting, MQL, and CMQL. The experimental equipment is shown in Fig. 9. The experimental results are shown in Fig. 10.

From the figure, it can be observed that the surface roughness of the workpiece is the highest under pouring, with surface roughness values of 0.440µm, 0.481µm, 0.554µm, and 0.669µm for A, B, C, and D. However, after MQL, the surface roughness was reduced. A. The surface roughness of B, C, and D are 0.296µm, 0.384µm, 0.307µm, and 0.599µm, respectively. MQL technology is an effective alternative to traditional lubrication methods. The oil droplets sprayed by MQL are carried to the cutting area through compressed air. Oil droplets provide sufficient lubrication at the interface between the tool and the workpiece, thereby reducing friction and heat generation in the cutting area^[29]. In addition, they will evaporate in a short period of time without leaving any residue on the workpiece or tool. However, the surface roughness of the workpiece under CMQL is the smallest, with four different surface roughness values of 0.120µm, 0.359µm, 0.254µm, and 0.439µm, respectively. Although MQL seems to provide sufficient lubrication, its cooling effect in the processing area is insufficient under reprocessing conditions. The high temperature generated during material removal cannot be controlled, which greatly reduces processing efficiency^[30]. However, CMQL not only reduces the temperature of the processing area, but also plays a lubricating role. CMQL technology greatly improves the surface quality of workpieces through cooling and lubrication effects.

This article uses orthogonal experiments to study the effect of cryogenic treatment parameters on residual stress in hydrogen steel. The influence of four cryogenic treatment parameters on residual stress in hydrogen steel was studied using range analysis method. In addition, a composite cryogenic treatment and ultrasonic vibration aging method was proposed. Finally, the influence of several different cooling and lubrication methods on the surface quality of the workpiece was explored. The specific conclusion is as follows:

After deep cooling treatment, the residual stress at the center and edge of the hydrogen resistant steel sample is significantly reduced, with tensile stress at the center and compressive stress at the edge. Changing the cold and hot cycle parameters will not alter the distribution of internal tension and external pressure.
The optimal cryogenic treatment parameters for hydrogen resistant steel are: cryogenic temperature − 130 ℃, cryogenic insulation time of 10 hours, three cryogenic cycles, and a cooling rate of -2.5 ℃/min. Under this parameter, the residual stress of hydrogen resistant steel is 93Mpa, with a reduction rate of 77.5% compared to the sample after solid solution treatment.
The parameter sequence for resisting the influence of residual stress in hydrogen steel is: deep cooling temperature > deep cooling time > number of cold and hot cycles > cooling rate. In addition, as the number of cold and hot cycles increases, the residual stress reduction effect is weakened. The cooling rate has almost no effect on the reduction of residual stress.
Multiple deep cooling treatments and composite ultrasonic vibration methods were used to reduce residual stress. Compared with two deep cooling treatments, the residual stress under three deep cooling treatments + ultrasonic vibration is the smallest, and the maximum reduction rate of residual stress is 25.1%.
A more comprehensive study was conducted on the overall deformation morphology of complex thin-walled components. The overall deformation of the workpiece is the smallest under deep cooling treatment + ultrasonic vibration, and the flatness of the four surfaces is 22µm, 23µm, 26µm, and 21µm, respectively. In addition, the surface roughness of A, B, C, and D under CMQL was reduced to 0.120µm, 0.359µm, 0.254µm, and 0.439µm, respectively.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Quanwei Yang: Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Data curation, Writing-original draft, Validation. Zhaocheng Wei: Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Writing–review & editing, Supervision, Project administration, Funding acquisition. Zhigang Dong: Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation. Renke Kang: Methodology, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources. Jinxing Kong, Methodology, Resources. Dongxing Du, Formal analysis, Investigation. Silai Liu, Formal analysis. Minglong Guo, Formal analysis. Xiuru Li, Investigation.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No.2018YFA0702900) and Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province (2022-MS-145).

Data availability

Data will be made available on request.

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Editorial decision: Major Revisions Needed
27 Aug, 2024
Reviewers agreed at journal
17 May, 2024
Reviewers invited by journal
17 May, 2024
Editor assigned by journal
08 May, 2024
First submitted to journal
07 May, 2024

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Investigation on the effect of cryogenic treatment parameters on residual stress and machining deformation of Hydrogen-resistant Steel

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Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1 Introduction

2 Experiment

2.1 Material forming

2.2 Process parameters for cryogenic treatment

2.3 Experimental equipment

2.4 Calculation of residual stress using contour method

2.5 Deformation detection method after machining

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Residual stress reconstruction based on contour method

3.2 The influence of cryogenic treatment parameters on residual stress

3.3 Research on residual stress reduction methods

3.4 Machining deformation experiment

4 Conclusions

Declarations

Declaration of Competing Interest

Acknowledgments

Data availability

References

Status:

Version 1