Effects of Amino Acid Value-Added Urea on Rice Growth and Nitrogen Utilization

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4380258/v1

To study the effects of amino acid value-added urea on rice growth and nitrogen utilization, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the improvement of quality and efficiency of traditional nitrogen fertilizers by small molecule active substances. Set the addition amount of amino acids to 5‰ and 5%, and prepare different levels of amino acid value-added urea (AU0.5 and AU5) by fusion with urea as the test materials. Conduct pot experiments on 'Liangyouhua 6' as the test crop. A total of 4 groups of treatments were set up, including non urea (CK), reAUlar urea (U), and amino acid value-added urea (AU0.5, AU5) with 2 different addition ratios. Except for the control, the application rates of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were the same in all other treatments. After the rice matures, collect rice plants and samples from different depths of soil layers to determine the nutrient composition of rice, the nitrogen content of fertilizer in different soil layers, and the abundance of ¹⁵N. The results indicate that: Amino acid added urea significantly promoted the accumulation of biomass in various parts of rice. Compared with U, the biomass of rice straw and grain increased by 25.27–32.74% and 21.71.07–27.77% under AU0.5 and AU5 treatments, respectively; In the nitrogen application treatment, the effective panicle and grain number per panicle of AU0.5 and AU5 rice increased by 17.37%~21.05% and 8.76%~15.33% respectively compared to U, with a significant difference between AU0.5 and U; Compared with U, the total accumulation of aboveground total nitrogen and fertilizer nitrogen in rice treated with AU0.5 and AU5 increased by 3.59%~5.09% and 3.31%~8.49%, respectively, while the accumulation of fertilizer nitrogen in grains and leaves increased by 2.86–6.32% and 4.38–16.25%, respectively. This significantly affected the accumulation of fertilizer nitrogen in straw; Further analysis revealed that the application of amino acid value-added urea significantly improved the apparent nitrogen utilization efficiency and fertilizer nitrogen utilization efficiency. Compared with U, the apparent nitrogen utilization efficiency of AU0.5 and AU5 increased by 23.71% and 33.93%, respectively, and the utilization efficiency of ¹⁵N increased by 15.66% and 6.78%, respectively; The residual amount of fertilizer nitrogen in soil treated with amino acid value-added urea is mainly concentrated in the 0-30cm soil layer, which can reduce nitrogen leaching downward. The nitrogen loss rate of fertilizer treated with amino acid value-added urea is significantly reduced by 12.39% -12.97% compared to ordinary urea. The difference between AU0.5 and AU5 is not significant, and AU5 is 18.80% higher than U in fertilizer nitrogen residual rate. Therefore, The promoting effect of amino acid value-added urea on rice growth is manifested by increasing the absorption of fertilizer nitrogen, enhancing the transport of fertilizer nitrogen to the grains, improving the apparent and utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer, while reducing nitrogen leaching downwards and reducing nitrogen loss rate. Among them, the best effect is the addition of 5‰ amino acid.

Biological sciences/Chemical biology

Biological sciences/Ecology

Biological sciences/Plant sciences

Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences

Amino acid value-added urea

Rice

Fertilizer use efficiency

Residual N distribution

As one of the three major food crops, rice's yield and quality are crucial for China's food security^[1]. Urea is the most commonly used type of nitrogen fertilizer in agricultural production in China, accounting for 70% of the total nitrogen fertilizer consumption^[2], which far exceeds the upper limit of international safety standards^[3]. Moreover, due to its strong activity and multiple loss pathways, only a small portion can be absorbed by crops and fixed by the soil after application, while the vast majority enters the water and atmosphere through ammonia volatilization, leaching, and runoff. According to reports, the utilization rate, residual rate, and loss rate of urea nitrogen in China are 40.70%, 19.30%, and 40.00%^[4]. Causing resource waste and affecting ecological environment security^[5-7]. Developing value-added urea is an important way to improve fertilizer utilization efficiency, reduce nitrogen loss, and optimize environmental benefits. However, currently, the production of value-added urea is mainly based on the addition of biological macromolecular substances such as humic acid and alginate, and most of them are composite substances. The research on their synergistic mechanism is relatively complex. Small molecule active substances are mostly natural organic compounds, which not only come from a wide range of sources and are safe and environmentally friendly, but also possess certain functional groups that can undergo complex reactions with urea, which is beneficial for improving the quality and efficiency of traditional urea.

Amino acid based small molecule active substances, as a type of plant stimulants, have the effects of improving plant growth and metabolism, regulating plant physiological development, and have been widely used as fertilizer enhancers^[8-10]. Research has confirmed that spraying amino acids can not only improve the stress conditions during strawberry growth, but also increase fruit yield^[11]. Wang Bei^[12]found that foliar spraying with amino acid containing water-soluble fertilizer can significantly increase the yield of chili peppers and kidney beans, and optimize the soil microbial environment. Spraying amino acids on mung beans can significantly improve root activity, leaf number, and biomass, and the chlorophyll content in mung beans is positively correlated with spraying concentration^[13]. However, these studies are limited to the effects of amino acids as water-soluble fertilizer additives on crop yield, quality, and nutrient utilization efficiency. There are few reports on the value-added urea composed of amino acids and urea, especially the effects of different concentrations of amino acids and urea fusion on fertilizers, crops, and soil, as well as their application effects. Therefore, studying the effects of chelated urea with different levels of amino acid addition on nitrogen transformation characteristics has important theoretical value and practical significance in clarifying the mechanism of amino acid added urea promoting rice growth and nutrient accumulation and utilization.

Based on previous research, this experiment selected 5 ‰ and 5% amino acids to chelate with urea to create different concentrations of amino acid value-added urea. Using rice pot culture and ¹⁵N tracking technology, the effects of amino acid value-added urea on rice yield, nitrogen utilization, and fertilizer nitrogen residue and loss in soil were studied, and the effects of amino acid value-added urea on crop growth and nutrient accumulation were clarified, To provide data and theoretical basis for optimizing fertilizer performance, improving fertilizer utilization efficiency, and developing new fertilizers with small molecule active substances.

1.1 Test materials

1.1.1 Test fertilizer

(1) Amino acid synergist: provided by the Institute of Resources and Agricultural Regionalization of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, with a total amino acid content of 20%, mainly composed of glutamic acid, lysine, valine, and alanine.

(2) ¹⁵N amino acid value-added urea (AU): The above-mentioned amino acid synergists are added to urea with a ¹⁵N abundance of 10.05% in a ratio of 5 ‰ and 5%, respectively. They are fully melted with urea at 130 ℃, cooled, crushed, and sieved, ultimately forming AU0.5 (5 ‰ amino acid value-added urea) and AU5 (5% amino acid value-added urea).

(3) ¹⁵N urea (U): Using the same urea as in (2), repeat the operation in (2) without adding an amino acid synergist. After melting, cooling, crushing, and sieving, the urea obtained is ¹⁵N urea (U), which serves as the control for (2).

Phosphate fertilizer and potassium fertilizer are commercially available brands of potassium dihydrogen phosphate and potassium chloride, and the basic properties of urea used are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Amino acid addition ratio and nitrogen content of experimental urea

Treatment	Amino acid(%）	Total N(%）	¹⁵N abundance(%)
U	0	45.85	10.05
AU0.5	0.5	45.44	10.01
AU 5	5	43.52	10.00

1.1.2 Test soil

Taken from the 0-30 cm soil layer of Hefei Agricultural Park, Anhui Agricultural University, remove stones and roots, air dry and grind them through a 2 mm sieve. The soil type is paddy soil developed from the material. The basic physical and chemical properties of the soil are 10.24 g·kg^-1of organic matter, 0.78 g·kg^-1of total nitrogen, 42.4 mg·kg^-1of alkaline nitrogen, 9.35 mg·kg^-1of available phosphorus, 138.62 mg·kg^-1of available potassium, and pH 6.57.

1.1.3 Test crop

Rice: Variety 'Liangyouhua 6'（Oryza sativa L.）。

1.2 Experimental design

The rice pot experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Wanjiang University of technology from May to September 2021. Four treatments were set up: (1) no nitrogen fertilizer control (CK), (2) ¹⁵N urea (U), (3) 5 ‰ amino acid value-added urea (AU0.5) and (4) 5% amino acid value-added urea (AU5).

According to the calculation of the average soil bulk density of 1.36 g/cm³, each test pot (100 cm high, 25 cm inside diameter) contains 55 kg of soil. Each pot transplants rice seedlings in 5 holes, with 5 plants in each hole. The amount of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O was 0.15, 0.2 and 0.2 g/kg respectively (the amount of fertilizer was calculated as dry soil). All fertilizers were applied at one time before rice transplanting and evenly mixed into 0-30 cm soil layer. Each treatment was repeated 5 times and arranged randomly. In the rice growth cycle, the management should be carried out according to the local conventional cultivation techniques in the field. Rice was harvested on September 30, 2021.

1.3 Sample

After the rice is mature, select three representative rice holes in each pot, clean them with flowing water, and divide the aboveground plants into three parts: stem, leaf and spike, and put them into sample bags. After 30 minutes at 105℃, dry at 65℃ to constant weight, and weigh the dry weight of each part. The weighed sample was crushed through a 0.178 mm sieve for subsequent determination.

The soil samples were collected after the rice harvest. The soil samples were taken in the "s" type layers (0~30 cm, 30~60 cm, 60~90 cm) in each pot with a 100 ml ring knife. Each layer was sampled three times in parallel. The roots of the stones were carefully picked out and dried, ground, and screened for subsequent determination.

1.4 Determination method

Rice biomass is the average value of three repeated experiments. The total nitrogen content of plants and different soil layers is determined by Kjeldahl method^[14], and the ¹⁵N abundance is determined by Delta V advanced element analysis isotope mass spectrometer (elemental, Germany)^[15].

1.5 Data processing

After the data were sorted by Excel 2017, the following indicators were calculated according to references^[16-18], and SPSS 22 and Duncan were used for variance analysis and correlation analysis.

Plant total nitrogen accumulation (g/pot)=plant total nitrogen content × Plant biomass

Plant fertilizer nitrogen accumulation (g/pot)=plant total nitrogen accumulation × (15N atomic percentage of plant exceeds/15N atomic percentage of fertilizer exceeds)

Residual fertilizer nitrogen in each soil layer (g/pot)=total nitrogen content in each soil layer × Dry weight of each soil layer × Each soil layer (15N atomic percent of soil/15N atomic percent of fertilizer)

Apparent nitrogen use efficiency (%)=(total nitrogen content of plant applying nitrogen fertilizer × Plant biomass - total nitrogen content of plants without nitrogen fertilizer × Plant biomass)/nitrogen application rate × one hundred

Fertilizer nitrogen utilization rate (%)=plant fertilizer nitrogen accumulation/fertilizer nitrogen application rate × one hundred

Fertilizer nitrogen residue rate (%)=fertilizer nitrogen residue in soil/fertilizer nitrogen application rate × one hundred

Fertilizer nitrogen loss rate (%)=100%- (total accumulation of fertilizer nitrogen in plant+total residue of fertilizer nitrogen in soil)/fertilizer nitrogen application rate × 100%

2.1 Effects of amino acid added urea on biomass and yield components of rice

As shown in Figure 1, nitrogen fertilizer application significantly promoted the growth of rice, and different types of nitrogen fertilizer had different effects on the growth of rice. The total aboveground biomass of AU0.5 and AU5 significantly increased by 19.89%-25.81% compared with that of ordinary urea u, while there was no significant difference between AU0.5 and AU5 treatments. Compared with U, AU0.5 and AU5 significantly increased the biomass of rice grain and straw by 21.71%-27.77% and 25.27% -32.74%, respectively. However, the effect on the increase of rice leaf biomass was not significant. Further analysis of the impact of each treatment on rice yield components is shown in Table 2. Compared with no nitrogen application, nitrogen application can increase the panicle length and grain number per panicle by 7.28% -16.40% and 9.60% -26.40%, respectively. Compared with ordinary urea U, the effective panicles and grains per panicle of rice with AU0.5 and AU5 increased by 17.37%~21.05% and 8.76%~15.33%. Respectively, and the difference between AU0.5 and U was significant. And the application of amino acid added urea can also improve the panicle length of rice to a certain extent, but there is no significant difference compared with ordinary urea.

Table 2 Effects of amino acid value-added urea on rice grain yield components

Treatment	Spike length(cm)	Spike number(No./pot)	Number of grains(No./Spike)	Seed-setting rate(%)	Thousand grain weight(g)
CK	15.67±1.2b	13.5±0.6c	125±13.3c	90.92±5.1a	24.40±0.22a
U	16.81±1.7ab	19.0±2.0b	137±2.5bc	91.08±1.9a	25.57±0.41a
AU0.5	17.52±1.0ab	23.0±1.7a	158±13.1a	92.37±2.4a	25.31±0.38a
AU5	18.24±2.0a	22.3±1.0ab	149±4.2ab	91.75±4.1a	25.87±0.32a

Note: Different letters in a column mean significant difference among treatments at the 5% level. (The same below)

2.2 Effect of amino acid added urea on nitrogen uptake by rice

The effects of different treatments on the total nitrogen accumulation of rice shoots are shown in figure 2-a. compared with ordinary urea, the total nitrogen accumulation of rice shoots in amino acid value-added urea treatment increased by 3.59%~5.09%, and there was no significant difference among different nitrogen treatments. Among them, AU0.5 and AU5 treatments significantly increased the total nitrogen accumulation in rice leaves by 20.61% and 11.59% compared with U, but the nitrogen accumulation in grains and stems reached a significant level. Further analysis of the accumulation of fertilizer nitrogen in rice aboveground is shown in figure 2-b. the application of amino acid value-added urea can increase the accumulation of fertilizer nitrogen in rice aboveground. Compared with U, the total accumulation of fertilizer nitrogen in rice aboveground under AU0.5 treatment increased by 8.49%, the difference was significant, and it increased by 3.31% under AU5 treatment, the difference was not significant. Further analysis of fertilizer nitrogen accumulation in various parts of rice showed that the accumulated fertilizer nitrogen in rice was mainly enriched in grains, accounting for 61.70% -62.96% of the total accumulated fertilizer nitrogen in the upper part of the land. Compared with u, the accumulation of fertilizer nitrogen in grains and leaves of rice under AU0.5 and AU5 treatments increased by 2.86% -6.32% and 4.38%-16.25%, respectively, with significant difference only between AU0.5 and U treatments; However, different nitrogen treatments had no significant effect on the accumulation of fertilizer nitrogen in rice stems.

It can be seen from the proportion of fertilizer nitrogen accumulation above ground but total nitrogen accumulation (Table 3) that 26.51%~28.25% of the nitrogen accumulated in rice comes from fertilizer nitrogen, and the fertilizer nitrogen accumulation under AU0.5 treatment accounts for the highest total nitrogen accumulation, which is significantly higher than other treatments. There was no significant difference in the ratio of fertilizer nitrogen to total nitrogen accumulation in leaves and stems under different nitrogen treatments.。

Table 3 proportion of fertilizer nitrogen absorbed by each part of rice in nitrogen accumulation (%)

Treatment	Grain	Leaf	Straw	Aboveground
U	24.30±0.44b	37.47±0.09a	27.33±0.82a	26.97±1.0b
AU0.5	25.75±0.38a	36.12±0.07a	29.10±1.2a	28.25±0.3a
AU5	24.26±0.32b	35.05±0.22a	26.32±1.7a	26.51±0.8b

2.3 Effect of amino acid added urea on nitrogen use efficiency of rice

The utilization rate of rice for different types of nitrogen fertilizer is shown in Figure 3. Compared with ordinary urea, the utilization rate of rice for nitrogen fertilizer under amino acid value-added urea treatment is significantly improved. The apparent nitrogen use efficiency of AU0.5 and AU5 treatments were 23.71% and 33.93% higher than that of u treatment, respectively. The ¹⁵N utilization rates of AU0.5 and AU5 treatments were 15.66% and 6.78% higher than those of U treatment, respectively. Among them, only the ¹⁵N utilization rate of AU0.5 treatment and U treatment reached a significant level. Further analysis of the fate of fertilizer nitrogen showed that in addition to crop accumulation, 35.34%-42.91% of fertilizer nitrogen remained in the soil, while 20.93%-24.05% of fertilizer nitrogen was lost through ammonia volatilization and leaching. Compared with U, the residual rate of fertilizer nitrogen increased by 18.80% under AU5 treatment, and the difference was significant. There was no significant difference between the residual rate of fertilizer nitrogen and U under AU0.5 treatment; Under the treatment of amino acid added urea, the loss rate of nitrogen fertilizer was reduced by 12.39% -12.97% compared with ordinary urea, and the difference was significant. There was no significant difference in the loss rate of nitrogen fertilizer among different amino acid additions.

2.4 Effect of amino acid added urea on distribution of fertilizer nitrogen in soil profile

By analyzing the distribution of residual fertilizer nitrogen in the soil after rice harvest (Table 4), it can be seen that the residual fertilizer nitrogen in the soil under different nitrogen treatments is mainly concentrated in the 0-60 cm soil layer, and the residual fertilizer nitrogen in the 0-60 cm soil layer under different nitrogen treatments (U, AU0.5 and AU5) accounts for more than 98% of the total residual fertilizer nitrogen in the 0-90 cm soil layer. Among them, the residual amount of fertilizer nitrogen in 0-30 cm soil layer and 30-60 cm soil layer of AU5 treatment was the largest, which was 15.42% and 20.00% higher than that of U, and the difference was significant, but the difference was not significant under AU0.5 treatment. In 60-90 cm soil layer, there was no significant difference in fertilizer nitrogen residue among different nitrogen treatments.

Table 4 Effects of amino acid value-added urea on fertilizer N distributions in soil profiles（g/pot）

Soil layer（cm）	U	AU0.5	AU5
0~30	0.253±0.001b	0.249±0.002b	0.292±0.002a
30~60	0.075±0.002b	0.078±0.001b	0.09±0.002a
60~90	0.003±0.001a	0.004±0.001a	0.004±0.001a

3.1 Effects of amino acid added urea on rice biomass and yield components

A large number of studies have shown that single application of amino acids or combined application with urea can increase crop yield^[18-21]. Spraying a certain concentration of amino acids at the time of wheat flowering can increase the seed setting rate per spike, increase yield, improve quality and improve fertilizer utilization^[22]; The combined application of amino acids and fertilizers can promote the growth of rice seedlings, increase the yield and improve the soil biological environment^[23-25]. In this study, amino acid value-added urea was prepared by adding amino acid to urea. Compared with ordinary urea, it can significantly improve the aboveground biomass and grain yield of rice, which is consistent with the previous research results, indicating that the fusion of amino acid and urea can reflect a good yield increase effect. From the perspective of yield composition of rice, the application of amino acid value-added urea significantly increased the number of effective panicles and grains per panicle of rice, indicating that amino acid value-added urea can improve the yield mainly by increasing the number of panicles of rice, which is consistent with the research results of Yuan^[18].

3.2 Effect of amino acid added urea on nitrogen uptake and utilization by rice

Amino acid added urea can promote the absorption of fertilizer nitrogen by rice and improve the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer. The results showed that 5 ‰ amino acid added urea could significantly improve the utilization rate of urea nitrogen in rice. This may be because amino acid value-added urea can promote the accumulation and assimilation of nitrogen in rice at the later stage and increase the nitrogen accumulation of rice, which is consistent with the research results of Cheng^[25]. However, with the increase of the amount of amino acids added, the nitrogen use efficiency of rice has declined, which is mainly because the application of 5% amino acid value-added urea has increased the residual amount of fertilizer nitrogen in the soil. The reason may be that more stable complex products are produced after the melt granulation of 5% amino acid value-added urea, which enhances its slow-release property, and may also be related to rice varieties, planting density, climate and other factors^[26]. Amino acid added urea can increase the total accumulation of fertilizer nitrogen in rice plants by increasing the accumulation of fertilizer nitrogen in rice grains. It indicates that amino acid value-added urea can enhance the absorption and utilization of nitrogen by crops, which may be because amino acids, as a kind of important biological stimulants, directly participate in the regulation of plant growth and development, promote the growth of crop roots and the expression of related enzyme genes in the body, improve the accumulation ability of nutrient elements in roots, and then improve the accumulation efficiency of nitrogen^[25-28]. On the other hand, the fusion of amino acids and urea may lead to complexation, chelation or physical-chemical adsorption, slow down the dissolution and transformation time of nitrogen fertilizer, change the release characteristics of urea, and make the nutrient release of urea more in line with the nutrient demand during the growth of rice^[25,29-30]. And with the entry of additional carbon sources, it may affect the enzyme activity and carbon nitrogen ratio of local soil, promote the mineralization process of soil, and increase more nitrogen supply for rice growth^[31].

3.3 Effect of amino acid added urea on distribution, residue and loss of fertilizer nitrogen in soil

By analyzing the distribution and residue of amino acid value-added urea on fertilizer nitrogen in soil, the results showed that amino acid value-added urea not only increased the total accumulation of fertilizer nitrogen in crops, but also increased the residue of fertilizer nitrogen in soil and reduced the loss rate of nitrogen fertilizer. On the one hand, it may be because amino acid value-added urea reduced soil urease activity and inhibited urea transformation, thereby reducing nitrogen loss caused by ammonia volatilization, On the other hand, it may be that amino acid value-added urea promotes the growth of rice roots^[25], improves nutrient absorption, and thus reduces the loss rate of fertilizer nitrogen. The specific theoretical mechanism needs to be further studied. In this study, the residual amount of fertilizer nitrogen in 0~30 cm soil layer accounted for more than 60% of the total amount of fertilizer nitrogen in 0~90 cm soil layer, and the residual amount of fertilizer nitrogen in different soil layers under au5 treatment was significantly higher than that under u treatment, indicating that 5% amino acid added urea can significantly reduce the risk of fertilizer nitrogen leaching loss. In this paper, only one type of soil was selected to study the effect of amino acid and urea fusion on rice growth and nitrogen transformation characteristics. However, further research is needed to verify the molecular structure characteristics of amino acid value-added urea, the difference between fusion and physical mixing on urea transformation and the application effect in different types of soil.

Compared with ordinary urea, amino acid added urea can increase rice yield and nitrogen accumulation and utilization. However, the effects of different amino acid additions (5‰ and 5%) on Rice Yield and fertilizer nitrogen fate were different

(1) The application of amino acid value-added urea could increase the yield by 10.07%-12.19%, which was mainly achieved by increasing the effective panicles and the number of grains per panicle of rice. There was no significant difference between different amino acid additions;

(2) Compared with ordinary urea, amino acid added urea can increase the absorption of nitrogen by rice, promote the transport of nitrogen to the aboveground part, and improve the apparent utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer and fertilizer nitrogen utilization rate, among which 5 ‰ amino acid added urea is the best;

(3) The residual amount of fertilizer nitrogen in soil treated with amino acid added urea was mainly concentrated in 0~30cm soil layer, which reduced the risk of nitrogen leaching and effectively avoided nitrogen loss, and the effect of 5% amino acid added urea was the best.

Author Contribution

Lin CHENG,Shuang-shuang HUANG and Zong-ya WANG wrote the main manuscript text . Hong-yan WU and Jun LI prepared figures 1-3. All authors reviewed the manuscript

Data Availability

The authors confirm that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

Fang F P, Chen S H. On China's Rice Production Capacity[J]. Chinese Rice Science, 2009, 23 (06): 559-566.
Zhao B Q. Developing urea value-added technology - promoting the upgrading of urea product technology[J]. Phosphate and Compound Fertilizers, 2013, 28 (02): 6-7.
Shi C L, AUo Y, Zhu J F. Evaluation and influencing factors of excessive fertilizer application in grain production in China[J]. Research on Agricultural Modernization, 2016, 37 (4): 671-679
Zhuang Z D, Li X H. Effects of humic acid nitrogen fertilizer on maize yield, nitrogen fertilizer utilization and nitrogen fertilizer loss[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2016, 22 (5): 1232-1239.
Lin D X, Fan X H, Hu F, et al. Ammonia volatilization and nitrogen utilization efficiency in response to urea application in rice fields of the Taihu Lake region, China[J]. Pedosphere, 2007, 17(5): 639–645.
Zhang F S, Wang J Q, Zhang W F, et al. The Current Situation and Improvement Approaches of Fertilizer Utilization Efficiency of Major Grain Crops in China[J]. Journal of Soil Science, 2008, 45(5): 915-924.
AUo J H, Liu X J, Zhang Y, et al.Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands[J]. Science, 2010, 327: 1008-1010
Shen X, Li Y T, Yuan L, et al. The combination of amino acid and zinc spraying improves the biomass, quality, and zinc utilization efficiency of Chinese cabbage[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2017, 23(01): 181-188.
Yu H L, Lin Z A, Li Y T, et al. The effect of spraying small molecule organic matter on the growth development and nutrient absorption of small rapeseed[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2014, 20(06): 1560-1568.
Zhang M, Liu S G, Shi X Q, et al. Research progress on the biological efficacy of amino acids and amino acid chelates[J]. Hubei Agricultural Science, 2019, 58 (S1): 1-3.
MONDAL F, ASADUZZAMAN M, KOBAYASHI Y, et al. Recovery from autotoxicity in strawberry by supplementation of amino acids[J]. Scientia Horticulturae, 2013, 164: 137-144.
Wang B, Gao X, Wang T T, et al. The fertilizer effect of foliar spraying water-soluble fertilizer containing amino acids on chili peppers and cowpeas[J]. Soil, 2017, 49(04): 692-698.
Li M J, Xiang G H, Du Y A, et al. The effect of different concentrations of amino acid plant nutrients on the germination and seedling growth of kidney beans[J]. Southern Agriculture, 2008(04): 10-11.
Lu R K. Soil and agricultural chemistry analysis method[M]. Beijing: China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 1999.
Lu J J, Sheng H Y, Gao Y J, et al. The effect of different nitrogen application rates combined with nitrification inhibitors on the fate of 15N fertilizer in Chaidamu goji orchard[J]. Journal of Nuclear Agriculture, 2023, 37(03): 577-585.
Liang T B, Wang Z L, Liu L L, et al. The effect of humic acid urea on ginger yield, nitrogen absorption assimilation and quality[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2007(05): 903-909.
Zhao Y, Chen H B, Du J J, et al. The Effect of Different Fertilization Patterns on Fertility and Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency of Typical Red Soil Vegetable Fields in South China[J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Journal, 2023, 39(03): 692-698.
Yuan L, Zhao B Q, Lin J A, et al. Effect of value-added urea on wheat yield, nitrogen use efficiency and distribution of nitrogen fertilizer in soil profile[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2014, 20(3): 620-628.
Peng Z P, Huang J C, Yu J H, et al. The effect of monosodium glutamate wastewater on peanut yield quality and soil enzyme activity[J]. Journal of Tropical Crops, 2012, 33(09): 1579-1583.
Zhang J, Li Y T, Yuan L, et al. Amino acid fermentation tailing can promote the absorption and utilization of water-soluble fertilizer nitrogen by cherry tomato[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2018, 24 (1): 114-121.
Xu M, Yuan L, Li W, et al. Effect of compound amino acid fertilizer synergist on cotton growth, yield and nutrient utilization in Xinjiang[J]. Chinese Soil and Fertilizer, 2018,(4): 87-92.
Zhang F Y, Ye Y, Wang L, et al. The Effect of Enhanced Compound Fertilizer and Reduced Nitrogen Application on Wheat Corn Yield and Nutrient Efficiency[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University, 2022, 49(03): 388-394.
Zhu R, Liu L L, Qi Y B, et al. Response of ammonia volatilization and rice yield in rice fields to the application of synergistic compound fertilizers and nitrogen reduction[J]. Journal of Agricultural Environmental Science, 2021, 40(09): 1935-1943.
Ge M H, Zhang L G, Qi Y B, et al. The effect of compound amino acid synergist combined with urea on the growth of rice seedlings and soil nitrogen[J]. Chinese Soil and Fertilizers, 2020(06): 122-129.
Cheng L, Zhang L G, Zhang G Y, et al. The effect of amino acid enriched urea on the growth of rice seedlings and rhizosphere microbiota[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers, 2021, 27(01): 35-44.
Gao S. A study on the effects of different nitrogen application rates and cultivation densities on the growth and development of rice and wheat [D]. Nanjing Agricultural University, 2020.
Wang Z H. Amino acids can promote rooting of cuttings[J]. Chinese flower bonsai, 1988,(1): 13.
Xu M, Yuan L, Li W, et al. Effect of compound amino acid fertilizer synergist on seed germination and seedling growth of pakchoi under NaCl stress[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2018, 24(4): 992-1000.
Zhao J Y, Yao Z, Jiang X H. Studies on increasing nitrogen utilization rate of chemical N fertilizer by application of organic wastes as additives I. Effects of application of organic wastes and matter as additives on transformation of urea-N in soils[J]. Acta Agricultural Shanghai, 1998, 14(2): 67-72.
Ju X T, Liu X J, Zhang F S. Dynamics of various nitrogen forms in soil and nitrogen utilization under application urea and different organic materials[J]. Journal of China Agricultural University, 2002,7(3): 52-566.
Lu C Y, Chen X. The effect of adding organic carbon sources on the nitrogen mineralization process of organic materials with different C/N ratios[J]. Journal of Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2004(01): 108-112. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2596-0053

No competing interests reported.

Effects of Amino Acid Value-Added Urea on Rice Growth and Nitrogen Utilization

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

1 Materials and Methods

2 Result and Analysis

3 Discussion

4 Conclusions

Declarations

Author Contribution

Data Availability

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1