1 | Sookaneknun et al | 2000 | Economic analysis of the diabetes and hypertension screening collaboration between community pharmacies and a Thai government primary care unit | To evaluate models for collaboration between community pharmacies and a government primary care unit (PCU) in carrying out a screening program for diabetes and hypertension | Quasiexperimental study | 456 | Screening for hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus | Lack of policies and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to primary care the framework | Thailand | Government should formulate polices that allow pharmacists to act as provider health care. | 80 |
2 | Chalker et al | 2002 | Private pharmacies in Hanoi, Vietnam: a randomised trial of a 2-year multicomponent intervention on knowledge and stated practice regarding ARI, STD and antibiotic/steroid requests | To determine the effectiveness of a multicomponent intervention on knowledge and practice amongst staff working in private pharmacies in Hanoi regarding urethral discharge [sexually transmitted diseases (STD)], acute respiratory infection (ARI), and nonprescription requests for antibiotics and steroids. | Randomised controlled trial | 44 | Promoting access to sexual and reproductive health and antimicrobial stewardship | N/R | Vietnam | Government should recognise CPs as Healthcare providers. | 60 |
3 | Oparah and Arigbe-Osula. | 2002 | Evaluation of Community Pharmacists’ Involvement in Primary Health Care | To assess the involvement of community pharmacists in primary health care; determine extent of their participation in curative and preventive services, as well as partially assess quality of the involvement. | Cross-sectional study | 110 | Health screening, diarrhoeal illnesses, provision of first aid kits, health promotion and disease prevention | Lack of government policy and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the national primary care framework | Nigeria | Continuing pharmacy education; enacting laws that empower community pharmacists to provide expanded services. | 80 |
4 | Garcia et al | 2003 | Training pharmacy workers in recognition, management, and prevention of STDs: district-randomised controlled trial | To assess the effectiveness of an intervention for pharmacy workers in improving their recognition and management of sexually transmitted disease (STD) syndromes | Randomised controlled trial | 95 | Promoting access to sexual and reproductive health | Poor collaboration with other health workers | Peru | There should be improved collaboration with other health workers especially physicians | 60 |
5 | Chaiyakunapruk et al | 2003 | Community pharmacy-based implementation and evaluation of an Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians | To implement an osteoporosis screening and referral program in community pharmacies and evaluate the use of the Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool for Asians (OSTA) as the screening instrument | Quasiexperimental study | 51 | Screening and referral women at risk of osteoporosis | N/R | Thailand | A cost-effectiveness analysis of osteoporosis risk assessment services in community pharmacy Should be carried out to justify the value of this health-promotion activity | 20 |
6 | Lönnroth et al. | 2003 | Referring TB suspects from private pharmacies to the National Tuberculosis Programme: experiences from two districts in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam | To describe pharmacists' attitudes towards referring TB suspects to the National Tuberculosis Programme (NTP) and to evaluate the feasibility of a new referral system. | Mixed methods: cross-sectional and explorative interview | 150 | Referral of suspected Tuberculosis patient to treatment centres | Lack of policies and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the primary care framework; limited knowledge in Tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment; ethical dilemma | Vietnam | Regular trainings to community pharmacists on Tuberculosis care and public awareness on these services. | 20 |
7 | Chalker et al | 2005 | Effectiveness of a multicomponent intervention on dispensing practices at private pharmacies in Vietnam and Thailand–a randomised controlled trial | To determine the effectiveness of a multifaceted intervention on the dispensing practices of drug sellers in Hanoi and Bangkok | Randomised controlled trial | 146 | Rational dispensing of antibiotic and corticosteroid medicines | N/R | Thailand and Vietnam | Continuing education on rational dispensing of medicines and regular inspection of private pharmacies by government officials | 60 |
8 | Lambert et al. | 2005 | Collaboration between private pharmacies and national tuberculosis programme: an intervention in Bolivia | To evaluate the potential of a collaboration between the National TB Programme (NTP) and private pharmacies in Bolivia, the country with the highest TB incidence in Latin America. | Quasiexperimental design | 70 | Referral of suspected Tuberculosis patient to treatment centres | Lack of policies and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the primary care framework; ethical dilemma | Bolivia | Community pharmacists should Collaborate with the public health sector in ensuring improved quality of care for patients with tuberculosis as collaboration appears to be largely untapped potential. | 60 |
9 | Blanchard et al. | 2005 | Pharmacists’ Knowledge and Perceptions of Emergency Contraceptive Pills in Soweto and the Johannesburg Central Business District, South Africa | To assess pharmacists' knowledge and perceptions of emergency contraceptive pills in two urban areas of Johannesburg | Cross-sectional descriptive approach | 34 | Provision of emergency contraceptive medicines | Perceive belief that access to contraceptive promotes risky sexual behaviour; Lack of policies and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the primary care framework | South Africa | Awareness to reduce the prejudice against the use of emergency contraceptive by young people | 80 |
10 | Oparah et al. | 2006 | Outcomes of pharmaceutical care intervention to hypertensive patients in a Nigerian community pharmacy | The goal of this study was to describe the pharmaceutical care interventions delivered to hypertension patients in a Nigerian community pharmacy context, as well as to assess the influence of the practice on certain patient outcomes. | Quasiexperimental: pre-post intervention study | 36 | Pharmaceutical care interventions in hypertension; body mass index and blood pressure monitoring, patient medication education and lifestyle modification | Lack of policies and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the national primary care framework | Nigeria | Government and policymakers should formulate laws that would recognise community pharmacists as providers of healthcare. | 60 |
11 | Petkova and Petrova. | 2006 | Pilot project for education of patients with type 2 diabetes by pharmacists | To adapt and test an educational programme for type 2 diabetes patients. | Quasiexperimental: pre-post intervention study | 24 | Health education for diabetic patients and cost savings in treatment | Lack of policies and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the primary care framework | Bulgaria | Enacting pharmacy friendly laws that would allow pharmacists provide expanded services | 60 |
12 | Chin-Quee et al. | 2006 | Over-the-counter pill provision: evidence from Jamaica | To assess the provision of oral contraceptives in pharmacies | Mixed methods: Mystery client observation and interview | 26 | Over-the-counter provision of oral contraceptives | Lack of government policy and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the primary care framework. | Jamaica | Policymakers should enact laws that will recognise community pharmacists as providers of contraception services | 60 |
13 | Lara et al. | 2006 | Pharmacy provision of medical abortifacients in a Latin American city | This study was conducted to assess pharmacy staff knowledge and provision practices of misoprostol and other medical abortifacients | Mixed methods: Mystery client observation and interview | 102 | Provision of misoprostol and other medical abortifacients | Poor knowledge of abortifacients among pharmacy staff | Latin America | Continuing education among pharmacists would go a long way in improving the knowledge gap | 80 |
14 | Adepu et al | 2007 | Effect of patient counselling on quality of life in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients in two selected South Indian community pharmacies | To determine the influence of pharmacist provided patient counselling on patients’ perception about disease management and quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus | Quasiexperimental | 70 | Patient education/counselling and point of care testing on type 2 diabetes mellitus to underserved rural communities | Lack of awareness by the public that pharmacists can offer diabetes care | India | Community pharmacists should create awareness among the public through health campaigns | 60 |
15 | Odili et al., | 2007 | Identification of Counterfeit Drugs by Community Pharmacists in Lagos State | To assess the methods of identification of counterfeit drugs by community pharmacists in Lagos State | Cross-sectional descriptive study | 69 | Provision of safe and effective medicines | Lack of time and poor reporting of fake medicines to regulatory agencies | Nigeria | Task-shifting to pharmacy technicians and effective collaboration with regulatory bodies | 20 |
16 | Petkova. | 2008 | Pharmaceutical care for asthma patients: A community pharmacy-based pilot project | To adapt and implement a community pharmacy-based educational program for patients with asthma | Randomised controlled trial | 50 | Asthma health education; inhaler technique, triggers of attack and self-management | N/R | Bulgaria | Government should acknowledge community pharmacist healthcare providers. | 60 |
17 | Correr et al. | 2009 | Effect of a Pharmaceutical Care Program on quality of life and satisfaction with pharmacy services in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus | The aim is to assess the humanistic outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients by the adoption of pharmacotherapy follow-up in community pharmacies | Quasiexperimental study | 161 | pharmacotherapy follow-up in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients | N/R | Brazil | N/R | 100 |
18 | Petkova | 2009 | Education for arthritis patients: a community pharmacy-based pilot project. | To develop and implement a community pharmacy-based educational program for patients with arthritis. Study design: Randomised controlled trial | Randomised controlled trial | 86 | Health promotion for patients with arthritis. | N/R | Bulgaria | Government should recognise community pharmacists as healthcare providers. | 40 |
19 | Correr et al. | 2011 | Effects of a pharmacotherapy follow-up in community pharmacies on type 2 diabetes patients in Brazil | To assess the effects of pharmacotherapy follow-up (PF) on metabolic control and clinical outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetic | Quasiexperimental nonrandomised controlled study | 161 | Improvement of diabetic clinical outcome; improvement in HbA1c | Attitude of patients; lack of time and the need for incentives | Brazil | Further studies should be carried out to investigate the impact of this intervention on the humanistic and economic outcomes. | 80 |
20 | Usir et al | 2012 | Prevalence and usage of printed and electronic drug references and patient medication records in community pharmacies in Malaysia. | To assess the availability and utility of printed and electronic references and Patient Medication Record in community pharmacy. | Cross-sectional design | 93 | Utility of electronic and on paper patient medical records and electronic medical references for patient care. | Aversion to the use of technology | Malaysia | Community pharmacists should provide a technology friendly atmosphere for pharmaceutical care. | 60 |
21 | Vu et al. | 2012 | Suspected tuberculosis case detection and referral in private pharmacies in Viet Nam | To explore the response of health care providers (HCPs) in private pharmacies to suspected tuberculosis (TB) patients. | A simulated patient method combined with an interview | 128 | Detection and referral of suspected tuberculosis cases to treatment centres | Ethical dilemma | Vietnam | N/R | 100 |
22 | Arencibia et al. | 2012 | Access to antiepileptic drug therapy in children in Camagüey Province, Cuba | To delineate access to antiepileptic drug therapy and determine the prevalence of epilepsy in children in Camagüey Province, Cuba | Cross-sectional study | 923 | Improving access to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) for children | Low availability of some AEDs preparations for children; stigma | Cuba | Increased funding of healthcare and increased availability generic AEDs would go a long way. Advocacy should be targeted at reducing stigma against epilepsy. | 60 |
23 | Apikoglu-Rabus et al. | 2012 | Turkish pharmacists’counselling practices and attitudes regarding emergency contraceptive pills | To determine Turkish pharmacists' counselling practices and attitudes regarding emergency contraception pills (ECPs) | Cross-sectional study | 624 | Counselling on emergency contraceptive use and provision of pregnancy test kits | N/R | Turkey | Continuing pharmacy education. | 60 |
24 | Odo et al. | 2013 | Assessment of community pharmacist’s role in the management of type 2 diabetic patients | To delineate the roles of community pharmacist’s role in the management of type 2 diabetic patients | Cross-sectional approach | 55 | Lifestyle adjustment and adherence counselling and | Pharmacists attitude; practice of traditional dispensing than pharmaceutical care | Nigeria | Continuing professional development | 80 |
25 | Phimarn et al. | 2013 | Thai community pharmacist involvement in weight management in primary care to improve patient's outcomes | To examine essential outcomes, comparing the pharmacist's interventions with a routine weight management service provided at a primary care unit | Randomised controlled trial | 66 | Weight loss counselling for obese patients | Lack of policies and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the primary care framework | Thailand | Policymakers should formulate laws that would acknowledge community pharmacists as healthcare providers and long-term studies should be carried out assess the pharmaco-economic aspect of the intervention. | 40 |
26 | Ikwuobe et al. | 2013 | The impact of rapid malaria diagnostic tests upon anti-malarial sales in community pharmacies in Gwagwalada, Nigeria | To determine the incidence of malaria among unwell patients seeking anti-malarial treatment in two community pharmacies in Nigeria and measure the impact rapid diagnostic tests have on anti-malarial sales. | Quasiexperimental study | 1226 | Point of care testing using rapid diagnostic test for malaria infection and promotion of rational use of medicines for malaria infection | Lack of incentives | Nigeria | Further studies should be carried out to observe the impact of this intervention change over time and government and nongovernmental organisations should incentivise community pharmacists that render malaria care. | 100 |
27 | Saengcharoen and Lerkiatbundit | 2013 | Migraine management in community pharmacies: practice patterns and knowledge of pharmacy personnel in Thailand | To delineate practice behaviour and understanding among pharmacists and nonpharmacist staff, in the management of mild to moderate migraines. | Cross-sectional study | 142 | Providing care to patients with mild to moderate migraines | Poor knowledge of migraine management | Thailand | Continuing professional development in acute care of migraines | 60 |
28 | Sharma et al. | 2014 | Impact of community pharmacy-based educational intervention on patients with hypertension in Western Nepal | to determine the feasibility and impact of a community pharmacy-based educational intervention on hypertension patients' knowledge, practice, and disease management in Western Nepal. | Quasiexperimental study | 50 | Health education for hypertensive patients | Lack of policies and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the primary care framework | Nepal | Policymakers should enact laws that would allow community pharmacists provide care for patients with hypertension | 60 |
29 | Mugo et al. | 2014 | Engaging young adult clients of community pharmacies for HIV screening in Coastal Kenya: a cross-sectional study | To investigate the success of pharmacy referrals and uptake of HIV testing by young adult clients of community pharmacies in the context of a screening programme for acute HIV-1 infection | Cross-sectional study | 353 | Promoting access to HIV screening for sexually active young people | Lack of policies and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the primary care framework. | Kenya | Government should formulate policies to foster the access to HIV care among the younger population through community pharmacies | 80 |
30 | Mhlanga and Suleman | 2014 | Price, availability and affordability of medicines | To investigate the prices, availability and affordability of medicines along the supply chain in Swaziland | Cross-sectional approach | 10 | Promoting access to and provision of essential medicines | Cost of medicines | Swaziland | Generic prescription and procurement should be encouraged as these would reduce the cost of medicines. Local production of essential medicines should also be encouraged. | 60 |
31 | Ansah et al | 2015 | The impact of providing rapid diagnostic malaria tests on fever management in the private retail sector in Ghana: a cluster randomised trial. | To assess the impact of providing rapid diagnostic tests for malaria on fever management in private drug retail shops | Randomised controlled trial | 4603 | Point of care testing using rapid diagnostic test for malaria infection and promotion of rational antimalarial use | Lack of government policy and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the primary care framework | Ghana | Policymakers should amend the old pharmacy laws thereby allowing private pharmacies to provide rapid tests and treatments for acute malaria which would reduce the burden of the endemic disease | 80 |
32 | Mbonye et al. | 2015 | A cluster randomised trial introducing rapid diagnostic tests into registered drug shops in Uganda | To determine the impact of introducing rapid diagnostic tests for malaria (mRDTs) in registered drug shops in Uganda, with the aim to increase appropriate treatment of malaria with artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) in patients seeking treatment for fever in drug shops. | A cluster randomised trial | 15517 | Point of care testing using rapid diagnostic test for malaria infection and promotion of rational use of medicines for malaria infection | N/R | Uganda | Policies should be formulated to support the provision of acute malaria care in private pharmacies. | 60 |
33 | Jahangard-Rafsanjani et al. | 2015 | Effect of a Community Pharmacist–Delivered Diabetes Support Program for Patients Receiving Specialty Medical Care: A Randomised Controlled Trial | to investigate the efficacy of a community pharmacist-delivered diabetes support program for patients receiving specialty medical care in a middle-income country (Iran). | Randomised controlled trial | 101 | Self-care activity in general diet, blood glucose monitoring, and foot care in diabetic patients | Lack of policies and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the primary care framework and lack of collaborative patient care | Iran | Baseline A1C values and the presence of specialty medical care should be considered in the interpretation of clinical findings by community pharmacists | 80 |
34 | Wibowo et al. | 2015 | An evaluation of community pharmacy-based services for type 2 diabetes in an Indonesian setting: patient survey | To investigate the utilisation of pharmacy services by type 2 diabetes patients, and to evaluate their views regarding community pharmacists’ roles, and the characteristics that influence their views. | Cross-sectional study | 196 | Point of care testing | Lack of policies and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the primary care framework | Indonesia | Strategies should be employed to create awareness to patients on expanded roles of community pharmacists. | 60 |
35 | Soyemi and Hunponu-Wusu. | 2015 | Knowledge, attitudes and participation of community pharmacists in Lagos State, Nigeria towards primary healthcare (PHC) | To investigate community pharmacists’ participation in primary healthcare and to evaluate their knowledge of primary healthcare | Cross-sectional, descriptive study | 120 | Health promotion, point of care testing, health screening, vaccine storage and pharmacovigilance | Lack of policies and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the primary care framework. | Nigeria | Continuing professional development should be mandated by regulatory bodies in partnership with the professional association | 80 |
36 | Bell et al. | 2015 | Referral of tuberculosis symptomatic clients from private pharmacies to public sector clinics for diagnosis and treatment in Cambodia | To investigate factors associated with referral of TB symptomatic clients from pharmacies to public sector clinics in Phnom Penh, Cambodia. | | 180 | Referral of suspected Tuberculosis patient to the public sector clinics | Lack of reimbursement for services being rendered | Cambodia | Regular trainings and incentives to community pharmacists on Tuberculosis care and public awareness on these services would help in decreasing the burden of tuberculosis. | 100 |
37 | Basheti et al. | 2016 | Value of a Community-Based Medication Management Review Service in Jordan: A Prospective Randomised Controlled Study | To assess the impact of a medication management review (MMR) service on treatment-related problems (TRPs) and certain clinical outcomes in outpatients. | Prospective randomised control trial | 160 | Medication management review in adults: detection and resolving treatment related problems | Lack of government policy and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the primary care framework and lack of awareness by the public | Jordan | Community pharmacist should intensify public health campaigns | 80 |
38 | Marfo and Owusu-Daaku. | 2016 | Evaluation of a pharmacist-led hypertension preventative and detection service in the Ghanaian community pharmacy: an exploratory study | To assess the feasibility and acceptability of a pharmacist-led hypertension preventative service in the community pharmacy | Quasiexperimental: Pre-post inter``vention study | 170 | Hypertension preventative services | Time constraint; language barrier; increased work load; Reluctance of clients to visit hospital after Pharmacy referrals; lack of government policies and guidelines for pharmacist delivered primary care services. | Ghana | A larger randomised controlled study is needed to confirm the findings from this study. Government should formulate pharmacy friendly policies. | 60 |
39 | Ung et al. | 2016 | Community pharmacists’ understanding, attitudes, practice and perceived barriers related to providing pharmaceutical care: a questionnaire-based survey in Macao | To determine knowledge, attitudes, practice and perceived barriers of community pharmacists regarding provision of pharmaceutical care as well as provide recommendations on how to advance the service during the early stage of development in Macao. | Cross-sectional study | 102 | Pharmacovigilance, adherence counselling and health screening | Poor collaboration with Physicians; lack of time; physical barriers; lack of acceptance by patients | China | Governments and policy makers should recognise the community pharmacist as a healthcare provider. | 20 |
40 | Michael et al. | 2016 | The feasibility and acceptability of screening for hypertension in private drug retail outlets: a pilot study in Mwanza region, Tanzania | To assess the feasibility and acceptability of using private sector drug retail outlets to screen for hypertension in Mwanza region, Tanzania. | Mixed methods approach | 971 | Screening for hypertension | Poor collaborations with other healthcare providers especially the physicians and lack of awareness on the part of the patients | Tanzania | Community pharmacists should collaborate with other healthcare providers especially the physicians by working on an effective referral mechanism | 40 |
41 | Abegaz et al. | 2016 | Management of children’s acute diarrhea by community pharmacies in five towns of Ethiopia: simulated client case study. Therapeutics and clinical risk management, | To investigate the experience of community pharmacies of history taking, medication recommendation, and drug information provision for hypothetical acute childhood diarrhea in northern Ethiopia | simulated client case study | 113 | Management of acute diarrhoeal disease in children | Poor training in acute diarrhoea case management in children | Ethiopia | Community pharmacists should receive continuing training in the acute management of childhood diseases | 60 |
42 | Onitilo et al. | 2017 | Knowledge, perception and practice of medication use review (MUR) among community pharmacists in southwestern Nigeria | To determine knowledge and assess perception and practice of MUR among community pharmacists (CP) in southwestern Nigeria | Cross-sectional study | 100 | Medication use review | Lack of adequate time for nondispensing activities and specialised training in MUR | Nigeria | Continuous training on emerging patient care areas | 40 |
43 | Adje et al. | 2017 | Outcomes of community Pharmacist’ cardiovascular risk intervention among high-risk rural dwellers | The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcome of cardiovascular risk assessment among rural community dwellers. | Quasiexperimental: pre-post intervention study | 505 | Reduction in blood pressure after pharmaceutical care intervention | N/R | Nigeria | N/R | 100 |
44 | Erku and Mersha. | 2017 | Involvement of community pharmacists in public health priorities: A multicenter descriptive survey in Ethiopia | The purpose of this study was to document the level of community pharmacy professionals' involvement in the provision of public health services, as well as the barriers to such involvement. | Cross-sectional survey | 472 | Health promotion activities; smoking cessation. Health screening and management of uncomplicated sexually transmitted infections | Poor clinical skills; low pharmacist: patient ratio | Ethiopia | Continuing professional development | 60 |
45 | Marfo and Owusu-Daaku. | 2017 | Exploring the extended role of the community pharmacist in improving blood pressure control among hypertensive patients in a developing setting | To evaluate the effect of a pharmaceutical care model on blood pressure control and adherence among hypertensive | Quasiexperimental study | 180 | Health education, adherence counselling and medication use review in hypertension | Lack of policies and guidance to support such roles. | Ghana | Policymakers should promulgate laws to support community pharmacist. Pharmacist should create awareness among the public. | 60 |
46 | Saldarriaga et al. | 2017 | Point-of-Care Testing for Anemia, Diabetes, and Hypertension: A Pharmacy-Based Model in Lima, Peru | To assess the feasibility and acceptability of training pharmacy staff to provide point-of-care testing for 3 chronic diseases—hypertension, diabetes, and anemia—to improve disease detection and awareness through private pharmacies. | quasiexperimental design | 72 | Point of care testing for chronic illnesses | lack of adequate training in chronic disease management | Peru | Pharmacy based chronic disease screening should be implemented and monitored by regulatory agencies | 60 |
47 | Kibirige et al. | 2017 | Access to medicines and diagnostic tests integral in the management of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases in Uganda: insights from the ACCODAD study | To provide contemporary information about the availability, cost and affordability of medicines and diagnostic tests integral in the management of diabetes mellitus and Cardiovascular in Uganda | Cross-sectional approach | 23 | Promoting access to essential medicines and point of care tests for diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. | Cost of medicines | Uganda | There should be Strategies toward improving local pharmaceutical production of high-quality generic Diabetes mellitus and Cardiovascular medicines and introduction of policies to regulate retail prices of medicines can assist in reducing the cost of these medicines. Due to the high costs of secondary and tertiary DM and CVD management, national policies should be targeted toward promoting primary prevention strategies of NCD. | 60 |
48 | Mansour and Alkayali | 2017 | Community pharmacistsꞌ role in controlling bacterial antibiotic resistance in Aleppo, Syria | To evaluate the knowledge, attitudes of community pharmacists regarding antibiotic use and potential drug resistance | Cross-sectional approach | 250 | Promotion of rational use of antibiotics | Poor attitude toward antibiotic Resistance and low knowledge level of antibiotic stewardship | Syria | Continuing professional development on antimicrobial stewardship for community pharmacists would go a long in reducing antibiotic resistance in this setting | 60 |
49 | Amadi et al. | 2018 | Knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk factors and practice of primary prevention of cardiovascular disease by Community Pharmacists in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study | To determine the knowledge of CVD risk factors and practice of primary prevention of CVD amongst Nigerian community pharmacists | Cross-sectional approach | 168 | Health education and screening of hypertension | Lack of government policies to back up these services; lack of incentives | Nigeria | There should a government policy that will regulate Community pharmacy training, certification, practice for CVD screening and as well as provide a framework of incentivising this service | 100 |
50 | Tamang et al. | 2018 | Medical abortion can be provided safely and effectively by pharmacy workers trained within a harm reduction framework: Nepal | To determine the treatment efficacy, safety and satisfaction of women using medical abortion (MA) pills provided by pharmacists following an education intervention via a harm reduction approach. | Cross-sectional approach | 992 | Health education on contraception and provision of safe medical abortion using pills in first trimester of pregnancy | Lack of policies and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the primary care framework to provide sexual and reproductive health. | Nepal | Government and policymakers need to recognise the role of CPs in providing medical abortion pills by a formulating policy framework that allow them to render such services to women in the first trimester of pregnancy | 80 |
51 | Deepalakshmi et al. | 2018 | Management of warfarin therapy: a new point-of-care monitoring service by community pharmacists in India | To introduce the implementation of point of care INR monitoring service by community pharmacists for optimising the therapy outcomes of Warfarin | Non Randomised controlled trial | 80 | Provision of point of care test for patients on warfarin therapy. | lack of patient awareness | India | larger studies should be carried out to observe the impacts of this intervention on economic outcomes and pharmacists should create awareness about this service public health campaigns | 60 |
52 | Sarayina et al. | 2018 | Efficacy of a telephone-based intervention among patients with type-2 diabetes; a randomised controlled trial in pharmacy practice | To evaluate the efficacy of a telephone-based intervention to improve care and clinical outcomes in type-2 diabetes. | Randomised controlled trial | 100 | Medication adherence and self-care in diabetes mellitus | Lack of policies and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the primary care framework and lack of collaborative patient care | Iran | Community pharmacist should utilise tele-pharmacy services to provide interventions to patients and government should provide incentives to those providing this service | 80 |
53 | Osemene and Erhun. | 2018 | Evaluation of community pharmacists’ involvement in public health activities in Nigeria | To identify various types of public health activities; determine the extent of community pharmacists’ involvement in these activities | Cross-sectional survey | 137 | Patient counselling and self-care | Inadequate training; lack of time; lack of reimbursement; physical barriers | Nigeria | Task-shifting; rearrangement of physical structures to get more space; public awareness about such roles. | 60 |
54 | Akram et al. | 2018 | Barriers to the provision of asthma services and perceived practice towards asthma management among urban community pharmacists in Selangor, Malaysia | To assess the perceived practice and barriers toward asthma management among the urban community pharmacists. | Cross-sectional study | 153 | Self-care in Asthma and Asthma management | Lack of time; inadequate asthma knowledge; physical barriers; cost of asthma medicines | Malaysia | More studies should explore other barriers and determine the ways to solve these highlighted barriers. | 80 |
55 | Taiwo and Panas. | 2018 | Roles of community pharmacists in improving oral health awareness in Plateau State, Northern Nigeria | To describe the roles of community pharmacists (CPs) in Northern Nigeria, as sources of oral health information | Cross-sectional survey | 207 | Treatment and referral services for oral health | Lack of policies and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the primary care framework | Nigeria | Continuing pharmacy education and incorporating more of oral health in to undergraduate curriculum. | 100 |
56 | Muloi et al. | 2018 | A cross-sectional survey of practices and knowledge among antibiotic retailers in Nairobi, Kenya. | To investigate the level of awareness and common behaviours related to antibiotic prescribing amongst human and veterinary pharmacists. | Cross-sectional | 59 | Promoting access to antibiotics for both human and veterinary use | Inappropriate dispensing practices; dispensing of antibiotics without prescription | Kenya | Mandatory continuing professional development on antibiotic stewardship should be encouraged | 60 |
57 | Thi Quynh Nhi et al. | 2018 | Quantifying antimicrobial access and usage for paediatric diarrhoeal disease in an urban community setting in Asia | To investigate antimicrobial access and usage for paediatric diarrhoeal disease in the community and the healthcare system in an urban setting in Vietnam. | mix methods approach | 301 | Improving antibiotic access in paediatric diarrhoeal disease | Socioeconomic disparity in antibiotic access, poor knowledge of antibiotics among caregivers | Vietnam | Education, training and guidelines for antimicrobial usage should continuous for all health professionals prescribing antimicrobials and there should equity in distribution of healthcare. | 100 |
58 | Thandar et al. | 2019 | Community pharmacists’ knowledge, attitude and practices towards the use of complementary and alternative medicines in Durban, South Africa | To assess the knowledge, attitude and practices amongst community pharmacists regarding Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). | Cross-sectional descriptive study | 82 | Use of Complementary and alternative medicine in atopic dermatitis | Poor knowledge of CAM | South Africa | Continuing professional development in CAM and integration of CAM into undergraduate curriculum | 20 |
59 | Nepal et al. | 2019 | Survey of the pattern of antibiotic dispensing in private pharmacies in Nepal | to assess the pattern of antibiotic dispensing in private pharmacies through exit interviews with patients to review their medication information. | Cross-sectional study | 1537 | Promoting access to antibiotics | Weak enforcement of regulatory laws | Nepal | Educational interventions to reduce inappropriate dispensing or prescribing of antibiotics should be provided to healthcare providers. | 80 |
60 | Simonyan et al. | 2019 | Availability of Essential Medicines for Pediatric Oncology in Armenia | To determine the availability of pediatric cancer medicines in Armenia | Cross-sectional study | 64 | Promoting access to essential oncologic medicines for children | Proliferation of unregistered oncologic drug product due to poor enforcement by regulatory agencies | Armenia | Effective drug regulation practices focusing on the childhood cancer care medicine is needed for curbing unregistered products the situation in the country | 60 |
61 | Zawahir et al. | 2019 | A cross-sectional national survey ocommunity pharmacy staff: Knowledge and antibiotic provision | To assess the antibiotic dispensing behaviour of Sri Lankan community pharmacies | Cross-sectional | 369 | Promoting access to antibiotics and antimicrobial stewardship | Poor enforcement by regulatory agencies | Sri Lanka | Government Policies and regulations should be put in place to enforce appropriate access, minimise the public’s demand from health professionals and reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics. | 100 |
62 | Arsalan et al. | 2019 | Storage of vaccines in different health centers and pharmacies at Karachi, Pakistan: The handling errors | To determine the knowledge of respondents and storage condition and handling of marketed vaccines in different private clinics, hospitals and community pharmacies in Karachi, Pakistan | Cross-sectional study | 244 | Vaccine storage | Inadequate training on vaccine handling | Pakistan | Training the staff and preparing a national guideline for the storage and handling of vaccines, and forcefully implements the law to adopt the particular guideline | 40 |
63 | Okoro | 2019 | Comparative Analysis of Private Retail Community Pharmacies' Participation in the National Health Insurance Scheme of Nigeria and Ghana: Implications for Access to Essential Medicines | To describe their spatial distribution, and to highlight from the literature major factors that would influence the participation of these pharmacies in the scheme | Descriptive cross-sectional study | 964/325 | Promoting access to essential medicines and consumables | low numbers of private retail pharmacies in to national insurance scheme and unequal distribution of these pharmacies between the urban areas. | Nigeria and Ghana | Policies should be formulated to ensure enough coverage of private retail pharmacies in to national insurance scheme especially in the rural areas | 40 |
64 | Hijazi et al. | 2020 | Role of community pharmacists in weight management: results of a national study in Lebanon | To assess the role of community pharmacists in weight management in Lebanon, by studying their beliefs, current practices, services, and knowledge | Cross-sectional design | 341 | Lifestyle adjustment through weight reduction counselling | Poor regulation of weight loss supplements, lack of time, lack of enough staff for task-shifting, lack of space and lack of reimbursement for weigh loss services. | Lebanon | Public awareness about healthy weight by the pharmacists and government bodies would go a long way reducing the burden of obesity. | 100 |
65 | Alfian et al. | 2020 | Effectiveness of a targeted and tailored pharmacist-led intervention to improve adherence to antihypertensive drugs among patients with type 2 diabetes in Indonesia: A cluster randomised controlled trial | To assess the effects of a targeted and tailored pharmacist-led intervention among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) who are nonadherent to antihypertensive drugs. | Randomised controlled trial | 201 | Medication adherence | Lack of patient awareness | Indonesia | follow-up study focusing on how patients' adherence and beliefs about their antihypertensive drugs change over time is needed. | 60 |
66 | Ihekoronye and Osemene. | 2020 | Evaluation of the Participation of Community Pharmacists in Primary Healthcare Services in Nigeria: A Mixed-Method Survey | To delineate PHC services offered by community pharmacists; determine impact of technologies on PHC service quality; and evaluate factors influencing management of PHC services in Nigeria | Cross-sectional survey | 320 | Supply of essential medicines, health screening, disease prevention, vaccine administration and point of care testing for blood glucose. | Lack of reimbursement; concentration of Community pharmacies in the urban areas; poor use of technology; lack of integrating community pharmacies in the national PHC strategy | Nigeria | Community pharmacist should employ the use of technology to enhance service delivery. Government should integrate community pharmacist in the PHC strategy. | 40 |
67 | Godman et al. | 2020 | Rapid Assessment of Price Instability and Paucity of Medicines and Protection for COVID-19 Across Asia: Findings and Public Health Implications for the Future | Assess changes in the availability, utilisation and prices of relevant medicines and PPE during the pandemic among a range of Asian countries. | Cross-sectional study | 308 | Efficient utilisation of personal protective equipment (PPEs) and promotion of rational use of immune boosters/vitamins | Lack of policies and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the primary care framework | India, Bangladesh, Malaysia, South Korea, Pakistan | Public education to reduce COVID-19 misinformation | 60 |
68 | Joda et al. | 2020 | Pharmacists’ Perception of their Roles and Involvement in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) | To delineate pharmacists’ perceptions of their roles in the COVID 19 outbreak and adequacy of training for emergency/pandemic situations | Cross-sectional study | 716 | Promoting infection prevention and control measures against COVID-19; use of face mask and social distancing in the pharmacies | Lack of policies and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the primary care framework | Nigeria | Government should recognise community pharmacists as partners in healthcare | 60 |
69 | Ibrahim et al | 2021 | Availability of Essential Medicines in a Country in Conflict: A Quantitative Insight from Yemen. | To assess the availability of essential medicines in both the public and private healthcare sectors. | Cross-sectional study | 13 | Promoting access to essential medicines during conflict | Cost of medicines in the private pharmacies | Yemen | Government should formulate policies to promote access to essential medicines in the public sector | 80 |
70 | Bizimana et al | 2020 | Prices, availability and affordability of medicines in Rwanda | To provide data on prices, availability and affordability of medicines in different health facilities of Rwanda. | cross-sectional approach | 48 | Promoting access to essential medicines | Cost of medicines in private pharmacies | Rwanda | mechanisms need to be put into place for regular monitoring of the availability, prices and affordability of key essential medicines in the public, private and faith-based sectors of Rwanda. | 40 |
71 | Dzudie et al | 2020 | Availability, cost and affordability of essential cardiovascular disease medicines in the south west region of Cameroon: Preliminary findings from the Cameroon science for disease study | To determine the availability, cost and affordability of essential cardiovascular medicines in the South West region of Cameroon | Cross-sectional approach | 63 | Improving access and provision of medicines for cardiovascular diseases | Cost of medicines | Cameroun | There is an urgent need for the health system to scale up availability and affordability of medicines for treatment and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease through public private partnership. | 40 |
72 | Moye-Holz et al | 2020 | Availability, prices, and affordability of selected essential cancer medicines in a middle-income country - the case of Mexico | To assess the availability and affordability of essential cancer medicines in Mexico, and compared their prices against those in other countries of the region. | Cross-sectional study | 19 | Improving access and provision of essential anticancer medicines | Cost of medicines | Mexico | Regulatory agencies should provide Comprehensive pricing policies are needed to improve the affordability of cancer medicines in the public and private sectors | 80 |
73 | Ibrahim et al | 2021 | The effectiveness of pharmacist-based coaching in improving breast cancer-related health behaviors: A randomised controlled trial | To investigate the effectiveness of pharmacist-based coaching in improving BC-related health behaviors and knowledge in females, and to evaluate the comfort level toward this program | Randomised controlled trial | 240 | Health promotion towards breast cancer prevention | N/R | Egypt | Further studies should be carried out on the sustainability of behaviour change and the impact of this approach on the occurrence of breast cancer. | 80 |
74 | Mohammed et al | 2021 | A Community Pharmacy-Based Intervention in the Matrix of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Outcomes (CPBI-T2DM): A Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial | To assess the impact of tailored diabetes care model (DCM) implementation in Alexandria governorate by community pharmacy-based intervention (CPBI) from a clinical, humanistic, and economic aspect | Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial | 100 | Point of care testing and health promotion for type 2 diabetes patients | N/R | Egypt | Further studies should be conducted to evaluate the impact of this model in other chronic diseases like hypertension and hyperlipidemia | 60 |
75 | Venkatesan et al | 2021 | Role of community pharmacists in improving knowledge and glycemic control of type 2 diabetes. | To assess the role of the community pharmacists in improving knowledge and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes residing in villages of Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu | Quasiexperimental | 39 | Patient counselling and point of care testing on type 2 diabetes mellitus to underserved rural communities | Lack of awareness | India | Community pharmacists should create awareness among the public through health campaigns | 80 |
76 | Li et al | 2021 | Effects of Pharmacist Intervention on Community Control of Hypertension: A Randomised Controlled Trial in Zunyi, China. | To assess the effects of pharmacist intervention on the community control of hypertension through a comparative randomised controlled trial. Study design: randomised controlled trial | Randomised controlled trial | 636 | Review of medications, patient education, medication recommendations to physicians and routine blood pressure checks. | Lack of awareness and poor collaboration with physicians | China | Further studies should explore the long-term sustainability of the effects of community pharmacist intervention. Community Pharmacists should intensify awareness among the general public and promote continuing professional development. The CPs should collaborate with physicians thereby providing a way for an effective referral system. | 60 |
77 | Sefa et al. | 2021 | Rapid Assessment of the Potential Paucity and Price Increases for Suggested Medicines and Protection Equipment for COVID-19 Across Developing Countries with a Particular Focus on Africa and the Implications | To assess changes in utilisation, prices, and shortages of essential medicines and PPE among African and Asian countries since the start of pandemic. | Cross-sectional study | 131 | Efficient utilisation of personal protective equipment (PPEs) and promotion of rational use of immune boosters/vitamin supplements | High cost of medicines and poor regulation by government agencies | Ghana, Kenya, Namibia, Malawi, Nigeria, and Zambia | Government should provide guidelines and enforce laws concerning dispensing prescription only medicines and ensure generic prescribing | 60 |
78 | Haque et al. | 2021 | Utilisation, Availability and Price Changes of Medicines and Protection Equipment for COVID-19 Among Selected Regions in India: Findings and Implications | To assess current utilisation and price changes as well as shortages of pertinent medicines and equipment during the early stages of the pandemic. | Cross-sectional study | 111 | Promotion of rational use of antibiotics and antimalaria agents | Misinformation regarding COVID-19 | India | Community pharmacist must engage the public to demystify misconceptions about the pandemic | 60 |
79 | Yimenu et al. | 2021 | Impact of COVID-19 on Pharmaceutical Care Services and the Role of Community Pharmacists: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study in Ethiopia | To assess the impact of COVID-19 on pharmaceutical care services and the role of community pharmacists. | Cross-sectional study | 101 | Utilisation and availability of scarce personal protective equipment and essential medicines. | Shortages and high cost of essential medicines and personal protective equipment. | Ethiopia | Government agencies should provide guidelines about the roles of community pharmacist in emergency situations. | 80 |
80 | Rosli et al | 2021 | Evaluation of home medication review for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by community pharmacists: a randomised controlled trial | To evaluate the effectiveness of home medication review by community pharmacists (HMR-CP) in optimising diabetes care and reducing medication pilferage. | Randomised controlled trial | 166 | Home medication review; improvement in HbA1c | Lack of effective collaboration with Physicians and lack of policies and guidance that would integrate private pharmacies in to the primary care framework. | Malaysia | Pharmacists’ must find a way to collaborate with other healthcare providers especially the physicians to achieve goal of therapy | 100 |
81 | Abubakar and Atif | 2021 | Impact of Pharmacist-Led Interventions on Diabetes Management at a Community Pharmacy in Pakistan: A Randomised Controlled Trial | to evaluate the impact of pharmacist-led interventions on diabetes management at a community pharmacy in Pakistan. | Randomised controlled trial | 80 | Medication adherence and blood glucose monitoring | Lack of time | Pakistan | Task-shifting would go a long way I giving time for the pharmacists’ to be engaged in other duties. | 60 |
82 | Bahlol and Dewey | 2021 | Pandemic preparedness of community pharmacies for COVID-19 | To assess the preparedness of community pharmacies against the COVID-19 pandemic | Cross-sectional study | 1018 | Home delivery of medicines, promoting infection prevention and control measures against COVID-19; formulating alcohol-based hand sanitisers and use of face mask | Shortage of essential medicines and PPEs | Egypt | Pharmacists must educate the public on myths concerning the virus thereby reducing panic buying of essential medicines and PPEs | 80 |
83 | Guilhoto et al | 2021 | COVID-19 and epilepsy: How are people with epilepsy in Brazil? | To investigate how people with epilepsy (PWE) in Brazil are dealing with the pandemic, in relation to seizure frequency, access to antiseizure medicines (ASM), medical follow-up, and well-being. | Cross-sectional study | 464 | Provision of telehealth and antiseizure medications during the Covid pandemic | N/R | Brazil | Community pharmacists should collaborate with other healthcare providers and the patient population to reduce stigma thereby increasing the quality of life of patients with epilepsy | 80 |
84 | Tawfik et al | 2021 | Assessment of community pharmacy management towards self-medication requests of tetracyclines for pregnant women: a simulated client study in Upper Egypt. | To investigate the quality of community pharmacies management of self-medication requests of tetracyclines for pregnant women | Simulated client approach | 150 | Provision of pharmacovigilance and counselling toward self-medication in pregnant women | Inadequate knowledge of pharmacovigilance in pregnancy | Egypt | Strict legislative measures and continuing pharmacy education programs should be considered in Egypt to lessen inappropriate dispensing rates in community pharmacies. | 100 |
85 | Youssef et al | 2021 | Pharmacists as immunisers in Lebanon: a national survey of community pharmacists’ willingness and readiness to administer adult immunisation | To determine the knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of community-based Lebanese pharmacists, in addition to their willingness to expand their practice scope to include vaccine administration | Cross-sectional approach | 412 | Vaccine Administration | Inadequate vaccine knowledge | Lebanon | Continuing education and training workshops on immunisation, safe administration and handling of vaccines are recommended in addition to the formal certification in vaccine administration as requisite for allowing pharmacists to be immunisers. | 100 |
86 | Paulo et al. | 2022 | Pharmaceutical Care Practice and Consequences on Quality of Life and Satisfaction of Diabetic Patients: A Randomised Clinical Trial | To determine changes in the quality of life of patients with T2DM who received pharmaceutical care and their satisfaction with the service provided in community pharmacies. | Randomised controlled trial | 89 | Improvement in quality of life of type-2 diabetic patients | N/R | Brazil | N/R | 80 |
87 | Asayut et al | 2022 | A community pharmacist-led smoking cessation intervention using a smartphone app (PharmQuit): A randomised controlled trial | To evaluate the effectiveness of smoking cessation services provided by community pharmacists using PharmQuit compared with standard care. | Randomised controlled trial | 156 | lifestyle modification through the use of smoking cessation mobile application (PharmQuit). | N/R | Thailand | larger clinical trials should be conducted to further assess the impact the mobile application smoking cessation. | 40 |