Abbey DE, Colome SD, Mills PK, Burchette R, Beeson WL, Tian Y (1993) Chronic disease associated with long-term concentrations of nitrogen dioxide. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 3:181-202
Andersen ZJ, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Ketzel M, Jensen SS, Hvidberg M, Loft S, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Sørensen M (2012) Diabetes incidence and long-term exposure to air pollution: a cohort study. Diabetes Care 35:92-98. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1155
Asher MI, Keil U, Anderson HR et al (1995) International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC): rationale and methods. Eur Respir J 8:483-491. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.95.08030483
Avol EL, Gauderman WJ, Tan SM, London SJ, Peters JM (2001) Respiratory effects of relocating to areas of differing air pollution levels. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:2067-2072. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.164.11.2102005
Backer JA, Klinkenberg D, Wallinga J (2020) Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, 20-28 January 2020. Euro Surveill 25:2000062. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.5.2000062
Bates DV, Baker-Anderson M, Sizto R (1990) Asthma attack periodicity: a study of hospital emergency visits in Vancouver. Environ Res 51:51-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0013-9351(05)80182-3
Bentayeb M, Simoni M, Baiz N, Norback D, Baldacci S, Maio S, Viegi G, Annesi-Maesano I (2012) Adverse respiratory effects of outdoor air pollution in the elderly. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 16:1149-1161. https://doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.11.0666
Bi Q, Wu Y, Mei S et al (2020) Epidemiology and transmission of COVID-19 in 391 cases and 1286 of their close contacts in Shenzhen, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 20:911-919. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30287-5
Billionnet C, Sherrill D, Annesi-Maesano I (2012) Estimating the health effects of exposure to multi-pollutant mixture. Ann Epidemiol 22:126-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.11.004
Bowatte G, Erbas B, Lodge CJ et al (2017) Traffic-related air pollution exposure over a 5-year period is associated with increased risk of asthma and poor lung function in middle age. Eur Respir J 50:1602357. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.02357-2016
Brazil Ministry of Health (2020) Painel coronavírus. https://covid.saude.gov.br/. Accessed 17 June 2020
Burnett RT, Cakmak S, Brook JR (1998) The effect of the urban ambient air pollution mix on daily mortality rates in 11 Canadian cities. Can J Public Health 89:152-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03404464
Chan JFW, Yuan S, Kok KH et al (2020) A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 395:514-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9
Chang CJ, Yang HH, Chang CA, Tsai HY (2012) Relationship between air pollution and outpatient visits for nonspecific conjunctivitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 53:429-433. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.11-8253
Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X et al (2020) Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet 395:507-513. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7
Chen TM, Gokhale J, Shofer S, Kuschner WG (2007) Outdoor air pollution: nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide health effects. Am J Med Sci 333:249-256. https://doi.org/10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31803b900f
Conticini E, Frediani B, Caro D (2020) Can atmospheric pollution be considered a co-factor in extremely high level of SARS-CoV-2 lethality in Northern Italy? Environ Pollut 261:114465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114465
Contini D, Costabile F (2020) Does air pollution influence COVID-19 outbreaks? Atmosphere 11:5. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos11040377
Dayan CM, Daniels GH (1996) Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis. N Engl J Med 335:99-107. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm199607113350206
de Freitas CU, Campos RAG, Silva MAR, Panachão MR, de Moraes JC, Waissmann W, Roberto Chacra A, Maeda MY, Rodrigues RSM, Belchor JG, Barbosa SO, Santos RT (2010) Can living in the surroundings of a petrochemical complex be a risk factor for autoimmune thyroid disease? Environ Res 110:112-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2009.10.009
Dockery DW, Pope CA (1994) Acute respiratory effects of particulate air pollution. Annu Rev Public Health 15:107-132. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pu.15.050194.000543
EPA (2008) Air emissions factors and quantification. ttnchie1/ap42/ch05/final/c05s01.pdf. Accessed 9 December 2009
EPA 2017 United States Environmental Protection Agency . Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Technical Overnew of Volatile Organic Compounds.
Fink R, Eržen I, Medved S (2012) Environmentally induced health impacts among elderly with cardio-vascular isease. Health Med 6:3841-3849
Ford ES, Murphy LB, Khavdou O, Giles WH, Holt JB, Croft JB (2015) Total and state-specific medical and absenteeism costs of COPD among adults aged ≥ 18 years in the United States for 2010 and projections through 2020. Chest 147:31-45. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.14-0972
Frontera A, Cianfanelli L, Vlachos K, Landoni G, Cremona G (2020) Severe air pollution links to higher mortality in COVID-19 patients: the "double-hit" hypothesis. J Infect 81:255-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.05.031
Fu Q, Mo Z, Lyu D, Zhang L, Qin Z, Tang Q, Yin H, Xu P, Wu L, Lou X, Chen Z, Yao K (2017) Air pollution and outpatient visits for conjunctivitis: a case-crossover study in Hangzhou, China. Environ Pollut 231:1344-1350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.109
Gan WQ, Davies HW, Koehoorn M, Brauer M (2012) Association of long-term exposure to community noise and traffic-related air pollution with coronary heart disease mortality. Am J Epidemiol 175:898-906. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwr424
Gauderman WJ, McConnell R, Gilliland F, London S, Thomas D, Avol E, Vora H, Berhane K, Rappaport EB, Lurmann F, Margolis HG, Peters J (2000) Association between air pollution and lung function growth in southern California children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:1383-1390. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.4.9909096
Godoi RH, Godoi AF, Junior SJG et al (2013) Healthy environment--indoor air quality of Brazilian elementary schools nearby petrochemical industry. Sci Total Environ 463-464:639-646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.06.043
Guo YR, Cao QD, Hong ZS, Tan YY, Chen SD, Jin HJ, Tan KS, Wang DY, Yan Y (2020) The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status. Mil Med Res 7:11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0
Halonen JI, Lanki T, Tiittanen P, Niemi JV, Loh M, Pekkanen J (2010) Ozone and cause-specific cardiorespiratory morbidity and mortality. J Epidemiol Community Health 64:814-820. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2009.087106
He L, Zhang S, Hu J, Li Z, Zheng X, Cao Y, Xu G, Yan M, Wu Y (2020a) On-road emission measurements of reactive nitrogen compounds from heavy-duty diesel trucks in China. Environ Pollut 262:114280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114280
He MZ, Kinney PL, Li T, Chen C, Sun Q, Ban J, Wang J, Liu S, Goldsmith J, Kioumourtzoglou MA (2020b) Short- and intermediate-term exposure to NO(2) and mortality: a multi-county analysis in China. Environ Pollut 261:114165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114165
Hoek G, Krishnan RM, Beelen R, Peters A, Ostro B, Brunekreef B, Kaufman JD (2013) Long-term air pollution exposure and cardio- respiratory mortality: a review. Environ Health 12:43. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-12-43
Hoffmann B, Luttmann-Gibson H, Cohen A et al (2012) Opposing effects of particle pollution, ozone, and ambient temperature on arterial blood pressure. Environ Health Perspect 120:241-246. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103647
Hong J, Zhong T, Li H et al (2016) Ambient air pollution, weather changes, and outpatient visits for allergic conjunctivitis: a retrospective registry study. Sci Rep 6:23858. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23858
Hsu CY, Chiang HC, Shie RH, Ku CH, Lin TY, Chen MJ, Chen NT, Chen YC (2018) Ambient VOCs in residential areas near a large-scale petrochemical complex: spatiotemporal variation, source apportionment and health risk. Environ Pollut 240:95-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.076
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X et al (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet (London, England) 395:497-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
IBGE (2016a) Brazilian institute of geography and statistics. http://cidades.ibge.gov.br/painel/painel.php?codmun=35503. Accessed 10 May 2016
IBGE (2016b) Brazilian institute of geography and statistics. http://cidades.ibge.gov.br/painel/painel.php?codmun=355030. Accessed 10 June 2020
ISAAC (1998) Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Steering Committee. Lancet 351:1225-1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(97)07302-9
Jarvis D, Burney P (2002) The European community respiratory health survey II. Eur Respir J 20:1071-1079. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.02.00046802
Jerrett M, Burnett RT, Pope CA, Ito K, Thurston G, Krewski D, Shi Y, Calle E, Thun M (2009) Long-term ozone exposure and mortality. N Engl J Med 360:1085-1095. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0803894
Johns Hopkins University (2020) Coronavirus. http://www.conre3.org.br>portal>coronavirus. Accessed 17 June 2020
Kakodkar P, Kaka N, Baig MN (2020) A comprehensive literature review on the clinical presentation, and management of the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cureus 12:e7560. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.7560
Kalabokas PD, Hatzianestis J, Bartzis JG, Papagiannakopoulos P (2001) Atmospheric concentrations of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons around a Greek oil refinery. Atmos Environ 35:2545-2555. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1352-2310(00)00423-4
Kauppi P, Kupiainen H, Lindqvist A, Tammilehto L, Kilpeläinen M, Kinnula VL, Haahtela T, Laitinen T (2011) Overlap syndrome of asthma and COPD predicts low quality of life. J Asthma 48:279-285. https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2011.555576
Khoder MI (2002) Atmospheric conversion of sulfur dioxide to particulate sulfate and nitrogen dioxide to particulate nitrate and gaseous nitric acid in an urban area. Chemosphere 49:675-684. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00391-0
Ko FWS, Hui DSC (2012) Air pollution and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology 17:395-401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2011.02112.x
Ko FWS, Tam W, Wong TW, Chan DPS, Tung AH, Lai CKW, Hui DSC (2007) Temporal relationship between air pollutants and hospital admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Hong Kong. Thorax 62:780-785. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2006.076166
Kumar A, Patil RS, Dikshit AK, Islam S, Kumar R (2016) Evaluation of control strategies for industrial air pollution sources using American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model with simulated meteorology by Weather Research and Forecasting Model. J Clean Prod 116:110-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.079
Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, Azman AS, Reich NG, Lessler J (2020) The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Ann Intern Med 172:577-582. https://doi.org/10.7326/m20-0504
Lavigne E, Villeneuve PJ, Cakmak S (2012) Air pollution and emergency department visits for asthma in Windsor, Canada. Can J Public Health 103:4-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03404060
Lewis D (2020) Is the coronavirus airborne? Experts can't agree. Nature 580:175. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-020-00974-w
Li Q, Guan X, Wu P et al (2020) Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med 382:1199-1207. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
Lionetto MG, Guascito MR, Caricato R, Giordano ME, De Bartolomeo AR, Romano MP, Conte M, Dinoi A, Contini D (2019) Correlation of oxidative potential with ecotoxicological and cytotoxicological potential of PM10 at an urban background site in Italy. Atmosphere 10:733. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos10120733
Litonjua AA, Weiss ST (2007) Is vitamin D deficiency to blame for the asthma epidemic? J Allergy Clin Immunol 120:1031-1035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.08.028
Liu W, Tao ZW, Wang L, Yuan ML, Liu K, Zhou L, Wei S, Deng Y, Liu J, Liu HG, Yang M, Hu Y (2020) Analysis of factors associated with disease outcomes in hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 133:1032-1038. https://doi.org/10.1097/cm9.0000000000000775
Liu Y, Yan S, Poh K, Liu S, Iyioriobhe E, Sterling DA (2016) Impact of air quality guidelines on COPD sufferers. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 11:839-872. https://doi.org/10.2147/copd.s49378
Mann JK, Tager IB, Lurmann F, Segal M, Quesenberry CP, Jr., Lugg MM, Shan J, Van Den Eeden SK (2002) Air pollution and hospital admissions for ischemic heart disease in persons with congestive heart failure or arrhythmia. Environ Health Perspect 110:1247-1252. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.021101247
Marino MA, Martins LC, Esteves RZ, Kasamatsu TS, Maciel RM (2009) Urinary iodine in patients with auto-immune thyroid disorders in Santo André, SP, is comparable to normal controls and has been steady for the last 10 years. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 53:55-63. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0004-27302009000100009
Medina-Ramón M, Zanobetti A, Schwartz J (2006) The effect of ozone and PM10 on hospital admissions for pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a national multicity study. Am J Epidemiol 163:579-588. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj078
Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ (2020) COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. Lancet 395:1033-1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30628-0
Menezes AMB, Oca MMD, Pérez-Padilla R, Nadeau G, Wehrmeister FC, Lopez-Varela MV, Muiño A, Jardim JRB, Valdivia G, Tálamo C (2014) Increased risk of exacerbation and hospitalization in subjects with an overlap phenotype: COPD-asthma. Chest 145:297-304. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.13-0622
Minnesota Department of Health (2010) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in your home. http://www.health,state.mn.us/divs/eh/risk/rules/air/index.html
Miravitlles M, Soriano JB, Ancochea J, Muñoz L, Duran-Tauleria E, Sánchez G, Sobradillo V, García-Río F (2013) Characterisation of the overlap COPD-asthma phenotype. Focus on physical activity and health status. Respir Med 107:1053-1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2013.03.007
Moraes AC, Ignotti E, Netto PA, Jacobson Lda S, Castro H, Hacon Sde S (2010) Wheezing in children and adolescents living next to a petrochemical plant in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. J Pediatr 86:337-344. https://doi.org/10.2223/jped.2020
Nachman KE, Parker JD (2012) Exposures to fine particulate air pollution and respiratory outcomes in adults using two national datasets: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health 11:25. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069x-11-25
Ogen Y (2020) Assessing nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) levels as a contributing factor to coronavirus (COVID-19) fatality. Sci Total Environ 726:138605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138605
Omidvarborna H, Baawain M, Al-Mamun A (2018) Ambient air quality and exposure assessment study of the Gulf cooperation council countries: a critical review. Sci Total Environ 636:437-448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.296
Papaiwannou A, Zarogoulidis P, Porpodis K et al (2014) Asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome (ACOS): current literature review. J Thorac Dis 6 Suppl 1:S146-S151. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.03.04
Petersen RL, Guerra SA, Bova AS (2017) Critical review of the building downwash algorithms in AERMOD. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 67:826-835. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2017.1279088
Pope CA, Burnett RT, Thurston GD, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Godleski JJ (2004) Cardiovascular mortality and long-term exposure to particulate air pollution: epidemiological evidence of general pathophysiological pathways of disease. Circulation 109:71-77. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000108927.80044.7f
Ragothaman A, Anderson W (2017) Air quality impacts of petroleum refining and petrochemical industries. Environments 4:66. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments4030066
Renner B, Mueller CA, Shephard A (2012) Environmental and non-infectious factors in the aetiology of pharyngitis (sore throat). Inflamm Res 61:1041-1052. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-012-0540-9
Ribeiro H, Assunção J (2001) Historical overview of air pollution in Sao Paulo metropolitan area, Brazil: influence of mobile sources and related health effects. Department of Environmental Health-University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
Rice MB, Ljungman PL, Wilker EH, Gold DR, Schwartz JD, Koutrakis P, Washko GR, O'Connor GT, Mittleman MA (2013) Short-term exposure to air pollution and lung function in the Framingham Heart Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 188:1351-1357. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201308-1414OC
Riediker M, Monn C, Koller T, Stahel WA, Wüthrich B (2001) Air pollutants enhance rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms in pollen-allergic individuals. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 87:311-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1081-1206(10)62246-6
Rodríguez S, Querol X, Alastuey A, Viana MM, Alarcón M, Mantilla E, Ruiz CR (2004) Comparative PM10-PM2.5 source contribution study at rural, urban and industrial sites during PM episodes in Eastern Spain. Sci Total Environ 328:95-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(03)00411-x
Rovira E, Cuadras A, Aguilar X, Esteban L, Borràs-Santos A, Zock JP, Sunyer J (2014) Asthma, respiratory symptoms and lung function in children living near a petrochemical site. Environ Res 133:156-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2014.05.022
Rubenfeld GD, Caldwell E, Peabody E, Weaver J, Martin DP, Neff M, Stern EJ, Hudson LD (2005) Incidence and outcomes of acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 353:1685-1693. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa050333
Schikowski T, Adam M, Marcon A et al (2014) Association of ambient air pollution with the prevalence and incidence of COPD. Eur Respir J 44:614-626. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00132213
Schwartz J, Dockery DW (1992) Particulate air pollution and daily mortality in Steubenville, Ohio. Am J Epidemiol 135:12-19. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116195
Schwartz J, Slater D, Larson TV, Pierson WE, Koenig JQ (1993) Particulate air pollution and hospital emergency room visits for asthma in Seattle. Am Rev Respir Dis 147:826-831. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/147.4.826
Shi S, Qin M, Shen B et al (2020) Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol 5:802-810. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950
Shin S, Bai L, Oiamo TH, Burnett RT, Weichenthal S, Jerrett M, Kwong JC, Goldberg MS, Copes R, Kopp A, Chen H (2020) Association between road traffic noise and incidence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in Toronto, Canada: a population-based cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc 9:e013021. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.119.013021
Shusterman D (1997) Upper respiratory tract disorders. In: LaDou J (ed) Occupational and environmental medicine. Appleton and Lange, Stanford, CT, pp 291-304
Solé D, Wandalsen GF, Camelo-Nunes IC, Naspitz CK (2006) Prevalence of symptoms of asthma, rhinitis, and atopic eczema among Brazilian children and adolescents identified by the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) - Phase 3. J Pediatr (Rio J) 82:341-346. https://doi.org/10.2223/jped.1521
Stieb DM, Chen L, Eshoul M, Judek S (2012) Ambient air pollution, birth weight and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Res 117:100-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2012.05.007
Stieb DM, Judek S, Burnett RT (2002) Meta-analysis of time-series studies of air pollution and mortality: effects of gases and particles and the influence of cause of death, age, and season. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 52:470-484. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2002.10470794
Su W, Wu X, Geng X, Zhao X, Liu Q, Liu T (2019) The short-term effects of air pollutants on influenza-like illness in Jinan, China. BMC Public Health 19:1319. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7607-2
Tanyanont W, Vichit-Vadakan N (2012) Exposure to volatile organic compounds and health risks among residents in an area affected by a petrochemical complex in Rayong, Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 43:201-211
Tisoncik JR, Korth MJ, Simmons CP, Farrar J, Martin TR, Katze MG (2012) Into the eye of the cytokine storm. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 76:16-32. https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.05015-11
To T, Zhu J, Larsen K et al (2016) Progression from asthma to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Is air pollution a risk factor? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 194:429-438. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201510-1932OC
Vanna AT, Yamada E, Arruda LK, Naspitz CK, Solé D (2001) International study of asthma and allergies in childhood: validation of the rhinitis symptom questionnaire and prevalence of rhinitis in schoolchildren in São Paulo, Brazil. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 12:95-101. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3038.2001.012002095.x
Wang D, Hu B, Hu C et al (2020a) Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA 323:1061-1069. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585
Wang T, Du Z, Zhu F, Cao Z, An Y, Gao Y, Jiang B (2020b) Comorbidities and multi-organ injuries in the treatment of COVID-19. Lancet 395:e52. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30558-4
Wellenius GA, Burger MR, Coull BA, Schwartz J, Suh HH, Koutrakis P, Schlaug G, Gold DR, Mittleman MA (2012) Ambient air pollution and the risk of acute ischemic stroke. Arch Intern Med 172:229-234. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.732
WHO (2010) Global status report on noncommunicable diseases. WHO, Geneva
WHO (2011) Global burden of diseases. World Health Organization, Geneva
WHO (2013) Health effects of particulate matter. WHO, Geneva
WHO (2016) Ambient air pollution: a global assessment of exposure and burden of disease. WHO, Geneva
WHO (2018a) Air pollution, the invisible killer. WHO, Geneva
WHO (2018b) Noncommunicable diseases. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/noncommunicable-diseases. Accessed 22 January 2020
WHO (2020) WHO Director-General's remarks at the media briefing on 2019-nCoV on 11 February 2020. WHO, Geneva
Wichmann FA, Müller A, Busi LE, Cianni N, Massolo L, Schlink U, Porta A, Sly PD (2009) Increased asthma and respiratory symptoms in children exposed to petrochemical pollution. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123:632-638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2008.09.052
Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y et al (2020a) Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med 180:934-943. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994
Wu F, Zhao S, Yu B et al (2020b) A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China. Nature 579:265-269. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2008-3
Zaccarelli-Marino MA (2012) Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis in industrial areas in Brazil: a 15-year survey. J Clin Immunol 32:1012-1018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10875-012-9703-2
Zaccarelli-Marino MA, Alessi R, Balderi TZ, Martins MAG (2019) Association between the occurrence of primary hypothyroidism and the exposure of the population near to industrial pollutants in São Paulo State, Brazil. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16:3464. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183464
Zaccarelli-Marino MA, André CDS, Singer JM (2016) Overt primary hypothyroidism in an industrial area in São Paulo, Brazil: the impact of public disclosure. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13:1161. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13111161
Zhang J, Mauzerall DL, Zhu T, Liang S, Ezzati M, Remais JV (2010) Environmental health in China: progress towards clean air and safe water. Lancet 375:1110-1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60062-1
Zhang XY, Wang YQ, Niu T, Zhang XC, Gong SL, Zhang YM, Sun JY (2012) Atmospheric aerosol compositions in China: spatial/temporal variability, chemical signature, regional haze distribution and comparisons with global aerosols " published in Atmos. Atmos Chem Phys 12:779-799. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-6273-2012
Zhao CN, Xu Z, Wu GC et al (2019) Emerging role of air pollution in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 18:607-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2018.12.010
Zhu Y, Xie J, Huang F, Cao L (2020) Association between short-term exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 infection: evidence from China. Sci Total Environ 727:138704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138704