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Research article
Leadership Training Programs in Graduate Medical Education: A Systematic Review
Bharat Kumar
University of Iowa
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4245-521X
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background : With the increasing recognition that leadership skills can be acquired, there is a heightened focus on incorporating leadership training as a part of graduate medical education. However, there is considerable lack of agreement regarding how to facilitate acquisition of these skills to resident, chief resident, and fellow physicians.
Methods : Articles were identified through a search of Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, ERIC, PsycNet, Cochrane Systemic Reviews, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from 1948 to 2019. Additional sources were identified through contacting authors and scanning references. We included articles that described and evaluated leadership training programs in the United States and Canada. Methodological quality was assessed via the MERSQI (Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument).
Results : 15 studies, which collectively included 639 residents, chief residents, and fellows, met the eligibility criteria. The format, content, and duration of these programs varied considerably. The majority focused on conflict management, interpersonal skills, and stress management. Twelve were prospective case series and three were retrospective. Seven used pre- and post-test surveys, while seven used course evaluations. Only three had follow-up evaluations after six months to one year. MERSQI scores ranged from 6 to 9.
Conclusions : Despite interest in incorporating structured leadership training into graduate medical education curricula, there is a lack of methodologically rigorous studies evaluating its effectiveness. High-quality well-designed studies, focusing particularly on the validity of content, internal structure, and relationship to other variables, are required in order to determine if these programs have a lasting effect on the acquisition of leadership skills.
Keywords
Leadership, Graduate Medical Education, Professionalism
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CURRENT STATUS: Under Review
Version 3
Posted 19 May, 2020
No community comments so far
Editor assigned
On 07 May, 2020
Editor invited
On 06 May, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 03 Sep, 2019
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 03 May, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 30 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 09 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 21 Feb, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 21 Feb, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 18 Feb, 2020
Editor assigned
On 17 Jan, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 16 Jan, 2020
Editor invited
On 16 Jan, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 09 Oct, 2019
Review #3 received
Received 08 Oct, 2019
Review #2 received
Received 08 Oct, 2019
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 23 Sep, 2019
Review #1 received
Received 23 Sep, 2019
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 22 Sep, 2019
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 19 Sep, 2019
Editor assigned
On 16 Sep, 2019
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 16 Sep, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 03 Sep, 2019
Editor invited
On 03 Sep, 2019
First submitted
On 30 Aug, 2019
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Internal Medicine
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This preprint is under consideration at BMC Medical Education. A preprint is a preliminary version of a manuscript that has not completed peer review at a journal. Research Square does not conduct peer review prior to posting preprints. The posting of a preprint on this server should not be interpreted as an endorsement of its validity or suitability for dissemination as established information or for guiding clinical practice.
Learn more about In Review
Research article
Leadership Training Programs in Graduate Medical Education: A Systematic Review
Bharat Kumar
University of Iowa
Corresponding Author
ORCiD: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4245-521X
Badges
Prescreen
This manuscript passed our Prescreen assessment
Complete author information
Appropriate declaration statements
Potential risks to human health
Prescreen
Peer Review Timeline
CURRENT STATUS: Under Review
Version 3
Posted 19 May, 2020
No community comments so far
Editor assigned
On 07 May, 2020
Editor invited
On 06 May, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 03 Sep, 2019
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Minor revision
On 03 May, 2020
Review #2 received
Received 30 Apr, 2020
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 09 Mar, 2020
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 21 Feb, 2020
Review #1 received
Received 21 Feb, 2020
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 18 Feb, 2020
Editor assigned
On 17 Jan, 2020
Submission checks complete
On 16 Jan, 2020
Editor invited
On 16 Jan, 2020
No comments provided
Editorial decision: Major revision
On 09 Oct, 2019
Review #3 received
Received 08 Oct, 2019
Review #2 received
Received 08 Oct, 2019
Reviewer #3 agreed
On 23 Sep, 2019
Review #1 received
Received 23 Sep, 2019
Reviewer #2 agreed
On 22 Sep, 2019
Reviewer #1 agreed
On 19 Sep, 2019
Editor assigned
On 16 Sep, 2019
Reviewers invited
Invitations sent on 16 Sep, 2019
Submission checks complete
On 03 Sep, 2019
Editor invited
On 03 Sep, 2019
First submitted
On 30 Aug, 2019
Metrics
Comments: 0
PDF Downloads: ...
HTML Views: ...
Subject Areas
Internal Medicine
License:
This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License. Read Full License
Background : With the increasing recognition that leadership skills can be acquired, there is a heightened focus on incorporating leadership training as a part of graduate medical education. However, there is considerable lack of agreement regarding how to facilitate acquisition of these skills to resident, chief resident, and fellow physicians.
Methods : Articles were identified through a search of Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, ERIC, PsycNet, Cochrane Systemic Reviews, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from 1948 to 2019. Additional sources were identified through contacting authors and scanning references. We included articles that described and evaluated leadership training programs in the United States and Canada. Methodological quality was assessed via the MERSQI (Medical Education Research Study Quality Instrument).
Results : 15 studies, which collectively included 639 residents, chief residents, and fellows, met the eligibility criteria. The format, content, and duration of these programs varied considerably. The majority focused on conflict management, interpersonal skills, and stress management. Twelve were prospective case series and three were retrospective. Seven used pre- and post-test surveys, while seven used course evaluations. Only three had follow-up evaluations after six months to one year. MERSQI scores ranged from 6 to 9.
Conclusions : Despite interest in incorporating structured leadership training into graduate medical education curricula, there is a lack of methodologically rigorous studies evaluating its effectiveness. High-quality well-designed studies, focusing particularly on the validity of content, internal structure, and relationship to other variables, are required in order to determine if these programs have a lasting effect on the acquisition of leadership skills.
Figure 1