[1] Pinto AS, Alves LS, Zenkner JE do A, Zanatta FB, Maltz M. Gingival enlargement in orthodontic patients: Effect of treatment duration. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017;152:477–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.10.042.
[2] Zanatta FB, Moreira CHC, Rösing CK. Association between dental floss use and gingival conditions in orthodontic patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011;140:812–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2011.06.028.
[3] Ellis PE, Benson PE. Potential hazards of orthodontic treatment--what your patient should know. Dent Update 2002;29:492–6. https://doi.org/10.12968/denu.2002.29.10.492.
[4] Gomes SC, Varela CC, da Veiga SL, Rösing CK, Oppermann RV. Periodontal conditions in subjects following orthodontic therapy. A preliminary study. Eur J Orthod 2007;29:477–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjm050.
[5] Sadowsky C, BeGole EA. Long-term effects of orthodontic treatment on periodontal health. Am J Orthod 1981;80:156–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(81)90216-5.
[6] Alstad S, Zachrisson BU. Longitudinal study of periodontal condition associated with orthodontic treatment in adolescents. Am J Orthod 1979;76:277–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(79)90024-1.
[7] Pellegrini P, Sauerwein R, Finlayson T, McLeod J, Covell DA, Maier T, et al. Plaque retention by self-ligating vs elastomeric orthodontic brackets: quantitative comparison of oral bacteria and detection with adenosine triphosphate-driven bioluminescence. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2009;135:426.e1-9; discussion 426-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2008.12.002.
[8] Chapple ILC, Mealey BL, Van Dyke TE, Bartold PM, Dommisch H, Eickholz P, et al. Periodontal health and gingival diseases and conditions on an intact and a reduced periodontium: Consensus report of workgroup 1 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Periodontol 2018;89 Suppl 1:S74–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/JPER.17-0719.
[9] Kouraki E, Bissada NF, Palomo JM, Ficara AJ. Gingival enlargement and resolution during and after orthodontic treatment. N Y State Dent J 2005;71:34–7.
[10] Zachrisson S, Zachrisson BU. Gingival condition associated with orthodontic treatment. Angle Orthod 1972;42:26–34. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(1972)042<0026:GCAWOT>2.0.CO;2.
[11] Trossello VK, Gianelly AA. Orthodontic treatment and periodontal status. J Periodontol 1979;50:665–71. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1979.50.12.665.
[12] Trackman PC, Kantarci A. Connective tissue metabolism and gingival overgrowth. Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 2004;15:165–75.
[13] Ristic M, Vlahovic Svabic M, Sasic M, Zelic O. Effects of fixed orthodontic appliances on subgingival microflora. Int J Dent Hyg 2008;6:129–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5037.2008.00283.x.
[14] Tapia CV, Batarce C, Amaro J, Hermosilla G, Rodas PI, Magne F. Microbiological characterisation of the colonisation by Candida sp in patients with orthodontic fixed appliances and evaluation of host responses in saliva. Mycoses 2019;62:247–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12880.
[15] Manuelli M, Marcolina M, Nardi N, Bertossi D, De Santis D, Ricciardi G, et al. Oral mucosal complications in orthodontic treatment. Minerva Stomatol 2019;68:84–8. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4970.18.04127-4.
[16] Kasmaei P, Amin Shokravi F, Hidarnia A, Hajizadeh E, Atrkar-Roushan Z, Karimzadeh Shirazi K, et al. Brushing behavior among young adolescents: does perceived severity matter. BMC Public Health 2014;14:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-8.
[17] Antoniazzi RP, Miranda LA, Zanatta FB, Islabão AG, Gustafsson A, Chiapinotto GA, et al. Periodontal conditions of individuals with Sjögren’s syndrome. J Periodontol 2009;80:429–35. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2009.080350.
[18] Trombelli L, Farina R. A review of factors influencing the incidence and severity of plaque-induced gingivitis. Minerva Stomatol 2013;62:207–34.
[19] Reali L, Zuliani E, Gabutti L, Schönholzer C, Marone C. Poor oral hygiene enhances gingival overgrowth caused by calcineurin inhibitors. J Clin Pharm Ther 2009;34:255–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.2008.01000.x.
[20] Somacarrera ML, Lucas M, Scully C, Barrios C. Effectiveness of periodontal treatments on cyclosporine-induced gingival overgrowth in transplant patients. Br Dent J 1997;183:89–94.
[21] Zanatta FB, Ardenghi TM, Antoniazzi RP, Pinto TMP, Rösing CK. Association between gingivitis and anterior gingival enlargement in subjects undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Dental Press J Orthod 2014;19:59–66. https://doi.org/10.1590/2176-9451.19.3.059-066.oar.
[22] Zanatta FB, Ardenghi TM, Antoniazzi RP, Pinto TMP, Rösing CK. Association between gingival bleeding and gingival enlargement and oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of subjects under fixed orthodontic treatment: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2012;12:53. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6831-12-53.
[23] Seymour RA, Smith DG, Turnbull DN. The effects of phenytoin and sodium valproate on the periodontal health of adult epileptic patients. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 1985;12:413–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.1985.tb01377.x.
[24] Sibaud V, Vigarios E, Tavitian S, Cougoul P, de Bataille C, Campana F, et al. Accroissements gingivaux: approche pragmatique. Annales de dermatologie et de vénéréologie, vol. 143, Elsevier; 2016, p. 467–481.
[25] Silness J, Loe H. Periodontal disease in pregnancy. II. Correlation between oral hygiene and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand 1964;22:121–35.
[26] Löe H. The Gingival Index, the Plaque Index and the Retention Index Systems. J Periodontol 1967;38:Suppl:610-616. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.1967.38.6.610.
[27] De Rouck T, Eghbali R, Collys K, De Bruyn H, Cosyn J. The gingival biotype revisited: transparency of the periodontal probe through the gingival margin as a method to discriminate thin from thick gingiva. J Clin Periodontol 2009;36:428–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2009.01398.x.
[28] Pacheco MCT, Casagrande CF, Teixeira LP, Finck NS, de Araújo MTM. Guidelines proposal for clinical recognition of mouth breathing children. Dental Press J Orthod 2015;20:39–44. https://doi.org/10.1590/2176-9451.20.4.039-044.oar.
[29] Albino JE, Lawrence SD, Lopes CE, Nash LB, Tedesco LA. Cooperation of adolescents in orthodontic treatment. J Behav Med 1991;14:53–70.
[30] Studen-Pavlovich D, Ranalli DN. Periodontal and soft tissue prevention strategies for the adolescent dental patient. Dent Clin North Am 2006;50:51–67, vi. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cden.2005.11.001.
[31] Erbe C, Klees V, Braunbeck F, Ferrari-Peron P, Ccahuana-Vasquez RA, Timm H, et al. Comparative assessment of plaque removal and motivation between a manual toothbrush and an interactive power toothbrush in adolescents with fixed orthodontic appliances: A single-center, examiner-blind randomized controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2019;155:462–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2018.12.013.
[32] Atassi F, Awartani F. Oral hygiene status among orthodontic patients. J Contemp Dent Pract 2010;11:E025-032.
[33] Arab S, Nouhzadeh Malekshah S, Abouei Mehrizi E, Ebrahimi Khanghah A, Naseh R, Imani MM. Effect of Fixed Orthodontic Treatment on Salivary Flow, pH and Microbial Count. J Dent (Tehran) 2016;13:18–22.
[34] Christersson CE, Dunford RG, Glantz PO, Baier RE. Effect of critical surface tension on retention of oral microorganisms. Scand J Dent Res 1989;97:247–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.1989.tb01609.x.
[35] Gibbons RJ. Bacterial adhesion to oral tissues: a model for infectious diseases. J Dent Res 1989;68:750–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345890680050101.
[36] Ulukapi H, Koray F, Efes B. Monitoring the caries risk of orthodontic patients. Quintessence Int 1997;28:27–9.
[37] Eliades T, Viazis AD, Eliades G. Bonding of ceramic brackets to enamel: morphologic and structural considerations. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1991;99:369–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/0889-5406(91)70020-W.
[38] Eliades T, Viazis AD, Lekka M. Failure mode analysis of ceramic brackets bonded to enamel. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1993;104:21–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-5406(08)80120-5.
[39] Forsberg CM, Brattström V, Malmberg E, Nord CE. Ligature wires and elastomeric rings: two methods of ligation, and their association with microbial colonization of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli. Eur J Orthod 1991;13:416–20. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/13.5.416.
[40] Türkkahraman H, Sayin MO, Bozkurt FY, Yetkin Z, Kaya S, Onal S. Archwire ligation techniques, microbial colonization, and periodontal status in orthodontically treated patients. Angle Orthod 2005;75:231–6. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(2005)075<0227:ALTMCA>2.0.CO;2.
[41] Sukontapatipark W, el-Agroudi MA, Selliseth NJ, Thunold K, Selvig KA. Bacterial colonization associated with fixed orthodontic appliances. A scanning electron microscopy study. Eur J Orthod 2001;23:475–84. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/23.5.475.
[42] Mehta P, Lim LP. The width of the attached gingiva--much ado about nothing? J Dent 2010;38:517–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdent.2010.04.007.
[43] Wennström JL. Lack of association between width of attached gingiva and development of soft tissue recession. A 5-year longitudinal study. J Clin Periodontol 1987;14:181–4.
[44] Agudio G, Cortellini P, Buti J, Pini Prato G. Periodontal Conditions of Sites Treated With Gingival Augmentation Surgery Compared With Untreated Contralateral Homologous Sites: An 18- to 35-Year Long-Term Study. J Periodontol 2016;87:1371–8. https://doi.org/10.1902/jop.2016.160284.
[45] Trombelli L, Scapoli C, Tatakis DN, Grassi L. Modulation of clinical expression of plaque-induced gingivitis: effects of personality traits, social support and stress. J Clin Periodontol 2005;32:1143–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-051X.2005.00835.x.
[46] Lee SM, Yoo SY, Kim H-S, Kim K-W, Yoon Y-J, Lim S-H, et al. Prevalence of putative periodontopathogens in subgingival dental plaques from gingivitis lesions in Korean orthodontic patients. J Microbiol 2005;43:260–5.
[47] Lo BAM, Di Marco R, Milazzo I, Nicolosi D, Calì G, Rossetti B, et al. Microbiological and clinical periodontal effects of fixed orthodontic appliances in pediatric patients. New Microbiol 2008;31:299–302.