1 Perkins GD, Olasveengen TM, Maconochie I, Soar J, Wyllie J, Greif R, et al.: European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation: 2017 update. Resuscitation 2018;123:43–50.
2 Neumar RW, Shuster M, Callaway CW, Gent LM, Atkins DL, Bhanji F, et al.: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care:293.
3 Mozaffarian D, Benjamin EJ, Go AS, Arnett DK, Blaha MJ, Cushman M, et al.: Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2015 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2015;131:e29–e322.
4 Atwood C, Eisenberg MS, Herlitz J, Rea TD: Incidence of EMS-treated out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Europe. Resuscitation 2005;67:75–80.
5 Wissenberg M, Lippert FK, Folke F, Weeke P, Hansen CM, Christensen EF, et al.: Association of National Initiatives to Improve Cardiac Arrest Management With Rates of Bystander Intervention and Patient Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. JAMA 2013;310:1377.
6 Hansen CM, Wissenberg M, Weeke P, Ruwald MH, Lamberts M, Lippert FK, et al.: Automated External Defibrillators Inaccessible to More Than Half of Nearby Cardiac Arrests in Public Locations During Evening, Nighttime, and Weekends:8.
7 Steen Møller Hansen, Carolina Malta Hansen, Fredrik Folke, Shahzleen Rajan, Kristian Kragholm, Linda Ejlskov, et al.: Bystander Defibrillation for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Public vs Residential Locations. JAMA Cardiol 2017;2:507–514.
8 Chan PS, McNally B, Tang F, Kellermann A: Recent Trends in Survival From Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in the United States. Circulation 2014;130:1876–1882.
9 Wissenberg M, Lippert FK, Folke F, Weeke P, Hansen CM, Christensen EF, et al.: Association of National Initiatives to Improve Cardiac Arrest Management With Rates of Bystander Intervention and Patient Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. JAMA 2013;310:1377.
10 Berglund E, Claesson A, Nordberg P, Djärv T, Lundgren P, Folke F, et al.: A smartphone application for dispatch of lay responders to out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. Resuscitation 2018;126:160–165.
11 Ringh M, Rosenqvist M, Hollenberg J, Jonsson M, Fredman D, Nordberg P, et al.: Mobile-Phone Dispatch of Laypersons for CPR in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2316–2325.
12 Smith CM, Wilson MH, Ghorbangholi A, Hartley-Sharpe C, Gwinnutt C, Dicker B, et al.: The use of trained volunteers in the response to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest – the GoodSAM experience. Resuscitation 2017;121:123–126.
13 Mausz J, Snobelen P, Tavares W: “Please. Don’t. Die.”: A Grounded Theory Study of Bystander Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2018;11:e004035.
14 Mathiesen WT, Bjørshol CA, Braut GS, Søreide E: Reactions and coping strategies in lay rescuers who have provided CPR to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest victims: a qualitative study. BMJ Open 2016;6:e010671.
15 Myles Genest, Janice Levine, Vivian Ramsden: The impact of providing help: Emergency workers and cardiopulmonary resuscitation attempts. J Trauma Stress 1990;3:305–313.
16 Abella BS, Aufderheide TP, Eigel B, Hickey RW, Longstreth WT, Nadkarni V, et al.: Reducing Barriers for Implementation of Bystander-Initiated Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association for Healthcare Providers, Policymakers, and Community Leaders Regarding the Effectiveness of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Circulation 2008;117:704–709.
17 Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG: Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. J Clin Epidemiol 2009;62:1006–1012.
18 D O’Connor, S Green, JPT Higgins: Chapter 5: Defining the review questions and developing criteria for including studies. The Cochrane Collaboration.; in : Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. 2011.Available from: http://Handbook.Cochrane.Org/
19 Harbour R, Miller J: A new system for grading recommendations in evidence based guidelines. BMJ 2001;323:334–336.
20 Sveen J, Low A, Dyster-Aas J, Ekselius L, Willebrand M, Gerdin B: Validation of a Swedish version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) in patients with burns. J Anxiety Disord 2010;24:618–622.
21 Beck JG, Grant DM, Read JP, Clapp JD, Coffey SF, Miller LM, et al.: The Impact of Event Scale-Revised: Psychometric properties in a sample of motor vehicle accident survivors. J Anxiety Disord 2008;22:187–198.
22 Schütte N, Bär O, Weiss U, Heuft G: Prediction of PTSD in Police Officers after Six Months – a Prospective Study. Span J Psychol 2012;15:1339–1348.
23 Hyland P, Brewin CR, Maercker A: Predictive Validity of ICD-11 PTSD as Measured by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised: A 15-Year Prospective Study of Political Prisoners: ICD-11 PTSD and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised. J Trauma Stress 2017;30:125–132.
24 van der Ploeg E, Mooren TTM, Kleber RJ, van der Velden PG, Brom D: Construct Validation of the Dutch Version of the Impact of Event Scale. Psychol Assess 2004;16:16–26.
25 Susan Orsillo: Measures for Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; in : Practitioner’s guide to empirically based measures of anxiety. New York, 2001, pp 255–307.
26 M. Horowitz, M. Wilner, W. Alvarez: Impact of Event Scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychomatic Med41:209–218.
27 Zijlstra JA, Beesems SG, De Haan RJ, Koster RW: Psychological impact on dispatched local lay rescuers performing bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 2015;92:115–121.
28 Zilberg, J., Weiss, D., Horowitz, M.: Impact of Event Scale: A Cross-Validation Study and Some Empirical Evidence Supporting a Conceptual Model of Stress Response Syndromes. J Consult Clin Psychol 1982;50:407–414.
29 Eid J, Larsson G, Johnsen BH, Laberg JC, Bartone PT, Carlstedt B: Psychometric properties of the Norwegian Impact of Event Scale-Revised in a non-clinical sample. Nord J Psychiatry 2009;63:426–432.
30 DD. Blake, F. Weathers, DS. Charney: The development of a clinician administered PTSD scale. J Trauma Stress 1995;8:75–90.
31 Bryant RA, Creamer M, O’Donnell M, Silove D, McFarlane AC: The capacity of acute stress disorder to predict posttraumatic psychiatric disorders. J Psychiatr Res 2012;46:168–173.
32 Blanchard E: Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist (PCL). Behav Res Ther 1996;34:669–673.
33 Blevins CA, Weathers FW, Davis MT, Witte TK, Domino JL: The Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5. J Trauma Stress 2015;28:489–498.
34 Waller M, Charlson FJ, Ireland REE, Whiteford HA, Dobson AJ: Time-course of PTSD symptoms in the Australian Defence Force: a retrospective cohort study. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2016;25:393–402.
35 Haraldsdóttir, H, Gudmundsdóttir, D, Elklit, A: Volunteers and professional rescue workers: traumatization and adaptation after an avalanche disaster. J Emerg Manag 2014;12. DOI: 10.5055/jem.2014.0209
36 Møller TP, Hansen CM, Fjordholt M, Pedersen BD, Østergaard D, Lippert FK: Debriefing bystanders of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is valuable. Resuscitation 2014;85:1504–1511.
37 Weathers FW, Keane TM, Davidson JRT: Clinician-administered PTSD scale: A review of the first ten years of research. Depress Anxiety 2001;13:132–156.
38 McEwen, BS, Stellar, E: Stress and the individual mechanisms leading to disease. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:2093–2101.
39 Gradus J: Prevalence and prognosis of stress disorders: a review of the epidemiologic literature. Clin Epidemiol 2017;Volume 9:251–260.