3.1. Socio- Demographic Data
The minimum and maximum age of the respondent was 18 and 60 years respectively. The majority,(79%) were in the age group of 18-35 (Table 1).
Table 1: Socio- demographic data of study subject, Arsi Nagele town, South eastern Ethiopia, April 2019.
Variables
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
Age
|
18 -35
|
229
|
79.2
|
|
>35
|
60
|
20.8
|
|
|
Total
|
289
|
100
|
|
Sex
|
Female
|
129
|
43.6
|
|
Male
|
160
|
56.4
|
|
Total
|
289
|
100
|
|
Religion
|
Orthodox
|
82
|
28.37
|
|
Muslim
|
165
|
57.04
|
|
Protestant
|
35
|
12.1
|
|
Other
|
7
|
2.42
|
|
Total
|
289
|
100
|
|
Marital status
|
Married
|
180
|
62.28
|
|
Single
|
91
|
31.42
|
|
Divorced
|
13
|
4.6
|
|
Widowed
|
5
|
1.7
|
|
Total
|
289
|
100
|
|
Educational status
|
Unable to read
|
20
|
6.92
|
|
Literate
|
269
|
93.08
|
|
Total
|
289
|
100
|
|
Occupational status
|
Government employee
|
65
|
22.5
|
|
Merchant
|
84
|
29.06
|
|
Daily labor
|
20
|
7
|
|
Farmer
|
6
|
2.0
|
|
House wife
|
74
|
25.6
|
|
Other
|
40
|
13.84
|
|
Total
|
289
|
100
|
|
3.2. Residents knowledge, attitude and practice towards water supply, sanitation and hygiene
3.2.1 Residents knowledge on water supply, sanitation and hygiene
Table 2: People’slevel of knowledge on WASH at Arsi Nagele town, South eastern Ethiopia, April 2019.
Knowledge score
|
Frequency
|
Percent
|
1-8
|
39
|
13.3
|
9-16
|
88
|
30.5
|
17-24
|
162
|
56.2
|
Total
|
289
|
100%
|
Majority of the respondent 162 (56.2%) were highly knowledgeable about water supply, sanitation and hygiene, others 88 (30.5%) were moderately knowledgeable and 39(13.3%) were non knowledgeable about things that matter for health (Table 2).
The greater part of the residents 126 (43.8%) know private taps are safe for drinking and domestic use while 116 (40.4%) of the respondents provided shared taps are safe. Additionally 31(10.5%) know hand pump are safe and 16(5.3%) know unprotected well are safe for any purpose. The majority of residents 162(56.2%) indicated they experienced draw water from container by pouring, other 127(43.8%) know dropping from container. In the case of possibility contamination of water at home, about 113(39.1%) of the respondents had knowledge with regard to the poor personal hygiene where as 96(33.2%) of the respondents knowledge with regard to inappropriate cover other respondents 80(27.7%) knowledge with regard to poor clean lines of container (Table 3).
Table 3: Knowledge responses on water suppl in Arsi Nagele town, Southeastern Ethiopia, April 2019.
Knowledge test
|
Response
|
Frequency
|
%
|
Pipe water safe for drinking
|
Yes
|
283
|
97.93
|
No
|
6
|
2.07
|
Total
|
289
|
100
|
Distance of source water from home in meter
|
<10m
|
95
|
33
|
11-100m
|
37
|
12.6
|
101-200
|
89
|
31
|
201-300
|
68
|
23.4
|
Total
|
289
|
100
|
Safe water is essential for health
|
Yes
|
273
|
94.7
|
No
|
16
|
5.3
|
Total
|
289
|
100
|
High number of respondents 229 (79.6%) were knowledgeable on the matter that “sanitation is agroupof method to collect human excreta, urine and community waste in a hygienic way” where as 60 (20.4%) of the respondents had wrong response on the issue. In the case of “environmental sanitation is the control of environmental factors that form links in disease transmission”, 249(87.4%) of the respondents gave correct response where as 36 (12.6%) of the respondents gave wrong response to the issue (Fig.1).
The highest number of respondents 253(88.1%) provide positive response while 36 (11.9%) of the respondents had negative response on the environmental sanitation is keeping our environment clean. The majority of the residents 264 (91.9%) were knowledgeable on the matter that dirty place or home attracting flies”where as 25(8.1%) of the respondents had wrong response on the issue (Table 4).
Table 4: Knowledge test on sanitation in Arsi Nagele town, South eastern Ethiopia, April 2019.
Knowledge test
|
Response
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
safe excreta disposal system
|
use of latrine
|
274
|
95.4
|
Open defecation
|
4
|
1.1
|
Defecation under bush
|
11
|
3.5
|
Total
|
289
|
100%
|
Reason of using latrine
|
Privacy
|
108
|
37.4
|
To control disease
|
86
|
30
|
To avoid odour
|
95
|
32.6
|
Total
|
289
|
100%
|
Reason of not having solid waste disposal
|
No ample space
|
219
|
76.5
|
Fear of children and animal fall
|
52
|
18
|
Not relevant to use
|
18
|
5.5
|
Total
|
289
|
100%
|
The result showed that the majority of the residents 123 (42.5%) knew about hand hygiene, 76 (26.4%) was knowledgeable about food hygiene and 90 (31.1%) was understand about safe disposal of faeces. The majority of the respondents know about the need of hygiene clean 132(35.9%), 127(34.5%) healthy and 109(29.6%) good for the need of hygiene (Fig.2).
The ways of maintaining the hygiene of respondent were hand washing with soap 107(37.02%), bathing 92(31.3%) and clean the environment 90 (31.1%). The importance of hand wash with soap were 101(34.9%) for prevention of disease, 132(45.5%) for deterrence of diarrheal and 56(19.3%) was for removal of germs. Among the respondents the ways acquiring diarrheal disease were lack of hand washing 140(48.4%), lack of cooking food 53(18.3%) and was lack of treated water 96(33.2%). Lack of hygiene in their surrounding was differentiated were bad smell 136(47.05%), open defecation 83(28.7%) and faeces 70(24.2%). Most of the respondents ways of diarrheal disease prevention 125(43.2%) were drinking clean water, 63(21.8%) dispose of children faeces in toilet facilities and 101(35%) were hand washing with soap.
3.2.2 Residents attitude on water supply, sanitation and hygiene
There were only 133 (46.6%) of the respondents who had unfavourable attitude to the issue that“the underlying cause of urban environmental sanitation problem is poverty” where as 2.5% and 50.9% of the respondents respectively had neutral and favourable attitude towards the view.About 43.8% of the respondents had favourable attitude while 29.3% and 26.9% of the respondents respectively had neutral (Table 5).
Table 5: Attitude responses on water supply in Arsi Nagele town, South eastern Ethiopia, April 2019.
Attitude test
|
Response
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
Water from any source safe for drinking and domestic use
|
Agree
|
82
|
28.4
|
Disagree
|
202
|
70.2
|
No idea
|
5
|
1.4
|
Total
|
289
|
100%
|
Water free from visible particle safe for drinking
|
Agree
|
211
|
73.3
|
Disagree
|
24
|
8.1
|
No idea
|
54
|
18.6
|
Total
|
289
|
100%
|
Dirty water can transmit disease
|
Agree
|
233
|
81.1
|
Disagree
|
6
|
1.7
|
No idea
|
50
|
17.2
|
Total
|
289
|
100%
|
hand washing before dipping is safe
|
Agree
|
202
|
70.2
|
Disagree
|
40
|
13.7
|
No idea
|
47
|
16.1
|
Total
|
289
|
100%
|
pipe borne water always safe
|
Agree
|
183
|
63.5
|
Disagree
|
98
|
34.1
|
No idea
|
8
|
2.4
|
Total
|
289
|
100%
|
treated water are prevent from disease
|
Agree
|
130
|
44.9
|
Disagree
|
112
|
38.9
|
No idea
|
47
|
16.2
|
Total
|
289
|
100%
|
There were only 133 (46.6%) of the respondents who had unfavourable attitude to the issue that “the underlying cause of urban environmental sanitation problem is poverty” where as 2.5% and 50.9% of the respondents respectively had neutral and favourable attitude towards the view.About 43.8% of the respondents had favourable attitude while 29.3% and 26.9% of the respondents respectively had neutral and unfavourable attitude to the view that “the impact of inappropriate dumping wastes in open fields and around road sides causes the area loses its natural beauty,badodour to the community, health problems on the society and pollution of surface and groundwater”.
About fifty nine percent (58.7%) of the respondents had unfavourable attitude, they were against the idea that “open burning of wastes has no impact on the health of human being.” Whereas 39.6% of the respondents had favourable attitude and1.7% of the respondents had neutral attitude on the case.
Majority of the respondent had positive attitude 258 (90.5%) while 20 (7.1%) of the respondents negative and 7(2.5%) neutral attitude to the issue that in proper disposal of solid and liquid waste may contribute to the transmission of disease. Moreover, 239 (83.9%) of the respondent had positive attitude while 31(10.8%) and 15(5.2%) of the respondents had negative and neutral attitude to the view that human waste disposal is not a problem in that area. As the result showed that 56(19.6%) positive attitude while 217(76.2%) and 12(4.2%) of the respondents had negative and neutral attitude regarding to children faeces were not dangerous as adult.
Table 6: Attitude responses on sanitation in Arsi Nagele town, South Eastern Ethiopia, April 2019.
Attitude test
|
Response
|
Frequency
|
Percentage (%)
|
Waste disposal method is a problem in your neighbourhood
|
Agree
|
229
|
79.6
|
Disagree
|
60
|
20.4
|
Total
|
289
|
100%
|
Hand washing facility connected to the latrine is safe for health
|
Agree
|
273
|
95.1
|
Disagree
|
16
|
4.9
|
Total
|
289
|
100%
|
Diarrhoeaillnessis related to hygienepractices?
|
Agree
|
246
|
85.6
|
Disagree
|
43
|
14.4
|
Total
|
289
|
100%
|
Income is facilitating poor sanitation
|
Agree
|
231
|
80.4
|
Disagree
|
58
|
19.6
|
Total
|
289
|
100%
|
Using the same latrine with other family members are comfortable
|
Agree
|
87
|
30.2
|
Disagree
|
192
|
66.6
|
No idea
|
10
|
3.2
|
Total
|
289
|
100%
|
The majority of respondents 267 (93.7% ) believed that hand washing with soap was good and 18(6.3%) were negative attitude to the idea. However, 273 (95.8%) of the respondent had positive attitude and 12(4.2%) negative attitude regarding to poor personal hygienic was cause of diarrheal in the same manner 269(94.4%) and 16(5.6%) of the respondents had positive and negative attitude in the case of good hygiene was preventing from disease (Table 6).
The result showed that the highest percentage of respondents had positive attitude 280(98.2%) and 9(1.8%) of respondents had negative attitude to the view that not hand washing before meal has health effect. The type of water used while washing your body 199(69.1%), 28(9.5%) and 61(21.4%) of the respondent had using pipe water, spring and well water respectively.The majority of respondents 261 (90.9%) believed that trimming finger nail was good for health and 28(9.1%) were negative attitude to the idea.
3.2.3 Residents practice on water supply, sanitation and hygiene
The majority of respondent 250(87.1%) had good practice in case of cover the water storage container during the time of visit while 39 (12.9%) of the respondent had bad practice.results indicated that most (46.6%) of the respondents treat their drinking water by boiling, while about 33.7% use water filters, 7.8% use sedimentation and the rest 11.9% was no measurement taken. Most residents 196(68.1%) had good practice in case of a separate drinking can while 93(31.9%) was not in practice (Table 7).
Table 7: Family size and household water consumption in liter/day in Arsi Nagele town, South Eastern Ethiopia, April 2019.
Family size
|
Per household water consumption in liter
|
Total
|
%
|
<50
|
51-90
|
91-130
|
131-170
|
>170
|
1-3
|
15
|
22
|
24
|
8
|
0
|
69
|
23.5
|
4-6
|
22
|
42
|
15
|
14
|
0
|
93
|
32
|
>7
|
12
|
66
|
43
|
4
|
2
|
127
|
44.5
|
Total
|
49
|
130
|
82
|
26
|
2
|
289
|
100
|
%
|
16.8%
|
45.3%
|
28.4%
|
8.8%
|
0.7%
|
100%
|
100%
|
About 285(94.4%) of respondent clean and kept in clean place while 14(5.6%) bad practice in this case, additionally 239(83.2%) of the respondents were cleaned collection material regularly where as 50(16.8%) was not practice. Most of the respondent 129(44.9%) wash the storage containers used for drinking water monthly, 104(36.1%) weekly, 52(18%) daily and 4(1%) had bad practice.
Around 43.5% of the respondents dumped their household waste in an open space, 31.2% of the respondents in the field and 25.3% at garbage collection and also 249(87.4%) of respondent dispose their liquid waste splash on the ground where as 36 (12.6%) were sock into ground (Fig.3).
Table 8: Practice responses on sanitation in Arsi Nagele town, South Eastern Ethiopia, April 2019.
Practice test
|
Response
|
Frequency
|
%
|
Frequency of hand washing
|
once in a day
|
13
|
4.6
|
always afterdoing something
|
110
|
38.2
|
always beforedoing some thing
|
163
|
56.5
|
Never
|
3
|
0.7
|
Total
|
289
|
100%
|
Utilization of latrine
|
Properly
|
245
|
85.3
|
Improperly
|
37
|
12.6
|
Do not use at all
|
7
|
2.1
|
Total
|
289
|
100%
|
Kinds of solid waste disposal
|
Disposal in pit
|
54
|
18.6
|
Burning
|
217
|
75.4
|
Animal feeding
|
18
|
6
|
Total
|
289
|
100%
|
Majority (98.9%) of survey respondents affirmed that they have the habit of hand-washing, often with water and soap (64.9%), 33.4% water only and 1.7% water with ash. Most(70.5%) of the respondents wash their bodyonce a week, 3.2% three times in a week while others do it twice (25.3%) or day to day(1.1%) (Table 8). About 93.3% of the respondents claimed that their children have the habit of washing their hands too,often with soap and water. The do this two (35.1%) to three (47.7%) times a day usually before eating. Only 28.4% of the respondents had fixed hand-washing place/station in their homes and the rest 71.6% had not practice (bad practice) (Fig.4).